The document explains the concept of programming languages as formal languages that consist of instructions for computers, elaborating on various programming languages like HTML, Java, and Python. It also discusses reported speech, providing guidelines for converting direct speech into reported speech, including examples and changes in verb tenses. Additionally, it highlights the modifications needed in pronouns and time references when transforming direct speech to reported speech.

1. Languages
Anisa utari 163214014
Egi Grivandani 163214025

2. WHAT IS PROGRAMING
LANGUAGE ?
A programming language is a formal
language that specifies a set of instructions that
can be used to produce various kinds of output.
Programming languages generally consist of
instructions for a computer. Programming
languages can be used to create programs that
implement specific algorithms.

3. Various Kinds of Programming
Languages
 HTML/CSS
 JavaScript
 PHP
 C++
 C#
 C
 Phyton
 Java
 Ruby
 Visual Basic

4. Expresion Meaning
1. REM Remark ( a note for the
programmer
2. PRINT Show the value of the variable
on the display screen
3. INPUT Wits for the user to input the
value into a variable
4. DO WHILE
condition
intructions LOOP
Repeat the intructions while
the given condition is true
5. END Marks the end of a programmer

5. Languages focus
Reported Speech

6. Reported speech or indirect speech is a way of expressing
what other people (speakers) have said directly (direct / quoted
speech) in the form of statements, questions, or other speech by
changing the format of the conversation so that it becomes clearer,
natural, and efficient for the listener .
Direct speech converted into reported speech can be statement,
imperative [command, invitation, request), yes / no question, and
information question.
Understanding
Reported Speech

7. How To Change Direct Being
Reported Speech
Basically, direct speech is converted to reported speech by
removing quotes, removing capital letters in sentences, adding that
(optional), changing pronouns, modifying verbs, correcting the time
reference and / or add whether or if. Here are some explanations.

8. “I want to Donation.”
Reported Speech :
He said that he wanted a donation.
Examples
Reporting
Example Sentence Direct
Speech
Example Sentence Reported
Speech
Statement
“I’m not hungry now.”
(Saya tidak lapar sekarang.)
He said that he was not
hungry at that time.
Imperative
“Do not touch my computer!”
(Jangan sentuh komputerku!)
She told me not to touch her
computer.
Yes-no question
“Did you eat my cake?”
(Apakah kamu makan kueku?)
She wanted to know if I’d
eaten her cake.
Information
question
“Who is the winner?”
(Siapa pemenangnya?)
He asked me who the winner
was.

9. Direct Speech Reported Speech
here there
last month/year  the month/year before
 the preceding month/year
 the previous month/year
next month/year  a month/year later
 the following month/year
 the next month/year
now  at that time
 then
today that day
tomorrow  a day later
 the following/next day
yesterday  the day before
 the previous day
two days/weeks
ago
 two days/weeks before
 two days/weeks earlier
Comparisonoftimereferencesondirect
andreportedspeechisasfollows.

10. Example Sentence Direct Speech Example Sentence Reported Speech
“Will I receive the packet tomorrow?”
(Akankah saya menerima paket tsb
besok?)
He asked if he would receive the
packet the following day.
“I have to return the book two days
ago.”
(Saya harus mengembalikan buku tsb
dua hari lalu.)
She said that she had to return the
book two days earlier.
“Come to my office tomorrow!”
Reported Speech :
She told him to come to his office the next day.
Example change of time reference

11. Add whether or if
Whether or if is added to deliver a previously-heard yes-no
question. Yes-no question is a form of question that requires a yes or
no answer.

12. Example Direct Speech Example Sentence Reported Speech
“Do you have a little
time?”
(Apa kamu punya sedikit
waktu?)
He asked me if I had a little time.
Information :
Aswer from the question :
Yes, I do atau No, I don’t
“Have you heard the
news?”
(Sudahkah kamu
mendengar berita tsb?)
She wanted to know whether I had heard the
news.
Information :
Aswer from the question :
Yes, I have atau No, I haven’t
Reported Speech :
She asked me if I was a teacher.
Example add whether or if
“Are you a teacher?”

13. Modified Verb on Reported
Speech
The modification of the verb from direct to reported speech
can be to convert verbs into infinitives. This change is applied to
imperative reporting (command). In addition, generally verb tense
(present or future, including capital) is transformed into a paste. For
example, direct speech: present tense, then the reported speech: past
tense.

14. Direct Speech Reported Speech
present tense past tense
present continuous past continuous
present perfect past perfect
future (am/is/are going to) was/were going to
past tense past perfect
past continuous past perfect continuous
will would
must, have to had to
may (permission) could, might
shall
should (ask for advice),
would (simple future)
may (possibility) might
can could
Here'sthedetails.

15. Reported Speech :
He asked if he could go then.
*Can (present) = could (past)
Examples of verb changes
Example Direct
Speech
Example Reported Speech
“I have cleaned your
room.”
(Saya telah
membersihkan
ruanganmu.)
He told that he had cleaned my room.
(Dia mengatakan bahwa dia telah membersihkan ruanganku.)
Information :
 have cleaned = present perfect
 had cleaned = past perfect
“May I go to the
bathroom?”
(Bolehkah saya pergi
ke kamar mandi?)
She asked if she could go to the bathroom.
(Dia bertanya apakah dia dapat pergi ke kamar mandi.)
Information :
 May = modal (present)
 Could = modal (past)
“Can I go now?”