SEED PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF PAPAYA, JAMUN AND AONLA

1. SEED PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
OF PAPAYA, JAMUN AND AONLA
B Y
R.JOTHI LAKSHMI
2013006014
Bsc.(Horticulture), TNAU

2. SEED PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF PAPAYA
• Botanical name: Carica papaya
• Family : Caricaceae
• Origin: Tropical America
• Enzyme present: Papain present in fruit, stem and leaves
• Introduced by Portuguese- 16th century
• Cultivated in large area in India

3. FLORAL BIOLOGY:
• Dioecious or hermophrodite varieties
• Male trees – flowers earlier – pendulus hanging inflorescence
with branched stalk
• Hermaphrodites – self pollination
• Dioecious – cross pollination- needs to maintain male female
ratio (20:1)
FRUITS:
• Berries
• Bearing starts from 6- 12 months
• Fruits mature in 5-9 months
• Fruits – green yellow or red orange
• Flesh - yellow orange salmon

4. SEED:
• Seed are encased in a gelatinous envelop.
• Black coloured, light weighing
• 1000 seeds weigh 14.5g.

5. VARIETIES
Gynodioecious varieties
• Pusa Delicious
• Pusa Majesty
• Co 3
• Co 7
Dioecious varieties
• Pusa giant
• Pusa dwarf
• Co 1
• Co 2
• Co 4
• Co 5
• Co 6

6. CLIMATE:
Tropical. Upto 1000m MSL. Opt temp –38- 42o c. Does not
tolerates below 100 c . Sensitive to frost, heavy rain and water
stagnation.
SOIL:
pH = 6.5 – 7.0
well drained sand loamy soil suitable
PROPAGATION:
Commercially by seed. Highly cross pollinated crop – more
segregation. Selfed fruits from gynodioecious varieties are
preferred for seed collection and sowing

7. Cuttings, cleft grafting are also successful. In patch budding
and T budding success rate is poor
SEED COLLECTION, EXTRACTION AND DRING:
Freshly harvested papaya seeds Dried at room
temperature for 5 days. Longer sun drying reduces viabillity. As
they are non recalcitrant seeds, they are dried to level of 9-12%
moisture content.
SEED GRADING:
BSS 6 wire mesh is used.
large and medium sized seeds have better viabillity than smaller
and ungraded ones.

8. SEED DORMANCY:
• Seeds exhibit dormancy upto a period of 35 days
• Seed germinability improves with a short range of
storage
• Seed dormancy is more in varieties like Co 4 (93%),
Co 5 (91%), Co 7 (90%), Co 2 (89%), Co 1(81%), Co
6(79%), Co 3 (72%).

9. Factors influencing seed germination
• Sarcotesta: Slowers germination
• Temperature: opt- 350 c. below 230 c and above 440 c
are detrimental.
• Chemical and growth substance: soaking in KNO3
(0.1 M), GA (600ppm), thiourea in less conc. improves
germination
• Soil salinity: high salt conc. in soil affects germination

10. Seed storage
• Seeds deteriorate rapidly at high storage
temperature and RH
• Seeds maintain viability for 3 months under
ambient temperature
• Seeds stored in room temperature give higher
germination than stored in a desiccators or
refrigerator.

11. Planting: 45*45*45 cm. spacing: 1.8*1.8 m
Manures and fertilizers: 200- 250 g each of N, P2 O5,
K2 O are recommended.
Irrigation: optimum soil moisture is essential for
growth.
Weed: Deep hoeing. Application of fluchlorolin or
alachlorolin or butachlorolin (20g/ ha ) as pre
emergence, 2 months transplanting is recommended

12. INTERCULTURE
• Removing unwanted male plants: 10% male plants
necessary for good pollination
• Intercropping: Intercropping with leguminous crops
followed b non leguminous crops is found beneficial till
papaya comes to bearing
PLANT PROTECTION METHOD:
Pest: aphids, whitefly
Disease:
• Foot rot/ stem rot drench with Bordeaux mix
• Powdry mildew: spray wettable sulphur
• Leaf spot: spray 1% bordeaux mix

13. HARVESTING:
Fruits are harvested they are of full size, still green with
yellow tinge. When the latex cease to be milky and
becomes watery, the fruits are suitable for harvesting.
YIELD:
On an average yield of 60- 75 t/ha of fruits is obtained.

14. SEED PRODUCTION IN JAMUN
BOTANICAL NAME: Eugenia jambolana
Family: Myrtaceae
Origin: India
BOTANY:
Tall and evergreen. Inflorescence borne on the leaf axil.
Bisexual and light yellow in colour. Cross pollinated.
VARIETIES:
• Rajamun: large fruits
• Paras: seedling selection from Gujarat
• Narendra Jamun 6: improved selection identified from
Fazidabad, UP

15. CLIMATE & SOIL: Grows well in subtropical and tropical
conditions. Grows well in wide range of soil. Deep loam soil is
suitable.
PROPAGATION: By seed and by patch budding
• About 20-25% of seed exhibit polyembryony. So seed
propagation is preferred
• Patch budding gives 70% success. One year rootstock is used
having 10-14mm thickness
Planting: pits- 1*1*1m spacing – 8-10m
Manuring: 500kg N, 600kg P2O5, 300g K2O/plant/ year can be
given

16. • FLOWERING, FRUIT SET & HARVEST:
seedling starts flowering in 8-10 years, vegetatively
propagated trees flower by 6-7 years.
• Total days from flowering to fruit ripening is 119-126 days.
• By natural fruit drop only 12.15% of flowers reaches
maturity. Spraying GA(60 ppm) one at full bloom and
another after fruit set reduces excess fruit drop.
• A number of pickings to collect ripe fruits is practised.
Development of deep purplish or black colour is the
indication of ripening.
Drooping starts immediately.
• Yield : 80 – 100 kg/ tree

17. SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY OF AONLA
• Emblica officinalis
• Family: euphorbiaceae
• Origin: India
• Evergreen tree in tropics and deciduous in sub tropical
conditions.
• Climate: grows in tropical conditions from sea level upto
1800m MSL. Grown in marginal saline soils. Tolerates
salinity(pH 6.5 – 9.5)
• Cultivars Chakaiya, NA – 6, NA – 7 exhibit 100%
survival in sodic soils

18. Varieties:
• Banarasi, Fransis, Chakaiya, Hathijhool, Desi, Krishna,
Kanchan, Neelum, Amrit,, Anand1 & 2, Gujarat Anand 1.
• Propagation: through seeds and vegetative methods –
inarching and patch budding are widely employed
• Planting: planted at a spacing of 7-10 m both ways. Self
incompatablity resulting in non bearing conditions
occurs. Hence two varieties are planted in alternate rows.
• Grafted or budded plants are planted 4-5 meter apart
under square system

19. • Training: The plants are trained to modified central leader
system. Two to four branches with wide crotch angle,
appearing in the opposite directions should be encouraged in
early years
• Irrigation : hardy and generally grown without irrigation.
• Inter cropping:
• In arid regions 2 tier system with aonla + guava is being tried
• 3 tier system with aonla+ ber + phalsa + daincha + onion/
garlic/ brinjal is also tried

20. • Flowering fruit set and harvest:
seedling take about 6-8 years to start bearing and 10-12
years to give commercial crops.
Vegetatively propagated plants attain commercial crop by
6- 8 years.
• Wind is the main pollinating agent
• Fruit set varies from 12-18%
• From flowering to maturity it takes about 8 months

21. Seed extraction:
• Change of fruit colour to green yellow. For seed collection
fruits should be harvested from the base of the branches.
• Best extraction method is alternate wetting and drying of
fruits in 30% NaCl solution for three days.
• For up gradation of seeds ‘ water flotation method’ is used.

22. DORMANCY BREAKING METHOD:
Seed dormancy is broken by stratifying in 60% moist sand
by adding 0.5 % KNO3 solution at 50 c for 10 days
For elite seedling production graded seeds should be sown
in a pot mixture containing silt, sand, FYM in the ratio of
2:1:1 in large containers of 22.5* 15 cm. Addition of VAM
increases seedling growth.
STORAGE:
Seeds treated with Thiram at 4g/ kg could be stored for 24
months in 700 gauge polybag at 50 c.

23. Harvesting and Yield
• Fully developed brown coloured fruits are harvested. Delay in
harvesting results in heavy dropping of fruits in case of some
varieties. Harvesting is usually done during the early or in the late
hours of the day.
• A budded/grafted tree starts bearing third year onwards after
planting, whereas a seedling tree may take 6-8 years. Vegetatively
propagated plants attain full bearing within 10-12 years and may
continue to bear for 60-75 years of age under well managed
conditions.
• An aonla tree may bear 100- 150 kg/tree , giving 15-20 tonnes/ha

24. • Insect Pests: Leaf rolling caterpillar, shoot gall maker, mealy bug
and pomegranate butterfly are major constraints in aonla
production
• Diseases: The Crop is suspect to diseases like ring rust, fruit rot,
leaf rot
• Disorders
Necrosis, a physiological disorder has been observed in aonla
fruits. This particular disorder has been observed mostly in case
of Banarasi and Francis varieties