Process management is a systematic approach to ensure that effective and efficient business processes are in place. It is a methodology used to align business processes with strategic goals.
The document discusses various CPU scheduling algorithms including first come first served, shortest job first, priority, and round robin. It describes the basic concepts of CPU scheduling and criteria for evaluating algorithms. Implementation details are provided for shortest job first, priority, and round robin scheduling in C++.
The network layer is responsible for delivering packets from source to destination. It must know the topology of the subnet and choose appropriate paths. When sources and destinations are in different networks, the network layer must deal with these differences. The network layer uses logical addressing that is independent of the underlying physical network. Routing ensures packets are delivered through routers and switches from source to destination across interconnected networks.
Performance analysis(Time & Space Complexity)swapnac12
The document discusses algorithms analysis and design. It covers time complexity and space complexity analysis using approaches like counting the number of basic operations like assignments, comparisons etc. and analyzing how they vary with the size of the input. Common complexities like constant, linear, quadratic and cubic are explained with examples. Frequency count method is presented to determine tight bounds of time and space complexity of algorithms.
The document discusses the network layer in computer networking. It describes how the network layer is responsible for routing packets from their source to destination. It covers different routing algorithms like distance vector routing and link state routing. It also compares connectionless and connection-oriented services, as well as datagram and virtual circuit subnets. Key aspects of routing algorithms like optimality, stability, and fairness are defined.
The document discusses parallel algorithms and parallel computing. It begins by defining parallelism in computers as performing more than one task at the same time. Examples of parallelism include I/O chips and pipelining of instructions. Common terms for parallelism are defined, including concurrent processing, distributed processing, and parallel processing. Issues in parallel programming such as task decomposition and synchronization are outlined. Performance issues like scalability and load balancing are also discussed. Different types of parallel machines and their classification are described.
This presentation will give you a basic understanding of what ping is, how it works, DoS attack, traceroute, bandwidth speed, upload and download speed, how to use ping in cmd etc.
This document provides an introduction to compilers, including:
- What compilers are and their role in translating programs to machine code
- The main phases of compilation: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, and optimization
- Key concepts like tokens, parsing, symbol tables, and intermediate representations
- Related software tools like preprocessors, assemblers, loaders, and linkers
This document provides an overview of various topics related to the network layer, including IPv4, IPv6, ARP, RARP, mobile IP, routing algorithms, and routing protocols. It begins with basics of IPv4 such as its addressing scheme and role in interconnecting networks. IPv6 is then introduced, along with reasons for its development and key features like its large 128-bit addresses. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Reverse ARP (RARP) are also covered. The document concludes by discussing routing algorithms like link-state and distance-vector, as well as protocols including RIP, OSPF, and BGP.
The document discusses various CPU scheduling algorithms including first come first served, shortest job first, priority, and round robin. It describes the basic concepts of CPU scheduling and criteria for evaluating algorithms. Implementation details are provided for shortest job first, priority, and round robin scheduling in C++.
The network layer is responsible for delivering packets from source to destination. It must know the topology of the subnet and choose appropriate paths. When sources and destinations are in different networks, the network layer must deal with these differences. The network layer uses logical addressing that is independent of the underlying physical network. Routing ensures packets are delivered through routers and switches from source to destination across interconnected networks.
Performance analysis(Time & Space Complexity)swapnac12
The document discusses algorithms analysis and design. It covers time complexity and space complexity analysis using approaches like counting the number of basic operations like assignments, comparisons etc. and analyzing how they vary with the size of the input. Common complexities like constant, linear, quadratic and cubic are explained with examples. Frequency count method is presented to determine tight bounds of time and space complexity of algorithms.
The document discusses the network layer in computer networking. It describes how the network layer is responsible for routing packets from their source to destination. It covers different routing algorithms like distance vector routing and link state routing. It also compares connectionless and connection-oriented services, as well as datagram and virtual circuit subnets. Key aspects of routing algorithms like optimality, stability, and fairness are defined.
The document discusses parallel algorithms and parallel computing. It begins by defining parallelism in computers as performing more than one task at the same time. Examples of parallelism include I/O chips and pipelining of instructions. Common terms for parallelism are defined, including concurrent processing, distributed processing, and parallel processing. Issues in parallel programming such as task decomposition and synchronization are outlined. Performance issues like scalability and load balancing are also discussed. Different types of parallel machines and their classification are described.
This presentation will give you a basic understanding of what ping is, how it works, DoS attack, traceroute, bandwidth speed, upload and download speed, how to use ping in cmd etc.
This document provides an introduction to compilers, including:
- What compilers are and their role in translating programs to machine code
- The main phases of compilation: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, and optimization
- Key concepts like tokens, parsing, symbol tables, and intermediate representations
- Related software tools like preprocessors, assemblers, loaders, and linkers
This document provides an overview of various topics related to the network layer, including IPv4, IPv6, ARP, RARP, mobile IP, routing algorithms, and routing protocols. It begins with basics of IPv4 such as its addressing scheme and role in interconnecting networks. IPv6 is then introduced, along with reasons for its development and key features like its large 128-bit addresses. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Reverse ARP (RARP) are also covered. The document concludes by discussing routing algorithms like link-state and distance-vector, as well as protocols including RIP, OSPF, and BGP.
This document discusses different types of scheduling algorithms used by operating systems to determine which process or processes will run on the CPU. It describes preemptive and non-preemptive scheduling, and provides examples of common scheduling algorithms like first-come, first-served (FCFS), shortest job first (SJF), round robin, and priority-based scheduling. Formulas for calculating turnaround time and waiting time are also presented.
pipelining is the concept of decomposing the sequential process into number of small stages in which each stage execute individual parts of instruction life cycle inside the processor.
The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS) which maps domain names to IP addresses. It describes how DNS works hierarchically with a root server at the top level, below which are generic, country-specific and other domain levels. DNS servers store and distribute this mapping information across multiple computers to avoid a single point of failure. Primary DNS servers store and update zone files mapping domain names to IP addresses, while secondary servers transfer this information from primary servers.
Mobile IP is an IETF standard that allows mobile devices to change location between networks while maintaining the same IP address. It works by having a home agent forward data to the mobile node's current foreign agent when it is away from its home network. All data uses the mobile node's home address, while the care-of address identifies its current location and is used for tunneling data through foreign agents back to the mobile node.
- The document discusses Internet Protocol (IP) which is the principal communications protocol for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. There are two major versions - IPv4 which is the dominant protocol, and IPv6 which is its successor.
- IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses divided into five classes (A, B, C, D, E). It allows for over 4 billion addresses but deficiencies in the classful addressing system led to address depletion.
- Classless addressing was introduced to overcome depletion by granting variable length address blocks defined by an IP address and network mask. This provides a hierarchical addressing structure and greater flexibility.
Interrupts allow external events to suspend and later resume processes running on a computer. They improve processor utilization by allowing the operating system to interrupt running processes to respond to external events like user input or I/O device completion. There are different types of interrupts including program-generated, timer, I/O, and hardware failure interrupts. When an interrupt occurs, the CPU saves its context and executes an interrupt handling routine that calls the appropriate interrupt service routine to handle the interrupt before resuming the original process.
Computer Networks Unit 2 UNIT II DATA-LINK LAYER & MEDIA ACCESSDr. SELVAGANESAN S
The document discusses data link layer framing and protocols. It describes:
1) Two main approaches to framing - byte-oriented (using sentinel characters) and bit-oriented (using bit stuffing). Protocols discussed include BISYNC, DDCMP, and HDLC.
2) Features of PPP framing including negotiated field sizes and use of LCP control messages.
3) Functions of data link layer including framing, flow control, error control, and media access control. The relationship between the logical link control and media access control sublayers is also covered.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 5 of the textbook "Operating System Concepts - 8th Edition" regarding CPU scheduling. It introduces CPU scheduling as the basis for multiprogrammed operating systems. Various scheduling algorithms are described such as first-come first-served, shortest job first, priority scheduling, and round robin. Criteria for evaluating scheduling algorithms include CPU utilization, throughput, turnaround time, waiting time, and response time. Ready queues can be partitioned into multiple levels with different scheduling policies to implement multilevel queue and feedback queue scheduling.
Process scheduling involves assigning system resources like CPU time to processes. There are three levels of scheduling - long, medium, and short term. The goals of scheduling are to minimize turnaround time, waiting time, and response time for users while maximizing throughput, CPU utilization, and fairness for the system. Common scheduling algorithms include first come first served, priority scheduling, shortest job first, round robin, and multilevel queue scheduling. Newer algorithms like fair share scheduling and lottery scheduling aim to prevent starvation.
The document discusses subnet masks and how they are used to separate the network and host portions of an IP address. A subnet mask contains a binary pattern of ones and zeros that is applied using Boolean algebra to determine if an IP address is on the local network or needs to be routed externally. Default subnet masks exist for each address class, and their function is to filter out bits and identify the network address portion of a destination IP.
The document discusses data rate limits in data communications. It explains that the Nyquist theorem gives the maximum bit rate for a noiseless channel based on its bandwidth and number of signal levels. Shannon's theorem calculates the channel capacity for a noisy channel based on the bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating bit rates for different channels based on their bandwidths, signal levels, and noise levels. The key difference between Nyquist and Shannon limits is that Nyquist applies to noiseless channels while Shannon accounts for noise.
This slide contain the description about the various technique related to parallel Processing(vector Processing and array processor), Arithmetic pipeline, Instruction Pipeline, SIMD processor, Attached array processor
This document provides information about IP addresses and Internet Protocol versions 4 and 6. It defines an IP address as a unique identifier for devices on a TCP/IP network. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses to allow for many more available addresses. The document also describes how IP addresses are structured and assigned, either statically or dynamically through DHCP. It notes that IPv6 deployment is increasing to address IPv4 address exhaustion issues.
The presentation introduces the topic of microprocessor architecture. It defines a microprocessor as the central processing unit of a computer system that performs arithmetic and logic operations. It then explains that a microprocessor works by accepting binary data as input, processing it using an arithmetic logic unit and control unit, and providing output based on stored instructions. Finally, it provides a block diagram showing the typical components of a microprocessor system, including the microprocessor, memory, input/output devices, and interfaces.
Instruction set and instruction execution cycleMkaur01
Short presentation for Computer Architecture and Organisation subject's topic- 'Instruction Set and Instruction Execution Cycle' for students of B.Tech/BCA/MCA/Msc. Computer Science
The main Objective of this presentation is to define computer buses , especially system bus . which is consists of data bus , address bus and control bus.
Network Layer addresses data at the logical and physical levels. Logical addresses are generated by CPUs and allow virtual addressing, while physical addresses map to specific memory locations. The network layer provides routing across multiple physical links from one device to another. IP addresses uniquely identify devices on the Internet, though they can change over time as connections change. IPv6 was developed to address the impending exhaustion of IPv4 addresses by expanding the address space to 128 bits.
This document discusses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) which provides a connectionless mode of communication between applications on hosts in an IP network. It describes the format of UDP packets, how UDP checksums are calculated, and UDP's operation including encapsulation, queuing, and demultiplexing. Examples are provided to illustrate how a UDP control block table and queues are used to handle incoming and outgoing UDP packets. The document also discusses when UDP is an appropriate protocol to use compared to TCP.
This document discusses the Internet Protocol (IP) version 4 and 6. It describes the key tasks of IP including addressing computers and fragmenting packets. IP version 4 uses 32-bit addresses while IP version 6 uses 128-bit addresses and has improvements like larger address space and better security. The document also covers IP address classes, private addressing, subnetting, Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), and address blocks.
The document discusses the equivalence between context-free grammars (CFGs) and pushdown automata (PDAs). It states that for any CFG, an equivalent PDA can be constructed to accept the language generated by the grammar, and vice versa. This allows a programming language to be specified by a CFG and implemented with a PDA in a compiler. The document also provides procedures for converting between CFGs and PDAs, including an example of constructing a PDA from a given CFG.
The document discusses processes and interprocess communication in operating systems. It defines a process as a program in execution that consists of code, activity, stack, data, and heap. Processes exist in various states and are managed through process control blocks. The document covers process scheduling, creation, termination, and communication between processes using shared memory and message passing. It provides examples of producer-consumer problems to illustrate interprocess communication.
The document discusses processes and interprocess communication in operating systems. It defines a process as a program in execution that consists of code, data, and stack segments. Processes can exist in different states like running, ready, waiting, terminated. Context switching allows the CPU to rapidly switch between processes. Processes communicate through either shared memory, where they access common memory locations, or message passing, where they exchange discrete messages. This communication allows for cooperation between independent processes running concurrently.
This document discusses different types of scheduling algorithms used by operating systems to determine which process or processes will run on the CPU. It describes preemptive and non-preemptive scheduling, and provides examples of common scheduling algorithms like first-come, first-served (FCFS), shortest job first (SJF), round robin, and priority-based scheduling. Formulas for calculating turnaround time and waiting time are also presented.
pipelining is the concept of decomposing the sequential process into number of small stages in which each stage execute individual parts of instruction life cycle inside the processor.
The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS) which maps domain names to IP addresses. It describes how DNS works hierarchically with a root server at the top level, below which are generic, country-specific and other domain levels. DNS servers store and distribute this mapping information across multiple computers to avoid a single point of failure. Primary DNS servers store and update zone files mapping domain names to IP addresses, while secondary servers transfer this information from primary servers.
Mobile IP is an IETF standard that allows mobile devices to change location between networks while maintaining the same IP address. It works by having a home agent forward data to the mobile node's current foreign agent when it is away from its home network. All data uses the mobile node's home address, while the care-of address identifies its current location and is used for tunneling data through foreign agents back to the mobile node.
- The document discusses Internet Protocol (IP) which is the principal communications protocol for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. There are two major versions - IPv4 which is the dominant protocol, and IPv6 which is its successor.
- IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses divided into five classes (A, B, C, D, E). It allows for over 4 billion addresses but deficiencies in the classful addressing system led to address depletion.
- Classless addressing was introduced to overcome depletion by granting variable length address blocks defined by an IP address and network mask. This provides a hierarchical addressing structure and greater flexibility.
Interrupts allow external events to suspend and later resume processes running on a computer. They improve processor utilization by allowing the operating system to interrupt running processes to respond to external events like user input or I/O device completion. There are different types of interrupts including program-generated, timer, I/O, and hardware failure interrupts. When an interrupt occurs, the CPU saves its context and executes an interrupt handling routine that calls the appropriate interrupt service routine to handle the interrupt before resuming the original process.
Computer Networks Unit 2 UNIT II DATA-LINK LAYER & MEDIA ACCESSDr. SELVAGANESAN S
The document discusses data link layer framing and protocols. It describes:
1) Two main approaches to framing - byte-oriented (using sentinel characters) and bit-oriented (using bit stuffing). Protocols discussed include BISYNC, DDCMP, and HDLC.
2) Features of PPP framing including negotiated field sizes and use of LCP control messages.
3) Functions of data link layer including framing, flow control, error control, and media access control. The relationship between the logical link control and media access control sublayers is also covered.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 5 of the textbook "Operating System Concepts - 8th Edition" regarding CPU scheduling. It introduces CPU scheduling as the basis for multiprogrammed operating systems. Various scheduling algorithms are described such as first-come first-served, shortest job first, priority scheduling, and round robin. Criteria for evaluating scheduling algorithms include CPU utilization, throughput, turnaround time, waiting time, and response time. Ready queues can be partitioned into multiple levels with different scheduling policies to implement multilevel queue and feedback queue scheduling.
Process scheduling involves assigning system resources like CPU time to processes. There are three levels of scheduling - long, medium, and short term. The goals of scheduling are to minimize turnaround time, waiting time, and response time for users while maximizing throughput, CPU utilization, and fairness for the system. Common scheduling algorithms include first come first served, priority scheduling, shortest job first, round robin, and multilevel queue scheduling. Newer algorithms like fair share scheduling and lottery scheduling aim to prevent starvation.
The document discusses subnet masks and how they are used to separate the network and host portions of an IP address. A subnet mask contains a binary pattern of ones and zeros that is applied using Boolean algebra to determine if an IP address is on the local network or needs to be routed externally. Default subnet masks exist for each address class, and their function is to filter out bits and identify the network address portion of a destination IP.
The document discusses data rate limits in data communications. It explains that the Nyquist theorem gives the maximum bit rate for a noiseless channel based on its bandwidth and number of signal levels. Shannon's theorem calculates the channel capacity for a noisy channel based on the bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating bit rates for different channels based on their bandwidths, signal levels, and noise levels. The key difference between Nyquist and Shannon limits is that Nyquist applies to noiseless channels while Shannon accounts for noise.
This slide contain the description about the various technique related to parallel Processing(vector Processing and array processor), Arithmetic pipeline, Instruction Pipeline, SIMD processor, Attached array processor
This document provides information about IP addresses and Internet Protocol versions 4 and 6. It defines an IP address as a unique identifier for devices on a TCP/IP network. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses to allow for many more available addresses. The document also describes how IP addresses are structured and assigned, either statically or dynamically through DHCP. It notes that IPv6 deployment is increasing to address IPv4 address exhaustion issues.
The presentation introduces the topic of microprocessor architecture. It defines a microprocessor as the central processing unit of a computer system that performs arithmetic and logic operations. It then explains that a microprocessor works by accepting binary data as input, processing it using an arithmetic logic unit and control unit, and providing output based on stored instructions. Finally, it provides a block diagram showing the typical components of a microprocessor system, including the microprocessor, memory, input/output devices, and interfaces.
Instruction set and instruction execution cycleMkaur01
Short presentation for Computer Architecture and Organisation subject's topic- 'Instruction Set and Instruction Execution Cycle' for students of B.Tech/BCA/MCA/Msc. Computer Science
The main Objective of this presentation is to define computer buses , especially system bus . which is consists of data bus , address bus and control bus.
Network Layer addresses data at the logical and physical levels. Logical addresses are generated by CPUs and allow virtual addressing, while physical addresses map to specific memory locations. The network layer provides routing across multiple physical links from one device to another. IP addresses uniquely identify devices on the Internet, though they can change over time as connections change. IPv6 was developed to address the impending exhaustion of IPv4 addresses by expanding the address space to 128 bits.
This document discusses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) which provides a connectionless mode of communication between applications on hosts in an IP network. It describes the format of UDP packets, how UDP checksums are calculated, and UDP's operation including encapsulation, queuing, and demultiplexing. Examples are provided to illustrate how a UDP control block table and queues are used to handle incoming and outgoing UDP packets. The document also discusses when UDP is an appropriate protocol to use compared to TCP.
This document discusses the Internet Protocol (IP) version 4 and 6. It describes the key tasks of IP including addressing computers and fragmenting packets. IP version 4 uses 32-bit addresses while IP version 6 uses 128-bit addresses and has improvements like larger address space and better security. The document also covers IP address classes, private addressing, subnetting, Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), and address blocks.
The document discusses the equivalence between context-free grammars (CFGs) and pushdown automata (PDAs). It states that for any CFG, an equivalent PDA can be constructed to accept the language generated by the grammar, and vice versa. This allows a programming language to be specified by a CFG and implemented with a PDA in a compiler. The document also provides procedures for converting between CFGs and PDAs, including an example of constructing a PDA from a given CFG.
The document discusses processes and interprocess communication in operating systems. It defines a process as a program in execution that consists of code, activity, stack, data, and heap. Processes exist in various states and are managed through process control blocks. The document covers process scheduling, creation, termination, and communication between processes using shared memory and message passing. It provides examples of producer-consumer problems to illustrate interprocess communication.
The document discusses processes and interprocess communication in operating systems. It defines a process as a program in execution that consists of code, data, and stack segments. Processes can exist in different states like running, ready, waiting, terminated. Context switching allows the CPU to rapidly switch between processes. Processes communicate through either shared memory, where they access common memory locations, or message passing, where they exchange discrete messages. This communication allows for cooperation between independent processes running concurrently.
This document discusses processes and interprocess communication in operating systems. It defines processes as programs in execution and describes process concepts like process state, scheduling, and context switching. Processes communicate through either shared memory or message passing. Shared memory allows processes to directly access the same memory regions, while message passing involves processes sending and receiving messages through communication links or mailboxes. The document provides examples of producer-consumer problems to illustrate interprocess communication.
This document discusses processes from an operating systems perspective. It defines a process as a program in execution that must progress sequentially. A process contains code, activity, stack, data, and heap. It exists as an active entity in memory versus a passive program on disk. Key process concepts covered include process state, the process control block (PCB), CPU scheduling, and operations like creation, termination, and communication between processes.
The document discusses processes and process management in operating systems. It defines a process as a program in execution that consists of code, activity, stack, data, and heap. A process goes through various states like running, ready, waiting, and terminated. The operating system uses a process control block to manage processes and their execution. It describes process creation, termination, scheduling, and interprocess communication using shared memory and message passing.
This document summarizes key concepts about processes from the 9th edition of the textbook "Operating System Concepts" by Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne. It defines a process as a program in execution, and describes process structure including the program code, activity, stack, data, and heap. It discusses process state, scheduling, and the process control block. It also covers process creation, termination, and interprocess communication using shared memory and message passing, giving examples of bounded buffer solutions.
This document discusses processes and process management from Operating System Concepts, 8th Edition by Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne. It defines a process as a program in execution that includes the program code, current activity, stack, data section, and heap. Processes are represented in memory by a process control block that holds a process' state, scheduling information, memory usage, and other details. The operating system manages processes through operations like process scheduling, context switching between CPU processes, process creation through forking, and process termination. Interprocess communication allows processes to share data and resources.
This document discusses processes and interprocess communication from Chapter 3 of the textbook "Operating System Concepts" by Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne. It covers key topics such as the process concept, process state, scheduling, context switching, process creation and termination. It also discusses two models for interprocess communication - shared memory and message passing. An example of the producer-consumer problem is provided to illustrate how cooperating processes use interprocess communication.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 3 of the textbook "Operating System Concepts - 8th Edition" by Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne. It discusses processes including the process concept, scheduling, creation and termination. It describes how processes communicate through interprocess communication using either shared memory or message passing. Examples of process communication in client-server systems and specific IPC systems like POSIX shared memory are also provided.
This document discusses process management in operating systems. It defines a process as a program in execution. Processes have multiple parts including code, stack, data section, and heap. Each process is represented by a process control block that stores process state and accounting information. Processes transition between states like ready, running, waiting, and terminated. The operating system uses schedulers to manage processes and move them between queues. It also describes how processes are created, communicate through interprocess communication, and terminated.
The document discusses processes and process management in operating systems. It defines a process as a program in execution that consists of code, activity, stack, data, and heap. Processes go through various states like running, ready, waiting, and terminated. A process control block stores process information. Scheduling involves maintaining queues of processes and selecting among ready processes. Context switching saves the state of one process and loads another. Process creation, termination, and communication are also covered.
Process Concept
Process Scheduling
Operations on Processes
Interprocess Communication
IPC in Shared-Memory Systems
IPC in Message-Passing Systems
Examples of IPC Systems
Communication in Client-Server Systems
Identify the separate components of a process and illustrate how they are represented and scheduled in an operating system.
Describe how processes are created and terminated in an operating system, including developing programs using the appropriate system calls that perform these operations.
Describe and contrast interprocess communication using shared memory and message passing.
Design programs that uses pipes and POSIX shared memory to perform interprocess communication.
Describe client-server communication using sockets and remote procedure calls.
Design kernel modules that interact with the Linux operating system.
This document summarizes Chapter 3 from the 10th edition of the textbook "Operating System Concepts" by Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne. It covers processes, including the process concept, scheduling, operations on processes, and interprocess communication using shared memory and message passing. The objectives of the chapter are to describe how processes are represented, scheduled, created, terminated, and how they can communicate with each other in a computer system.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 3 of the textbook "Operating System Concepts - 10th Edition" by Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne. It discusses processes, including the process concept, scheduling, and operations on processes. It also covers interprocess communication using shared memory and message passing models. The objectives of the chapter are to understand process representation and scheduling, how processes are created and terminated, and interprocess communication techniques.
This document summarizes key concepts about processes from the 10th edition of the textbook "Operating System Concepts" by Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne. It defines a process as a program in execution that consists of code, activity, stack, data, and heap. Processes exist in various states and are managed through process control blocks. A process can create child processes and all processes are scheduled by the operating system scheduler. Interprocess communication allows processes to share resources and signals.
This document summarizes Chapter 3 from the textbook "Operating System Concepts - 10th Edition" by Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne. The chapter discusses processes, including the process concept, scheduling, operations on processes, and interprocess communication. Processes are represented in memory with a process control block containing the process state, program counter, and other information. Interprocess communication can occur through shared memory or message passing. Key concepts covered include process creation, termination, scheduling queues, and synchronization challenges for cooperating processes.
The document discusses processes and interprocess communication. It defines a process as a program in execution that consists of code, activity, stack, data, and heap. Processes transition between states like ready, running, waiting, and terminated. The operating system uses schedulers to manage processes and allocate CPU time. Processes can create child processes and communicate using shared memory or message passing. Pipes and sockets provide standardized methods of interprocess communication.
This document summarizes Chapter 3 from the textbook "Operating System Concepts - 10th Edition" by Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne. The chapter discusses processes, including the process concept, scheduling, and operations on processes. It also covers interprocess communication using shared memory and message passing. Key topics include process representation using process control blocks, context switching, process creation and termination, and solving the producer-consumer problem using shared memory and message passing.
Processes are the heartbeat of operating systems, orchestrating the intricate dance of resource allocation, multitasking, and communication that underpins modern computing. At their core, processes represent the execution of a program, encapsulating a virtualized environment in which code can be executed and data manipulated. As we embark on a journey through the labyrinthine landscape of processes within operating systems, we unravel the inner workings of these fundamental entities and explore the myriad roles they play in shaping the computing experience.
At the most fundamental level, a process embodies the execution context of a program, comprising a collection of resources, including memory, CPU time, and input/output (I/O) devices, that are allocated by the operating system to facilitate its execution. Each process is endowed with its own address space, a virtualized memory environment in which it can store code, data, and stack frames, shielded from the prying eyes of other processes through the mechanism of memory isolation. Through the judicious use of process scheduling algorithms, the operating system arbitrates access to CPU time, ensuring that each process receives its fair share of computational resources and preventing monopolization by any single entity.
In addition to managing resource allocation, processes serve as the building blocks of multitasking, enabling the concurrent execution of multiple programs on a single system. Through the mechanism of time-sharing, the operating system interleaves the execution of processes, rapidly switching between them to create the illusion of parallelism, thereby maximizing CPU utilization and enhancing overall system responsiveness. This seamless orchestration of competing demands lies at the heart of modern computing, empowering users to perform complex tasks with efficiency and grace.
Moreover, processes serve as the conduits through which communication occurs within the operating system and between disparate software components. Through mechanisms such as inter-process communication (IPC) and shared memory, processes can exchange data, synchronize their activities, and coordinate their efforts in pursuit of common goals. Whether it be the transmission of messages between cooperating processes or the coordination of input/output operations through device drivers, the ability of processes to collaborate lies at the heart of many advanced computing paradigms, from distributed systems to parallel computing clusters.
Furthermore, processes play a pivotal role in the realm of security, serving as the primary unit of protection and isolation within the operating system. Through the mechanism of process isolation, the operating system enforces strict boundaries between processes, preventing unauthorized access to sensitive data and mitigating the impact of software bugs and malicious code. By confining each process to its own address space and enforcing fine-grained access controls, the opera
This document summarizes Chapter 3 from the textbook "Operating System Concepts - 8th Edition" by Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne. The chapter discusses processes, including the process concept, scheduling, operations on processes, and interprocess communication. Key points include that a process is a program in execution, processes have various states like ready, running, waiting, and that the operating system uses process control blocks and queues to manage processes and allocate CPU resources using schedulers. Interprocess communication allows cooperating processes to communicate through methods like message passing and shared memory.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Road construction is not as easy as it seems to be, it includes various steps and it starts with its designing and
structure including the traffic volume consideration. Then base layer is done by bulldozers and levelers and after
base surface coating has to be done. For giving road a smooth surface with flexibility, Asphalt concrete is used.
Asphalt requires an aggregate sub base material layer, and then a base layer to be put into first place. Asphalt road
construction is formulated to support the heavy traffic load and climatic conditions. It is 100% recyclable and
saving non renewable natural resources.
With the advancement of technology, Asphalt technology gives assurance about the good drainage system and with
skid resistance it can be used where safety is necessary such as outsidethe schools.
The largest use of Asphalt is for making asphalt concrete for road surfaces. It is widely used in airports around the
world due to the sturdiness and ability to be repaired quickly, it is widely used for runways dedicated to aircraft
landing and taking off. Asphalt is normally stored and transported at 150’C or 300’F temperature
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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