After WWI, Germany faced several major problems. It was unhappy with the Treaty of Versailles which imposed heavy reparations, took land, and reduced the military. The League of Nations was too weak to effectively address issues without US support. High inflation hit as the mark became worthless and workers went on strike. The Dawes Plan provided loans to rebuild but the Great Depression caused economic turmoil across Europe. Farm prices fell, US investors withdrew funds, production declined, and unemployment rose sharply. Many governments ignored economist John Maynard Keynes' argument that public works projects could boost demand and reduce unemployment. During this unstable period, totalitarian dictators rose to power in Germany under Hitler and in Italy under Mussolini by glorifying state power

1. PROBLEMS AFTER THE WAR

2. Germ unhappy w/ treaty. * due to reparations, loss of land & reduction in military

3. 2. League of Nations too weak- US did not join when Senate refused to ratify treaty due to harsh treaty. LON used economic sanctions to stop problems. No weapons cuts .

4. 3. Inflation - Workers strike & Germ prints more money ( making mark worthless )

5. 4. DAWES PLAN - set up to coordinate Germ’s bill paying & set up 200 million in loans to rebuild. Created US investment .

6. 5. DEPRESSION -period of low eco activity & rising unemployment

7. Depression caused by: 1. Farm prices fall due to overproduction( some destroy crops to help prices )

8. 2. US stock market booms in 20s, so investors pull money out of Germ to invest. 3.Market crashes & stock prices drop

9. 4. US investors w/draw money from Germ & Euro & banks weakened. 5. Production falls & unemployment rises.

10. Many ignore John Maynard Keynes- economist who said:

11. Unemployment caused by less demand which can be increased by putting people to work building public works ( highways, govt buildings)

12. F D R US-Franklin D Roosevelt wins 1932 election. 15 mill out of work, 50% cut in production

13. Created NEW DEAL - put people to work by funding public works. (building roads, post offices, airports). Creates Social Security Act, TVA, etc.

14. RISE OF THE DICTATORS

15. DON’T WRITE!!! By 1939, Fr & GB only big nations of Europe still democratic New form of dictatorship develops

16. TOTALITARIAN STATE - aims to control all aspects of citizen’s lives. (poli, eco, social, culture & intellectual Individual will is subordinated to collective will of masses

17. MUSSOLINI & ITALY

18. I T A L Y 1920s: BENITO MUSSOLINI rises in Italy & creates new poli party. Creates FASCISM which glorifies state above the individual, nationalism, glory of Italy & needs a strong central govt led by dictator

19. 1920- Italy has problems. Midsdle class fears communist takeover. Muss forms BLACK SHIRTS (armed fascists) who attack strikes & communists making many happy

20. 1922: Fascist threaten to march on Rome if not given power. King VICTOR EMMANUAL III makes Muss Prime minister & Muss creates fascist dictatorship by making PM head of govt.

21. Steps to control: 1.created secret police (OVRA), who arrest anyone. 2. Banned & kills opposition. 3. Muss called Il Duce (the leader) 4. Stresses Italian pride

22. 5. Took over media to spread propaganda, slogans. 6. Created youth groups. Focused on military activities & values to create war lovers

23. Muss gave money to Catholic Church & created Vatican City as independent state & made it religion of Italy In return, Pope recognized Italy & MUSS as leader.

24. STALIN & THE USSR

25. Don’t Write Famine hits in 1920-1922 & industry falls 20%. VI LENIN create NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (called NEP), a version of capitalism. Peasants can sell produce & small businesses could be privately owned, but heavy industry & banking owned by govt

26. Communists create UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS. (USSR)

27. Sickle-Unity of peasants Hammer- workers Red field: blood spilled by workers in fight for freedom Star-energy of sun and life

28. LENIN DIES! Lenin dies 1924. Fight for power begins in POLITOBURO -leading policy making body

29. LEON TROTSKY , war commissar, wants to spread communist rev & industrialize rapidly

30. JOSEF STALIN Josef Stalin - party general secretary wants power. In charge of appointing 1000s of officials, who support him.

31. Stalin gets control of party. Gets rid of old Bolsheviks, & kicks out Trotsky (who is murdered in Mexico).

32. Creates 5 YEAR PLANS - sets of eco goals for 5 year periods to go from agricultural nation to industry . 1 st plan- produce more CAPITAL GOODS (goods used to produce other goods).

33. Bigger labor force in cities no housing. Low wages. Strict laws Propaganda stresses sacrifice to build nation

34. COLLECTIVIZATION -govt took over private farms & made peasants work for them. By 1934, 26 mil farms taken . famine occurs, 10 mil die, resistors sent to labor camps & party control increases.

35. Paranoid Stalin begins PURGES -eliminating problem people to keep power.

36. Military officers, party members, citizens, union officials & diplomats were killed, arrested or sent to labor camps

37. HITLER & GERMANY

38. Don’t write Born Aus 1889, Austria. Mom remarried. high school failure Traveled to Vienna & rejected by art school. Dev racist & nationalist ideas here. Saw poli parties use terror & propaganda

39. HITLER’S REPORT CARD French Unsatisfactory Geography Satisfactory German Adequate Gymnastics Excellent History Satisfactory Physics Adequate Mathematics Unsatisfactory Art Excellent Chemistry Adequate Geometry Adequate

41. Spent 4 years at front in WWI. Joined extreme nationalist group in Munich called German Workers Party in 1919.

42. By 1921, controls & renames party National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) or NAZI. 55,000 people join Create party militia of 12,000 called Brown Shirts.

43. Organized uprising against the govt in 1923 The BEER HALL PUTSCH , was crushed & Hitler jailed

44. Wrote MEIN KAMPF while in jail about Germ nationalism, anti-Semitism, anti-communism, racism

45. Emphasized right of “ superior nations” to LEBENSRAUM - living space thru expansion. “ Superior individuals” should rule over the masses

46. Realizes Nazi party needs to get votes to get power, not violent rev. Party expands & appeals to pride. Biggest party in REICHSTAG (parliament) by 1929.

47. Don’t WRITE! Nazi rise helped by unemployment & eco problems Industry leaders, aristocrats, officers look to Hitler for leadership.

48. Pres. Hindenburg makes Hitler Chancellor in 1933, hoping Hitler will help him gain support. Thought he could control him

49. Hitler sets up total Nazi control by Mar. 23, 1933

50. Reichstag passes ENABLING ACT- give govt power to ignore constitution for 4 years to pass laws to deal w/ nations problems.

51. Gave Hitler legal basis for actions & became dictator

52. Nazis purge Jews from govt CONCENTRATION CAMPS set up. Abolished trade unions & poli parties

53. Hindenburg dies in 1934 & Hitler rules. All officials take oath of loyalty to “Fuhrer”. Wants to develop an “Aryan nation” to rule Europe. Says Germ had 2 empires & Hitler will create THIRD REICH or 3 rd empire

54. DON’T WRITE!!!!!!! Believed they were descendents of Romans & Greeks & Germs meant to create Roman-like empire.

55. Heinrich Himmler set up S CHUTZSTAFFEN or SS, secret police, use arrests, execution & concentration camps for terror.

56. Hitler used public works & grants to private construction firms to put people to work & rearmed military

57. JOESPEH GOEBBELS , propaganda minister set up: mass demonstrations, parades, speeches, controlled churches & schools, formed professional groups for teachers, lawyers etc. & NAZI youth group’s for kids

59. Nuremberg Laws - racial laws-exclude Jews from citizenship, wear a yellow star, carry id card & no marriage btw Germs & Jews.

60. Also banned from public buildings, transportation,cannot own, manage or work in stores.

61. KRISTALLNACHT - (night of shattered glass) Nov 9, 1939- Nazi’s, kill 100, destroy 7000 businesses & synagogues 30,000 men sent to camps