Introduction : In the broiler breeding industry, chickens are often reared in confinement at high stocking densities, which can make them susceptible to infectious diseases. Antibiotics, growth promoters, and anti-coccidial drugs are frequently used as feed additives to elevate growth rates, combat diseases, and lower losses. However frequent use of antibiotics in broiler diets may result in a rise in the antimicrobial resistance of both human and animal bacteria. Alternatives to antibiotics as growth promoters for broilers could decrease bacterial resistance to antibiotics, while at the same time maintaining growth and improving carcass composition. In addition, the bioactive components of herbal plants have a high free radical inhibitory activity that may help the endogenous oxidative status of animals and thus may prevent oxidation in meat and lead to improved meat quality. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) on growth performance, blood metabolites, and meat quality of broilers at high stocking density.
Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with a 2×2 factorial arrangements. A total of 216 1-d-old male broilers (Ross 308) were allotted to one of four treatments with four replicates. Two different stocking densities (low stocking density (LSD): 9 birds/m2 and high stocking density (HSD): 18 birds/m2) were tested with two different thyme levels: zero and 0.1%. Chickens had given ad-libitum access to water drinking and diet. At the end of the experiment (42 days old), two birds with the closest weights to the mean weight of the pen were selected, and after blood sampling slaughtered for determining meat quality. Body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) of birds were measured per pen at the end of each period. Mortality and the weight of birds that died or were culled during the experiment were recorded. Corrected feed conversion ratio was calculated based on mortality for these periods. Blood biochemical indices (glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride) were determined using a clinical biochemistry autoanalyzer using a kit from Pars Azmoun, Tehran, Iran. To determine the Water-holding capacity, 5 gr of breast sample were placed in filter paper and centrifuged at 1500×g for 4 min. Then the samples were placed in an oven at 70 °C for 24 h. Finally, the Water-holding capacity was calculated from the difference in the weight after centrifugation and the weight after drying, divided by the initial weight multiplied by 100. Collected data were subjected to ANOVA using the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS, 2005). Analysis of variance was performed using a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement of treatments. Tukey’s multiple range test was used to determine differences among the treatment means. Statistical significance was considered at P<0.05.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that in the starter period, birds in the HSD grou
فرآورده های لبنی تخمیری پاور اصلی تدریسhoney hopeful
پوزش از کاربران گرامی.در درج پاور قبلی با همین عنوان اشتباهی رخ داده بود و تمامی اسلایدها بارگذاری نشده بودند.در این نسخه پاورها به صورت تمام و کمال در اختیارتان قرار داده شده است.این پاور توسط خودم تهیه شده است.موفق باشید
Introduction : In the broiler breeding industry, chickens are often reared in confinement at high stocking densities, which can make them susceptible to infectious diseases. Antibiotics, growth promoters, and anti-coccidial drugs are frequently used as feed additives to elevate growth rates, combat diseases, and lower losses. However frequent use of antibiotics in broiler diets may result in a rise in the antimicrobial resistance of both human and animal bacteria. Alternatives to antibiotics as growth promoters for broilers could decrease bacterial resistance to antibiotics, while at the same time maintaining growth and improving carcass composition. In addition, the bioactive components of herbal plants have a high free radical inhibitory activity that may help the endogenous oxidative status of animals and thus may prevent oxidation in meat and lead to improved meat quality. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) on growth performance, blood metabolites, and meat quality of broilers at high stocking density.
Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with a 2×2 factorial arrangements. A total of 216 1-d-old male broilers (Ross 308) were allotted to one of four treatments with four replicates. Two different stocking densities (low stocking density (LSD): 9 birds/m2 and high stocking density (HSD): 18 birds/m2) were tested with two different thyme levels: zero and 0.1%. Chickens had given ad-libitum access to water drinking and diet. At the end of the experiment (42 days old), two birds with the closest weights to the mean weight of the pen were selected, and after blood sampling slaughtered for determining meat quality. Body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) of birds were measured per pen at the end of each period. Mortality and the weight of birds that died or were culled during the experiment were recorded. Corrected feed conversion ratio was calculated based on mortality for these periods. Blood biochemical indices (glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride) were determined using a clinical biochemistry autoanalyzer using a kit from Pars Azmoun, Tehran, Iran. To determine the Water-holding capacity, 5 gr of breast sample were placed in filter paper and centrifuged at 1500×g for 4 min. Then the samples were placed in an oven at 70 °C for 24 h. Finally, the Water-holding capacity was calculated from the difference in the weight after centrifugation and the weight after drying, divided by the initial weight multiplied by 100. Collected data were subjected to ANOVA using the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS, 2005). Analysis of variance was performed using a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement of treatments. Tukey’s multiple range test was used to determine differences among the treatment means. Statistical significance was considered at P<0.05.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that in the starter period, birds in the HSD grou
فرآورده های لبنی تخمیری پاور اصلی تدریسhoney hopeful
پوزش از کاربران گرامی.در درج پاور قبلی با همین عنوان اشتباهی رخ داده بود و تمامی اسلایدها بارگذاری نشده بودند.در این نسخه پاورها به صورت تمام و کمال در اختیارتان قرار داده شده است.این پاور توسط خودم تهیه شده است.موفق باشید
Introduction : In the poultry industry, feed efficiency is of great importance in order to reduce the cost of feed by maximizing production efficiency. To achieve this result, the use of synthetic amino acids, such as the amino acids methionine, lysine, arginine, etc. in poultry nutrition can play an effective role in animal performance. Application of monosodium glutamate in animals cause to increased levels of triglycerides, total protein, cholesterol and blood glucose in rats. Addition of 1% monosodium glutamate in broiler diets increased feed intake compared to the control group and also in relation to weight gain at the level of 0.25 and 0.5% monosodium glutamate had a significant decrease compared to the control group. Therefore, considering the role and importance of laying hen performance during the production process and due to the very important role of monosodium glutamate in the occurrence of these changes, the effects of consumption of different levels of monosodium glutamate on performance, egg quality characteristics and blood parameters were investigated.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 60 laying hens of "Hy-Line W36" strain at the age of 68 to 74 weeks in 4 treatments and 5 replications and 3 hens per replication were used. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design in four periods 14-day for 8 weeks. Experimental treatments included 0, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2% levels of monosodium glutamate per kg of feed. To better benefit from the data, all measurement factors except body weight gain were sampled and evaluated at the end of every two weeks. Egg mass was also obtained by multiplying the percentage of daily egg production by the average weight of eggs produced on the same day. Egg quality traits including height and diameter of albumin and yolk, relative weight of yolk and shell and albumin, shell thickness, shape and specific gravity were measured. Blood parameters were selected from two cages in each cage every two weeks and blood samples were taken from their wing veins and the concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and VLDL were measured using a Pars azmon kit and a spectrophotometer. Experimental data were statistically analyzed using statistical software (2002) SAS 9.1. Significant differences between treatments were compared with Duncan's multiple range test at a significance level (P<0.05).
Results and Discussion: The effect of adding treatments on the traits related to egg mass production and feed conversion ratio at the age of 72-74 weeks and feed consumption in all weeks of the experiment was significant. Today, several neurotransmitters have been identified to regulate feed intake, one of which is glutamate, which is most abundant in the central nervous system, which reduces feed intake in broilers. Feed intake is reduced by adding monosodium glutamate throughout the production period. Moreover of experimental treatments on Haugh unit, albumin and yolk height in the whole period
Introduction
The striped bug, Graphosoma lineatum L. is one of the pests of Apiaceae family such as parsley, carrot, celery and some medicinally important plants. The adults and nymphs of this insect feed on seeds of host plants. The eggs of the striped bug have an important role in mass rearing program of some parasitoids. Nutritional supplements undertake an essential function in mass rearing of insects and increase the efficiency of production. Vitamins such as B group have different functions in physiology of insects. The growth and development of insects hinge on acquiring essential nutrients through food materials. Apart from their primary food source, insects rely on essential amino acids and certain minerals for proper nutrition. These crucial components must be obtained from their food sources. Symptoms of nutritional deficiency, as reported in various research studies, include delayed growth, weight loss, prolonged immature stages, increased mortality, wing deformities, alterations in mating behaviors, and various physiological issues. In this study the effects of some vitamins and amino acids on anatomy of salivary glands, total protein of body, developmental time and fecundity of G. lineatum were evaluated in controlled conditions.
Material and Methods
Insects reared on parsley seeds adhered on the inner side of big plastic containers in controlled condition. Supplements including vitamins B12, B6, B1 and Serine and Phenylalanine amino acids selected for evaluation. These supplements used for the treatmnet of G. lineatum in four different concentrations dissolved in water. For evaluating the effects of nutritional supplements on anatomy of salivary glands, both glands separate after dissection of adult’s thorax, and dimension of glands including width and length of posterior and anterior lobs, measured by micrometer apparatus located on stereomicroscope. Total body protein measured by Kjeldahl apparatus after well drying the total body of insects in oven followed by fine powder of dry materials. Total protein was determined using a standard method, calculated by multiplying the nitrogen amounts by 6.38, a constant value. In distinct experiments, the impact of nutritional supplements on the duration of each nymphal stage was investigated. One-day-old eggs were employed for this purpose. Following treatment justification, the time required for the development of each instar was recorded on a daily basis. All tests were replicated three times, with distilled water used for the control treatment. The data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA experimental randomized design and Duncan’s multiple range test using SAS software used for comparing the means.
Results and Discussion
The results disclosed a significant impact of all vitamins and amino acids on all studied parameters. Notably, in the case of salivary glands, the posterior lobe exhibited a more pronounced effect in insects fed with B1, B6, and Phenylalanine. Different concentrations of
Introduction : Raising healthy calves is indeed a critical concern in the dairy industry. Close up diets have important effects on the quantity and quality of produced colostrum, on the other hand, colostrum and milk are considered the most important sources of food that contain energy, protein, and other nutrients for the newborn calf’s growth. Including fatty acids in the late pregnancy supplements are controversial because of the potential reduction of cows DMI. Also, the growth and health of calves can be influenced by feeding linoleic acid to pregnant cows. Safflower as a rich source of linoleic acid (55-70%) is a significant oil alternative product, and has a high nutritional value. This study aimed to examine the effects of safflower seeds and palmitic fatty acids on the transition diet in cow feed consumption, colostrum quality, blood parameters, body measurements and Holstein calf performance.
Materials and Methods: Thirty pregnant Holstein cows, 15 primiparous and 15 multiparous, were used 21 days prior to the expected calving date. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized experimental design with three treatments and ten replicates in every treatment. Cows were randomly assigned to experimental treatments so that each treatment have an average body weight 659.34 ± 84.2 kg, parity 2.04 ± 1.31 and body condition score (BCS) 3.23 ± 0.15 The experimental rations have similar energy and protein content. Diets were thoroughly mixed and fed to cows based on the recommendations of the US National Research Council (NRC, 2001). The experimental rations included: 1) Control diet without fat source (Ctrl), 2) Diet with palmitic fatty acid (SFA), and 3) Diet with safflower seed (UFA). Daily feed intake was calculated by subtracting distributed feed to every cow from the leftover amount on following day. Newborn calves were weighed immediately after birth. An individual colostrum yield for every cow was recorded at each milking. The quality of colostrum was determined using an optical refractometer (ATC., China). The body weight and skeletal parameters of calves were evaluated at birth day, 21 d, and 49 d. Blood samples were taken immediately after birth, two hours after colostrum feeding and on days 3, 7, 21, and 49 via the jugular vein. Samples were centrifuged at 3000× g and the plasma was stored at −20°C until analysis. Plasma metabolites were analyzed using an autoanalyzer (Alcyon 300., USA). Colostrum composition (fat, protein, lactose, solids, solids not fat) was determined using a Milkoscan (Foss Electric, Hillerød, Denmark). Fatty acids profile were measured according to O'Fallon (2007) et al., using gas chromatography (GC) equipped FID detector and 100 meter column. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS using a completely randomized design with ten replications.
Results and Discussion: Using sources of SFA (palm oil powder) and UFA (safflower seeds) in the transition diets were not affected on dry mat
Introduction : During the winter months in most parts of Iran, the external temperature often drops below 0 °C. Typically, these temperatures fall below the optimal conditions for chick growth, resulting in cold stress and potential diseases. This can subsequently impact meat quality negatively and reduce breeding efficiency. The environmental temperature beyond the upper and lower limit of the thermoneutral zone is supposed to produce heat or cold stress in animals (Meltzer, 1983). The adverse climatic condition produces physiological stress which has profound economic influence on the productive efficiency including health and disease resistant capacity (Phuong et al., 2016). Exposure of poultry birds to extreme temperature stressor modulates the immune responsiveness and hematic-biochemical parameters of birds (Hangalapura et al., 2004). Among all the environmental stressors, cold stress induces physiological responses which are of high priority and energy demanding for homeotherms. Cold temperature can increase ascites susceptibility by increasing both metabolic oxygen requirements and pulmonary hypertension (Stolz et al., 1992). The biggest obstacle in raising broilers at high altitudes and cold conditions is the ascites syndrome. This condition can be characterized by an accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity and elevated mortality that tends to peak between 4-6 weeks of age (James, 2005). The International Biochar Initiative (2017) defines biochar as, “Solid material obtained from thermochemical conversion of biomass in an oxygenlimited environment.” Biochar is an ash substance that is produced from the burning of biological material via pyrolysis. This process heats the biological material in an anaerobic environment causing it to decompose into an ash form. Growth promotion and therapeutic antibiotics have been used to compensate for the high levels of stress, including cold stress,that can be present in intensive animal production. Stress can lower resistance to many of the microorganisms present in the environment; however, stress in general has been reported to have variable effects on the immune system and can both enhance and suppress responses (Siegel, 1995); cold stress has been shown to both stimulate and suppress chickens’ immune response (Regnier and Kelley, 1981; Hangalapura et al., 2006). Probiotics contain live microorganisms and spores which when administered in adequate amount, confer health benefits to the host. Bacillus subtilis (B. Subtilis) and Bacillus licheniformis (B. Licheniformis) are the two most widely used strains of probiotic bacteria in animal diets. Oral administration of B. Subtilis and B. Licheniformis can have a myriad of beneficial effects, such as improved growth and meat characteristics, optimized composition of intestinal microbiota, prevention of some diarrheal diseases, and reduced stresses. For such benefits, B. Subtilis and B. Licheniformis have attracted considerable attention as a potenti
Introduction: One of the most important problems in the sheep breeding industry is its low reproduction capacity. According to the advances made in the field of reproduction, new methods have led to the improvement of the reproduction process. One of the important and effective indicators in reproduction is the level of energy used in the diet during the reproductive season. The use of fat supplements in the diet increases the energy density, and by reducing the inhibitory effects of the negative energy balance, it improves reproductive and productive performance. The right amount of oil consumption guarantees health and food safety. It is recommended that 10% or less of the energy needed by the body per day comes from saturated fat sources and 20-35% of daily energy comes from unsaturated fat. Due to the importance of oil seeds, their cultivation is also very important and they have a wide cultivated area all over the world. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of levels and sources of oil and fat on reproductive performance and blood factors of Kurdish sheep.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted at the Research Unit Farm of the Light Livestock Breeding Shightogan Delaware Company, located in the southern Khorasan province, Iran. Fifty-six ewes with Non-pregnant with an average age of one year and average body weight of 41.35±2.5 kg were divided into 7 treatments and 8 replications for 60 days (habituation period 14 days). Experimental treatments include: 1- base diet without oil, 2- Basic ration containing 2% sunflower oil, 3- Basic ration containing 2% canola oil, 4- Basic ration containing 2% tallow, 5- Basic ration containing 4% sunflower oil, 6- Basic ration containing 4% canola oil and 7- Basic ration It contained 4% tallow. Estral synchronization was performed in spring with CIDR. Ewes after CIDR (14 day) extraction and PMSG injection as soon as the signs of estrus were observed, the ewes were isolated from the others and artificially inseminated with fresh sperm using the transcortical method. Energy and chemical composition of rations were similar and were examined simultaneously with CIDR removal and estrus observation. Then, in each experiment parameters such as the time of estrus initiation (hour), rate of return to estrus, parturition rate, rate of multiple births, number of lambs and rate of lambing were evaluated Body weight (BW) and body growth measures were recorded First and period End. Data obtained were analyzed by statistical software SAS (version 1.9). Estral synchronization was performed in spring with CIDR. Ewes after CIDR (14 day) extraction and PMSG injection as soon as the signs of estrus were observed, the ewes were isolated from the others and artificially inseminated with fresh sperm using the transcortical method. The nutrition program with software (SRNS) version was adjusted based on the pregnancy diet.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that the highest pregnanc
Introduction: Fertility is one of the main factors influencing the economic result in poultry flocks and it is influenced by several variables including breed, nutrition quality, flock age and sperm quality. As a result, the decrease in the fertility of beef mother herds after the peak of production is one of the most important factors in reducing the economic profit of breeding units. It has been shown that fertility decline at the end of the productive period can be partially prevented through artificial insemination. The requirement for optimal use of artificial insemination in any species is the possibility of storing sperm in liquid and frozen form. Fertility rate of poultry sperm in frozen conditions is facing a serious challenge compared to other species, this challenge may be related to some special physiological characteristics of rooster sperm that lead to increased sensitivity in frozen conditions. Ginger is a plant that has strong antioxidant substances, which increases the level of antioxidant enzymes and collects free radicals and protects the cell membrane against the risk of oxidation and peroxidation of fats. The main antioxidant compounds in ginger are gingerols, sesquiterpenes, shogaols and some phenolic ketone derivatives, which have the ability to neutralize superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. This evidence shows that adding ginger powder to the diet of broilers can improve the quality of sperm after thawing and increase the fertility rate by improving the antioxidant properties of semen and protecting sperm from damage caused by freezing-thawing.
Materials and Methods: In this research, twenty-seven Ras 308 breeding broilers were tested in the southern desert research farm in collaboration with Khuzestan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. At the age of 47 weeks, the sows were habituated for two weeks in individual cages and fed with basic ration and abdominal rubbing method for sperm collection. From the age of 49 to 60 weeks for 12 weeks, the sows were fed with a basic diet (control group) or diets with different levels of ginger powder (treatment groups) and kept at a temperature of 19-23 degrees Celsius and a photoperiod of 14 hours of light and 10 hours of darkness. Experimental treatments included: control diet (no feeding of ginger powder), daily feeding of 7.5 grams of ginger powder and daily feeding of 15 g of ginger powder per kg of diet. During the test period, sperm samples were collected weekly by abdominal rub method and after initial evaluation, from the age of 51 weeks, they were frozen, and the quality parameters of semen, including total and progressive aspect, plasma membrane function, sperm viability and morphology after thawing were evaluated. took Frozen semen samples from weeks 59 and 60 were inoculated into broiler hens to evaluate sperm fertility after thawing.
Results and Discussion: The effect of treatment and test weeks on most of the parameters measured including total and
محصولات ارگانیک چیست؟
محصولات ارگانیک به محصولی گفته می شود که بدون دخالت هرگونه مادهی شیمیایی و روش های مصنوعی تولید می شود یعنی محصولی که منشا آن کاملاً طبیعی باشد و در فرآیند تولید آن از هیچ گونه ماده شیمیایی یا فرآیندی که باعث تغییر در ماهیت طبیعی مواد تشکیل دهنده می شود، استفاده نشده باشد.
Introduction : In the poultry industry, feed efficiency is of great importance in order to reduce the cost of feed by maximizing production efficiency. To achieve this result, the use of synthetic amino acids, such as the amino acids methionine, lysine, arginine, etc. in poultry nutrition can play an effective role in animal performance. Application of monosodium glutamate in animals cause to increased levels of triglycerides, total protein, cholesterol and blood glucose in rats. Addition of 1% monosodium glutamate in broiler diets increased feed intake compared to the control group and also in relation to weight gain at the level of 0.25 and 0.5% monosodium glutamate had a significant decrease compared to the control group. Therefore, considering the role and importance of laying hen performance during the production process and due to the very important role of monosodium glutamate in the occurrence of these changes, the effects of consumption of different levels of monosodium glutamate on performance, egg quality characteristics and blood parameters were investigated.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 60 laying hens of "Hy-Line W36" strain at the age of 68 to 74 weeks in 4 treatments and 5 replications and 3 hens per replication were used. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design in four periods 14-day for 8 weeks. Experimental treatments included 0, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2% levels of monosodium glutamate per kg of feed. To better benefit from the data, all measurement factors except body weight gain were sampled and evaluated at the end of every two weeks. Egg mass was also obtained by multiplying the percentage of daily egg production by the average weight of eggs produced on the same day. Egg quality traits including height and diameter of albumin and yolk, relative weight of yolk and shell and albumin, shell thickness, shape and specific gravity were measured. Blood parameters were selected from two cages in each cage every two weeks and blood samples were taken from their wing veins and the concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and VLDL were measured using a Pars azmon kit and a spectrophotometer. Experimental data were statistically analyzed using statistical software (2002) SAS 9.1. Significant differences between treatments were compared with Duncan's multiple range test at a significance level (P<0.05).
Results and Discussion: The effect of adding treatments on the traits related to egg mass production and feed conversion ratio at the age of 72-74 weeks and feed consumption in all weeks of the experiment was significant. Today, several neurotransmitters have been identified to regulate feed intake, one of which is glutamate, which is most abundant in the central nervous system, which reduces feed intake in broilers. Feed intake is reduced by adding monosodium glutamate throughout the production period. Moreover of experimental treatments on Haugh unit, albumin and yolk height in the whole period
Introduction
The striped bug, Graphosoma lineatum L. is one of the pests of Apiaceae family such as parsley, carrot, celery and some medicinally important plants. The adults and nymphs of this insect feed on seeds of host plants. The eggs of the striped bug have an important role in mass rearing program of some parasitoids. Nutritional supplements undertake an essential function in mass rearing of insects and increase the efficiency of production. Vitamins such as B group have different functions in physiology of insects. The growth and development of insects hinge on acquiring essential nutrients through food materials. Apart from their primary food source, insects rely on essential amino acids and certain minerals for proper nutrition. These crucial components must be obtained from their food sources. Symptoms of nutritional deficiency, as reported in various research studies, include delayed growth, weight loss, prolonged immature stages, increased mortality, wing deformities, alterations in mating behaviors, and various physiological issues. In this study the effects of some vitamins and amino acids on anatomy of salivary glands, total protein of body, developmental time and fecundity of G. lineatum were evaluated in controlled conditions.
Material and Methods
Insects reared on parsley seeds adhered on the inner side of big plastic containers in controlled condition. Supplements including vitamins B12, B6, B1 and Serine and Phenylalanine amino acids selected for evaluation. These supplements used for the treatmnet of G. lineatum in four different concentrations dissolved in water. For evaluating the effects of nutritional supplements on anatomy of salivary glands, both glands separate after dissection of adult’s thorax, and dimension of glands including width and length of posterior and anterior lobs, measured by micrometer apparatus located on stereomicroscope. Total body protein measured by Kjeldahl apparatus after well drying the total body of insects in oven followed by fine powder of dry materials. Total protein was determined using a standard method, calculated by multiplying the nitrogen amounts by 6.38, a constant value. In distinct experiments, the impact of nutritional supplements on the duration of each nymphal stage was investigated. One-day-old eggs were employed for this purpose. Following treatment justification, the time required for the development of each instar was recorded on a daily basis. All tests were replicated three times, with distilled water used for the control treatment. The data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA experimental randomized design and Duncan’s multiple range test using SAS software used for comparing the means.
Results and Discussion
The results disclosed a significant impact of all vitamins and amino acids on all studied parameters. Notably, in the case of salivary glands, the posterior lobe exhibited a more pronounced effect in insects fed with B1, B6, and Phenylalanine. Different concentrations of
Introduction : Raising healthy calves is indeed a critical concern in the dairy industry. Close up diets have important effects on the quantity and quality of produced colostrum, on the other hand, colostrum and milk are considered the most important sources of food that contain energy, protein, and other nutrients for the newborn calf’s growth. Including fatty acids in the late pregnancy supplements are controversial because of the potential reduction of cows DMI. Also, the growth and health of calves can be influenced by feeding linoleic acid to pregnant cows. Safflower as a rich source of linoleic acid (55-70%) is a significant oil alternative product, and has a high nutritional value. This study aimed to examine the effects of safflower seeds and palmitic fatty acids on the transition diet in cow feed consumption, colostrum quality, blood parameters, body measurements and Holstein calf performance.
Materials and Methods: Thirty pregnant Holstein cows, 15 primiparous and 15 multiparous, were used 21 days prior to the expected calving date. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized experimental design with three treatments and ten replicates in every treatment. Cows were randomly assigned to experimental treatments so that each treatment have an average body weight 659.34 ± 84.2 kg, parity 2.04 ± 1.31 and body condition score (BCS) 3.23 ± 0.15 The experimental rations have similar energy and protein content. Diets were thoroughly mixed and fed to cows based on the recommendations of the US National Research Council (NRC, 2001). The experimental rations included: 1) Control diet without fat source (Ctrl), 2) Diet with palmitic fatty acid (SFA), and 3) Diet with safflower seed (UFA). Daily feed intake was calculated by subtracting distributed feed to every cow from the leftover amount on following day. Newborn calves were weighed immediately after birth. An individual colostrum yield for every cow was recorded at each milking. The quality of colostrum was determined using an optical refractometer (ATC., China). The body weight and skeletal parameters of calves were evaluated at birth day, 21 d, and 49 d. Blood samples were taken immediately after birth, two hours after colostrum feeding and on days 3, 7, 21, and 49 via the jugular vein. Samples were centrifuged at 3000× g and the plasma was stored at −20°C until analysis. Plasma metabolites were analyzed using an autoanalyzer (Alcyon 300., USA). Colostrum composition (fat, protein, lactose, solids, solids not fat) was determined using a Milkoscan (Foss Electric, Hillerød, Denmark). Fatty acids profile were measured according to O'Fallon (2007) et al., using gas chromatography (GC) equipped FID detector and 100 meter column. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS using a completely randomized design with ten replications.
Results and Discussion: Using sources of SFA (palm oil powder) and UFA (safflower seeds) in the transition diets were not affected on dry mat
Introduction : During the winter months in most parts of Iran, the external temperature often drops below 0 °C. Typically, these temperatures fall below the optimal conditions for chick growth, resulting in cold stress and potential diseases. This can subsequently impact meat quality negatively and reduce breeding efficiency. The environmental temperature beyond the upper and lower limit of the thermoneutral zone is supposed to produce heat or cold stress in animals (Meltzer, 1983). The adverse climatic condition produces physiological stress which has profound economic influence on the productive efficiency including health and disease resistant capacity (Phuong et al., 2016). Exposure of poultry birds to extreme temperature stressor modulates the immune responsiveness and hematic-biochemical parameters of birds (Hangalapura et al., 2004). Among all the environmental stressors, cold stress induces physiological responses which are of high priority and energy demanding for homeotherms. Cold temperature can increase ascites susceptibility by increasing both metabolic oxygen requirements and pulmonary hypertension (Stolz et al., 1992). The biggest obstacle in raising broilers at high altitudes and cold conditions is the ascites syndrome. This condition can be characterized by an accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity and elevated mortality that tends to peak between 4-6 weeks of age (James, 2005). The International Biochar Initiative (2017) defines biochar as, “Solid material obtained from thermochemical conversion of biomass in an oxygenlimited environment.” Biochar is an ash substance that is produced from the burning of biological material via pyrolysis. This process heats the biological material in an anaerobic environment causing it to decompose into an ash form. Growth promotion and therapeutic antibiotics have been used to compensate for the high levels of stress, including cold stress,that can be present in intensive animal production. Stress can lower resistance to many of the microorganisms present in the environment; however, stress in general has been reported to have variable effects on the immune system and can both enhance and suppress responses (Siegel, 1995); cold stress has been shown to both stimulate and suppress chickens’ immune response (Regnier and Kelley, 1981; Hangalapura et al., 2006). Probiotics contain live microorganisms and spores which when administered in adequate amount, confer health benefits to the host. Bacillus subtilis (B. Subtilis) and Bacillus licheniformis (B. Licheniformis) are the two most widely used strains of probiotic bacteria in animal diets. Oral administration of B. Subtilis and B. Licheniformis can have a myriad of beneficial effects, such as improved growth and meat characteristics, optimized composition of intestinal microbiota, prevention of some diarrheal diseases, and reduced stresses. For such benefits, B. Subtilis and B. Licheniformis have attracted considerable attention as a potenti
Introduction: One of the most important problems in the sheep breeding industry is its low reproduction capacity. According to the advances made in the field of reproduction, new methods have led to the improvement of the reproduction process. One of the important and effective indicators in reproduction is the level of energy used in the diet during the reproductive season. The use of fat supplements in the diet increases the energy density, and by reducing the inhibitory effects of the negative energy balance, it improves reproductive and productive performance. The right amount of oil consumption guarantees health and food safety. It is recommended that 10% or less of the energy needed by the body per day comes from saturated fat sources and 20-35% of daily energy comes from unsaturated fat. Due to the importance of oil seeds, their cultivation is also very important and they have a wide cultivated area all over the world. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of levels and sources of oil and fat on reproductive performance and blood factors of Kurdish sheep.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted at the Research Unit Farm of the Light Livestock Breeding Shightogan Delaware Company, located in the southern Khorasan province, Iran. Fifty-six ewes with Non-pregnant with an average age of one year and average body weight of 41.35±2.5 kg were divided into 7 treatments and 8 replications for 60 days (habituation period 14 days). Experimental treatments include: 1- base diet without oil, 2- Basic ration containing 2% sunflower oil, 3- Basic ration containing 2% canola oil, 4- Basic ration containing 2% tallow, 5- Basic ration containing 4% sunflower oil, 6- Basic ration containing 4% canola oil and 7- Basic ration It contained 4% tallow. Estral synchronization was performed in spring with CIDR. Ewes after CIDR (14 day) extraction and PMSG injection as soon as the signs of estrus were observed, the ewes were isolated from the others and artificially inseminated with fresh sperm using the transcortical method. Energy and chemical composition of rations were similar and were examined simultaneously with CIDR removal and estrus observation. Then, in each experiment parameters such as the time of estrus initiation (hour), rate of return to estrus, parturition rate, rate of multiple births, number of lambs and rate of lambing were evaluated Body weight (BW) and body growth measures were recorded First and period End. Data obtained were analyzed by statistical software SAS (version 1.9). Estral synchronization was performed in spring with CIDR. Ewes after CIDR (14 day) extraction and PMSG injection as soon as the signs of estrus were observed, the ewes were isolated from the others and artificially inseminated with fresh sperm using the transcortical method. The nutrition program with software (SRNS) version was adjusted based on the pregnancy diet.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that the highest pregnanc
Introduction: Fertility is one of the main factors influencing the economic result in poultry flocks and it is influenced by several variables including breed, nutrition quality, flock age and sperm quality. As a result, the decrease in the fertility of beef mother herds after the peak of production is one of the most important factors in reducing the economic profit of breeding units. It has been shown that fertility decline at the end of the productive period can be partially prevented through artificial insemination. The requirement for optimal use of artificial insemination in any species is the possibility of storing sperm in liquid and frozen form. Fertility rate of poultry sperm in frozen conditions is facing a serious challenge compared to other species, this challenge may be related to some special physiological characteristics of rooster sperm that lead to increased sensitivity in frozen conditions. Ginger is a plant that has strong antioxidant substances, which increases the level of antioxidant enzymes and collects free radicals and protects the cell membrane against the risk of oxidation and peroxidation of fats. The main antioxidant compounds in ginger are gingerols, sesquiterpenes, shogaols and some phenolic ketone derivatives, which have the ability to neutralize superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. This evidence shows that adding ginger powder to the diet of broilers can improve the quality of sperm after thawing and increase the fertility rate by improving the antioxidant properties of semen and protecting sperm from damage caused by freezing-thawing.
Materials and Methods: In this research, twenty-seven Ras 308 breeding broilers were tested in the southern desert research farm in collaboration with Khuzestan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. At the age of 47 weeks, the sows were habituated for two weeks in individual cages and fed with basic ration and abdominal rubbing method for sperm collection. From the age of 49 to 60 weeks for 12 weeks, the sows were fed with a basic diet (control group) or diets with different levels of ginger powder (treatment groups) and kept at a temperature of 19-23 degrees Celsius and a photoperiod of 14 hours of light and 10 hours of darkness. Experimental treatments included: control diet (no feeding of ginger powder), daily feeding of 7.5 grams of ginger powder and daily feeding of 15 g of ginger powder per kg of diet. During the test period, sperm samples were collected weekly by abdominal rub method and after initial evaluation, from the age of 51 weeks, they were frozen, and the quality parameters of semen, including total and progressive aspect, plasma membrane function, sperm viability and morphology after thawing were evaluated. took Frozen semen samples from weeks 59 and 60 were inoculated into broiler hens to evaluate sperm fertility after thawing.
Results and Discussion: The effect of treatment and test weeks on most of the parameters measured including total and
محصولات ارگانیک چیست؟
محصولات ارگانیک به محصولی گفته می شود که بدون دخالت هرگونه مادهی شیمیایی و روش های مصنوعی تولید می شود یعنی محصولی که منشا آن کاملاً طبیعی باشد و در فرآیند تولید آن از هیچ گونه ماده شیمیایی یا فرآیندی که باعث تغییر در ماهیت طبیعی مواد تشکیل دهنده می شود، استفاده نشده باشد.