CHOLESTEROL REMOVAL EFFECT AND BILE SALT HYDROLASE BY PROBIOTIC LACTIC ACID B...Haleh Hadaegh
This document summarizes research on the cholesterol-lowering effects of probiotic lactic acid bacteria. Several human and animal studies are mentioned that found reductions in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides after consuming fermented dairy products containing Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium probiotic strains. One study found that cholesterol removal by L. acidophilus and B. bifidum was likely due to their bile salt hydrolase activity, which causes bile acids to become less soluble and less absorbable in the intestine. Overall, the document reviews the cholesterol-lowering impacts and mechanisms of probiotic lactic acid bacteria as a potential alternative supplement to benefit health.
بهینه سازی استفاده از آنزیمهای پروتئاز...Haleh Hadaegh
This document summarizes the results of an experiment investigating the effects of different concentrations of Aspergillus oryzae protease on the properties of bread. Bread samples were produced using 0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.15% concentrations of the protease and were analyzed for whiteness index, texture properties via a three-point bending test, and viscoelastic properties via frequency sweep testing. The whiteness index and elastic modulus increased with higher protease concentrations while hardness decreased, indicating the protease improved bread quality.
Introduction : In the poultry industry, feed efficiency is of great importance in order to reduce the cost of feed by maximizing production efficiency. To achieve this result, the use of synthetic amino acids, such as the amino acids methionine, lysine, arginine, etc. in poultry nutrition can play an effective role in animal performance. Application of monosodium glutamate in animals cause to increased levels of triglycerides, total protein, cholesterol and blood glucose in rats. Addition of 1% monosodium glutamate in broiler diets increased feed intake compared to the control group and also in relation to weight gain at the level of 0.25 and 0.5% monosodium glutamate had a significant decrease compared to the control group. Therefore, considering the role and importance of laying hen performance during the production process and due to the very important role of monosodium glutamate in the occurrence of these changes, the effects of consumption of different levels of monosodium glutamate on performance, egg quality characteristics and blood parameters were investigated.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 60 laying hens of "Hy-Line W36" strain at the age of 68 to 74 weeks in 4 treatments and 5 replications and 3 hens per replication were used. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design in four periods 14-day for 8 weeks. Experimental treatments included 0, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2% levels of monosodium glutamate per kg of feed. To better benefit from the data, all measurement factors except body weight gain were sampled and evaluated at the end of every two weeks. Egg mass was also obtained by multiplying the percentage of daily egg production by the average weight of eggs produced on the same day. Egg quality traits including height and diameter of albumin and yolk, relative weight of yolk and shell and albumin, shell thickness, shape and specific gravity were measured. Blood parameters were selected from two cages in each cage every two weeks and blood samples were taken from their wing veins and the concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and VLDL were measured using a Pars azmon kit and a spectrophotometer. Experimental data were statistically analyzed using statistical software (2002) SAS 9.1. Significant differences between treatments were compared with Duncan's multiple range test at a significance level (P<0.05).
Results and Discussion: The effect of adding treatments on the traits related to egg mass production and feed conversion ratio at the age of 72-74 weeks and feed consumption in all weeks of the experiment was significant. Today, several neurotransmitters have been identified to regulate feed intake, one of which is glutamate, which is most abundant in the central nervous system, which reduces feed intake in broilers. Feed intake is reduced by adding monosodium glutamate throughout the production period. Moreover of experimental treatments on Haugh unit, albumin and yolk height in the whole period
Introduction: One of the most important problems in the sheep breeding industry is its low reproduction capacity. According to the advances made in the field of reproduction, new methods have led to the improvement of the reproduction process. One of the important and effective indicators in reproduction is the level of energy used in the diet during the reproductive season. The use of fat supplements in the diet increases the energy density, and by reducing the inhibitory effects of the negative energy balance, it improves reproductive and productive performance. The right amount of oil consumption guarantees health and food safety. It is recommended that 10% or less of the energy needed by the body per day comes from saturated fat sources and 20-35% of daily energy comes from unsaturated fat. Due to the importance of oil seeds, their cultivation is also very important and they have a wide cultivated area all over the world. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of levels and sources of oil and fat on reproductive performance and blood factors of Kurdish sheep.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted at the Research Unit Farm of the Light Livestock Breeding Shightogan Delaware Company, located in the southern Khorasan province, Iran. Fifty-six ewes with Non-pregnant with an average age of one year and average body weight of 41.35±2.5 kg were divided into 7 treatments and 8 replications for 60 days (habituation period 14 days). Experimental treatments include: 1- base diet without oil, 2- Basic ration containing 2% sunflower oil, 3- Basic ration containing 2% canola oil, 4- Basic ration containing 2% tallow, 5- Basic ration containing 4% sunflower oil, 6- Basic ration containing 4% canola oil and 7- Basic ration It contained 4% tallow. Estral synchronization was performed in spring with CIDR. Ewes after CIDR (14 day) extraction and PMSG injection as soon as the signs of estrus were observed, the ewes were isolated from the others and artificially inseminated with fresh sperm using the transcortical method. Energy and chemical composition of rations were similar and were examined simultaneously with CIDR removal and estrus observation. Then, in each experiment parameters such as the time of estrus initiation (hour), rate of return to estrus, parturition rate, rate of multiple births, number of lambs and rate of lambing were evaluated Body weight (BW) and body growth measures were recorded First and period End. Data obtained were analyzed by statistical software SAS (version 1.9). Estral synchronization was performed in spring with CIDR. Ewes after CIDR (14 day) extraction and PMSG injection as soon as the signs of estrus were observed, the ewes were isolated from the others and artificially inseminated with fresh sperm using the transcortical method. The nutrition program with software (SRNS) version was adjusted based on the pregnancy diet.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that the highest pregnanc
Introduction : Raising healthy calves is indeed a critical concern in the dairy industry. Close up diets have important effects on the quantity and quality of produced colostrum, on the other hand, colostrum and milk are considered the most important sources of food that contain energy, protein, and other nutrients for the newborn calf’s growth. Including fatty acids in the late pregnancy supplements are controversial because of the potential reduction of cows DMI. Also, the growth and health of calves can be influenced by feeding linoleic acid to pregnant cows. Safflower as a rich source of linoleic acid (55-70%) is a significant oil alternative product, and has a high nutritional value. This study aimed to examine the effects of safflower seeds and palmitic fatty acids on the transition diet in cow feed consumption, colostrum quality, blood parameters, body measurements and Holstein calf performance.
Materials and Methods: Thirty pregnant Holstein cows, 15 primiparous and 15 multiparous, were used 21 days prior to the expected calving date. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized experimental design with three treatments and ten replicates in every treatment. Cows were randomly assigned to experimental treatments so that each treatment have an average body weight 659.34 ± 84.2 kg, parity 2.04 ± 1.31 and body condition score (BCS) 3.23 ± 0.15 The experimental rations have similar energy and protein content. Diets were thoroughly mixed and fed to cows based on the recommendations of the US National Research Council (NRC, 2001). The experimental rations included: 1) Control diet without fat source (Ctrl), 2) Diet with palmitic fatty acid (SFA), and 3) Diet with safflower seed (UFA). Daily feed intake was calculated by subtracting distributed feed to every cow from the leftover amount on following day. Newborn calves were weighed immediately after birth. An individual colostrum yield for every cow was recorded at each milking. The quality of colostrum was determined using an optical refractometer (ATC., China). The body weight and skeletal parameters of calves were evaluated at birth day, 21 d, and 49 d. Blood samples were taken immediately after birth, two hours after colostrum feeding and on days 3, 7, 21, and 49 via the jugular vein. Samples were centrifuged at 3000× g and the plasma was stored at −20°C until analysis. Plasma metabolites were analyzed using an autoanalyzer (Alcyon 300., USA). Colostrum composition (fat, protein, lactose, solids, solids not fat) was determined using a Milkoscan (Foss Electric, Hillerød, Denmark). Fatty acids profile were measured according to O'Fallon (2007) et al., using gas chromatography (GC) equipped FID detector and 100 meter column. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS using a completely randomized design with ten replications.
Results and Discussion: Using sources of SFA (palm oil powder) and UFA (safflower seeds) in the transition diets were not affected on dry mat
CHOLESTEROL REMOVAL EFFECT AND BILE SALT HYDROLASE BY PROBIOTIC LACTIC ACID B...Haleh Hadaegh
This document summarizes research on the cholesterol-lowering effects of probiotic lactic acid bacteria. Several human and animal studies are mentioned that found reductions in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides after consuming fermented dairy products containing Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium probiotic strains. One study found that cholesterol removal by L. acidophilus and B. bifidum was likely due to their bile salt hydrolase activity, which causes bile acids to become less soluble and less absorbable in the intestine. Overall, the document reviews the cholesterol-lowering impacts and mechanisms of probiotic lactic acid bacteria as a potential alternative supplement to benefit health.
بهینه سازی استفاده از آنزیمهای پروتئاز...Haleh Hadaegh
This document summarizes the results of an experiment investigating the effects of different concentrations of Aspergillus oryzae protease on the properties of bread. Bread samples were produced using 0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.15% concentrations of the protease and were analyzed for whiteness index, texture properties via a three-point bending test, and viscoelastic properties via frequency sweep testing. The whiteness index and elastic modulus increased with higher protease concentrations while hardness decreased, indicating the protease improved bread quality.
Introduction : In the poultry industry, feed efficiency is of great importance in order to reduce the cost of feed by maximizing production efficiency. To achieve this result, the use of synthetic amino acids, such as the amino acids methionine, lysine, arginine, etc. in poultry nutrition can play an effective role in animal performance. Application of monosodium glutamate in animals cause to increased levels of triglycerides, total protein, cholesterol and blood glucose in rats. Addition of 1% monosodium glutamate in broiler diets increased feed intake compared to the control group and also in relation to weight gain at the level of 0.25 and 0.5% monosodium glutamate had a significant decrease compared to the control group. Therefore, considering the role and importance of laying hen performance during the production process and due to the very important role of monosodium glutamate in the occurrence of these changes, the effects of consumption of different levels of monosodium glutamate on performance, egg quality characteristics and blood parameters were investigated.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 60 laying hens of "Hy-Line W36" strain at the age of 68 to 74 weeks in 4 treatments and 5 replications and 3 hens per replication were used. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design in four periods 14-day for 8 weeks. Experimental treatments included 0, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2% levels of monosodium glutamate per kg of feed. To better benefit from the data, all measurement factors except body weight gain were sampled and evaluated at the end of every two weeks. Egg mass was also obtained by multiplying the percentage of daily egg production by the average weight of eggs produced on the same day. Egg quality traits including height and diameter of albumin and yolk, relative weight of yolk and shell and albumin, shell thickness, shape and specific gravity were measured. Blood parameters were selected from two cages in each cage every two weeks and blood samples were taken from their wing veins and the concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and VLDL were measured using a Pars azmon kit and a spectrophotometer. Experimental data were statistically analyzed using statistical software (2002) SAS 9.1. Significant differences between treatments were compared with Duncan's multiple range test at a significance level (P<0.05).
Results and Discussion: The effect of adding treatments on the traits related to egg mass production and feed conversion ratio at the age of 72-74 weeks and feed consumption in all weeks of the experiment was significant. Today, several neurotransmitters have been identified to regulate feed intake, one of which is glutamate, which is most abundant in the central nervous system, which reduces feed intake in broilers. Feed intake is reduced by adding monosodium glutamate throughout the production period. Moreover of experimental treatments on Haugh unit, albumin and yolk height in the whole period
Introduction: One of the most important problems in the sheep breeding industry is its low reproduction capacity. According to the advances made in the field of reproduction, new methods have led to the improvement of the reproduction process. One of the important and effective indicators in reproduction is the level of energy used in the diet during the reproductive season. The use of fat supplements in the diet increases the energy density, and by reducing the inhibitory effects of the negative energy balance, it improves reproductive and productive performance. The right amount of oil consumption guarantees health and food safety. It is recommended that 10% or less of the energy needed by the body per day comes from saturated fat sources and 20-35% of daily energy comes from unsaturated fat. Due to the importance of oil seeds, their cultivation is also very important and they have a wide cultivated area all over the world. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of levels and sources of oil and fat on reproductive performance and blood factors of Kurdish sheep.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted at the Research Unit Farm of the Light Livestock Breeding Shightogan Delaware Company, located in the southern Khorasan province, Iran. Fifty-six ewes with Non-pregnant with an average age of one year and average body weight of 41.35±2.5 kg were divided into 7 treatments and 8 replications for 60 days (habituation period 14 days). Experimental treatments include: 1- base diet without oil, 2- Basic ration containing 2% sunflower oil, 3- Basic ration containing 2% canola oil, 4- Basic ration containing 2% tallow, 5- Basic ration containing 4% sunflower oil, 6- Basic ration containing 4% canola oil and 7- Basic ration It contained 4% tallow. Estral synchronization was performed in spring with CIDR. Ewes after CIDR (14 day) extraction and PMSG injection as soon as the signs of estrus were observed, the ewes were isolated from the others and artificially inseminated with fresh sperm using the transcortical method. Energy and chemical composition of rations were similar and were examined simultaneously with CIDR removal and estrus observation. Then, in each experiment parameters such as the time of estrus initiation (hour), rate of return to estrus, parturition rate, rate of multiple births, number of lambs and rate of lambing were evaluated Body weight (BW) and body growth measures were recorded First and period End. Data obtained were analyzed by statistical software SAS (version 1.9). Estral synchronization was performed in spring with CIDR. Ewes after CIDR (14 day) extraction and PMSG injection as soon as the signs of estrus were observed, the ewes were isolated from the others and artificially inseminated with fresh sperm using the transcortical method. The nutrition program with software (SRNS) version was adjusted based on the pregnancy diet.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that the highest pregnanc
Introduction : Raising healthy calves is indeed a critical concern in the dairy industry. Close up diets have important effects on the quantity and quality of produced colostrum, on the other hand, colostrum and milk are considered the most important sources of food that contain energy, protein, and other nutrients for the newborn calf’s growth. Including fatty acids in the late pregnancy supplements are controversial because of the potential reduction of cows DMI. Also, the growth and health of calves can be influenced by feeding linoleic acid to pregnant cows. Safflower as a rich source of linoleic acid (55-70%) is a significant oil alternative product, and has a high nutritional value. This study aimed to examine the effects of safflower seeds and palmitic fatty acids on the transition diet in cow feed consumption, colostrum quality, blood parameters, body measurements and Holstein calf performance.
Materials and Methods: Thirty pregnant Holstein cows, 15 primiparous and 15 multiparous, were used 21 days prior to the expected calving date. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized experimental design with three treatments and ten replicates in every treatment. Cows were randomly assigned to experimental treatments so that each treatment have an average body weight 659.34 ± 84.2 kg, parity 2.04 ± 1.31 and body condition score (BCS) 3.23 ± 0.15 The experimental rations have similar energy and protein content. Diets were thoroughly mixed and fed to cows based on the recommendations of the US National Research Council (NRC, 2001). The experimental rations included: 1) Control diet without fat source (Ctrl), 2) Diet with palmitic fatty acid (SFA), and 3) Diet with safflower seed (UFA). Daily feed intake was calculated by subtracting distributed feed to every cow from the leftover amount on following day. Newborn calves were weighed immediately after birth. An individual colostrum yield for every cow was recorded at each milking. The quality of colostrum was determined using an optical refractometer (ATC., China). The body weight and skeletal parameters of calves were evaluated at birth day, 21 d, and 49 d. Blood samples were taken immediately after birth, two hours after colostrum feeding and on days 3, 7, 21, and 49 via the jugular vein. Samples were centrifuged at 3000× g and the plasma was stored at −20°C until analysis. Plasma metabolites were analyzed using an autoanalyzer (Alcyon 300., USA). Colostrum composition (fat, protein, lactose, solids, solids not fat) was determined using a Milkoscan (Foss Electric, Hillerød, Denmark). Fatty acids profile were measured according to O'Fallon (2007) et al., using gas chromatography (GC) equipped FID detector and 100 meter column. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS using a completely randomized design with ten replications.
Results and Discussion: Using sources of SFA (palm oil powder) and UFA (safflower seeds) in the transition diets were not affected on dry mat
Introduction
Ultrafiltration is one of the most common membrane processes in the dairy industry, especially for condensing and separating milk components. Using this process, several products can be produced, including milk concentrate used for cheese production, low-lactose dairy products, milk protein concentrate, and serum proteins for dietary supplements. The efficiency and cost of a membrane process depend on the percentage of rejection of the soluble components. Therefore, the use of concentrated milk made by ultrafiltration in the production of various dairy products depends on the efficiency of the membrane process and the changes in milk components during this process. On the one hand, the physicochemical properties of camel milk are different from those of cow milk, especially in terms of type and amount of protein. Because significant differences exist between the physicochemical properties of camel and cow milk, likely, the membrane processing conditions and the physicochemical properties of their products will be different completely. Although many studies have been conducted on the efficacy of the ultrafiltration processing of cow milk, there is no information about the efficacy of camel milk ultrafiltration, and most of the research done regarding optimizing is based on classical algorithms, Therefore, in this study, the effects of transmembrane pressure and temperature on the solutes rejection (protein, lactose, ash, and total solids) during camel milk ultrafiltration process were investigated, Then, these properties were optimized using particle swarm algorithm. Also, because the performance of the particle swarm algorithm is highly dependent on related parameters such as the number of iterations, the number of particles, accelerate constant, inertia weight, and velocity of the particles, so before optimization, the effect of these parameters on optimal responses were examined by partial least squares regression (PLS).
Materials and Methods
In this study, a pilot crossflow ultrafiltration system was used. A UF membrane (Model 3838 HFK-131, Koch membrane systems, Inc., USA) made of polysulfone amid (PSA) with MWCO of 20 kDa was applied. Camel milk was purchased from a local market in Mashhad and for camel skim milk production, its fat was separated by a pilot plant milk fat separator in the Food Research Complex, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The weight percentages of protein, fat, lactose, ash, and total solids of UF permeate samples were measured by ISO 8968-1:2014, ISO 1211: 2010, ISO 26462/IDF 214:2010, ISO 5544:2008, and ISO 6731:2010 at two replications, respectively. the process treatments were performed in the form of a central composite design (CCD) (5 replications at the central point) for two independent variables at three levels so that the total number of 13 treatments was obtained. The data were modeled using the statistical software of Design Expert (version 11) based on the response surface methodology and eac
Introduction : In the broiler breeding industry, chickens are often reared in confinement at high stocking densities, which can make them susceptible to infectious diseases. Antibiotics, growth promoters, and anti-coccidial drugs are frequently used as feed additives to elevate growth rates, combat diseases, and lower losses. However frequent use of antibiotics in broiler diets may result in a rise in the antimicrobial resistance of both human and animal bacteria. Alternatives to antibiotics as growth promoters for broilers could decrease bacterial resistance to antibiotics, while at the same time maintaining growth and improving carcass composition. In addition, the bioactive components of herbal plants have a high free radical inhibitory activity that may help the endogenous oxidative status of animals and thus may prevent oxidation in meat and lead to improved meat quality. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) on growth performance, blood metabolites, and meat quality of broilers at high stocking density.
Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with a 2×2 factorial arrangements. A total of 216 1-d-old male broilers (Ross 308) were allotted to one of four treatments with four replicates. Two different stocking densities (low stocking density (LSD): 9 birds/m2 and high stocking density (HSD): 18 birds/m2) were tested with two different thyme levels: zero and 0.1%. Chickens had given ad-libitum access to water drinking and diet. At the end of the experiment (42 days old), two birds with the closest weights to the mean weight of the pen were selected, and after blood sampling slaughtered for determining meat quality. Body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) of birds were measured per pen at the end of each period. Mortality and the weight of birds that died or were culled during the experiment were recorded. Corrected feed conversion ratio was calculated based on mortality for these periods. Blood biochemical indices (glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride) were determined using a clinical biochemistry autoanalyzer using a kit from Pars Azmoun, Tehran, Iran. To determine the Water-holding capacity, 5 gr of breast sample were placed in filter paper and centrifuged at 1500×g for 4 min. Then the samples were placed in an oven at 70 °C for 24 h. Finally, the Water-holding capacity was calculated from the difference in the weight after centrifugation and the weight after drying, divided by the initial weight multiplied by 100. Collected data were subjected to ANOVA using the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS, 2005). Analysis of variance was performed using a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement of treatments. Tukey’s multiple range test was used to determine differences among the treatment means. Statistical significance was considered at P<0.05.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that in the starter period, birds in the HSD grou
Introduction
Celiac disease is one of the most common digestive disorder. Chicken nugget is one of the most popular instant and ready-to-eat foods, and wheat flour is one of its main coating ingredients, which contains approximately 60% gluten. Quinoa is a gluten-free grain, as a good source of dietary fiber, has various applications in the meat products processing system as a stabilizer, fat substitute, structural components, etc. The addition of hydrocolloids also helps to improve the rheological properties of gluten-free products. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of quinoa-corn mixed flour in the preparation of nugget batter as a gluten-free combination as an alternative to wheat flour, and also to investigate the effect of adding HPMC hydrocolloid on the final product characteristics. In this research, a rotatable central composite design was used to investigate the effect of two independent variables including different proportions of quinoa-corn flour (0-100, 50-50, 100-0%) and different levels of hydrocolloid (0.5-1-1.5%) on the quality characteristics of nugget. With the increase of quinoa replacement level, moisture content (0.60), batter pick up (138) and redness level 5.5 (a*) increased, and oil content (11), hardness (7.5), brightness level 41(L*), yellowness level 20(b*) decreased. The increase of HPMC also caused an increase in moisture content (0.59), brightness level (L*) of 0.39, batter pick up (137) and decrease in oil content (10) and hardness (7). Optimum conditions for the production of gluten-free nugget were determined by considering the optimal amounts for the production of high quality and healthy products, contained 90% quinoa and HPMC at a level of about 1%.
Materials and Methods
Corn flour was purchased from the pilot of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The de-saponified quinoa was prepared from Kashmir and then ground. In order to make the grains more uniform, both flours were sieved using a 30 mesh. Hydrocolloid hydroxypropyl methylcellulose was also prepared from Kian Shimi Mashhad. Oyla frying oil was used for frying the samples.
The chicken nugget formulation was a mixture of 86% minced chicken, 10% onion, 1.5% garlic powder, 1% salt and 1.5% pepper. After complete mixing, these materials were poured into a freezer bag until a homogeneous and uniform mixture was obtained, and they were flatted until they reached the desired thickness (1 cm). Plastics containing chicken paste were stored in the freezer for 2 hours to facilitate cutting. Then molding was done with a circular mold with a diameter of 4 cm (Dehghan Nasiri et al., 2012).The batter formulation consisted of flour, water, baking powder, salt and hydrocolloids. In order to investigate the effect of quinoa and corn flours, and hydrocolloids, these substances were added to nugget water paste in different percentages (quinoa-corn ratio: 0-100, 50-50, 0-100 and hydrocolloids at the level of 1-1 / 5 -0.5%) and then mixed with water by mix
كاهي گذرا به امگا-٣ در ٣ اپيزود
نكاهي گذرا به امگا-٣ در ٣ اپيزود
✔️اپيزود اول:
( امگا ٣ و نقش آن در سلامت عمومي)
اسید چرب امگا ۳ خانوادهای از اسیدهای چرب چند غيراشباعي هستند که اولین پیوند دوگانه آنها بین سومین و چهارمین کربن در زنجیره کربنی قرار گرفتهاست. اسیدهای چرب امگا ۳ برای تنظیم فعالیتهای بدن انسان ضروری هستند.ولی در بدن انسان ساخته نمیشوند.
اسيدهاي چرب با زنجيره هاي اشباع نشده بلند امگا ٣ همانند دوكوزاهگزتانوئيك اسيد docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) و ايكوزاپنتاانوئيك اسيد eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) و آلفالينولئيك اسيد امروزه eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) به دليل قابليت هاي تغذيه ايي شان در حفظ سلامت بسيار شناخته شده اند و از جايگاه خاصي برخوردارند، مي دانيم ،EPA و DHA در حفظ سطح طبيعي كلسترول خون، DHA در حفظ سلامت چشم ها و مغز منافعي دارد .
A و EPA و DHA همگی از خانواده اسیدهای چرب n-۳ (کربن سوم اشباع نشده) به شمار میروند که از نظر تغذیهای بسیار مهم هستند.بدن انسان توانایی تولید اسیدهای چرب n-۳ (کربن سوم اشباع نشده) را از مولکولهای دیگر ندارد و باید آن را از طریق غذاهای ویژه بدست آورد.
بدن انسان در حد اندکی قادر است، از زنجیره ۱۸ کربنی ALA، زنجیره ۲۰ کربنی EPA و زنجیره ۲۲ کربنی DHA را تشکیل دهد.
اسیدهای چرب امگا ۳ نمیتوانند توسط بدن انسان ساخته شوند. البته برخی از پستانداران تواناییهای محدودی دارند. وقتی رژیم غذایی انسان شامل ALA (اسید لینولنیک ∝، ۱۸ کربن و ۳ پیوند دوگانه) باشد، بدن انسان تا حد کمی قادر است ...
Introduction
Consumer demand for healthy food free of chemical preservatives and environmental concerns with plastic packaging environments are analyzed, which can be replaced by aquatic environments that can be contaminated, for the development of bio-based packaging materials. Natural polymers have the ability to be biodegradable due to the presence of oxygen or nitrogen atoms in their main polymer chain compared to the dominant carbon-carbon bonds in fossil-based polymers. Among the various biopolymers used to prepare multilayer films, polysaccharides are considered as the main components of the film due to their abundance and non-toxicity. These films generally have good mechanical strength, moderate physical properties, and most importantly, are edible and easily degradable. However, they are very brittle and hydrophilic, and these properties are undesirable in food packaging applications. Among polysaccharides, agar, commercially extracted from seaweed, is one of the most common and widely studied base materials. Agar is insoluble in cold water, but soluble in water at 90-100°C. When making an agar film, the solution and casting surface must be kept above the agarose gel setting temperature to avoid premature gelation. Compared to other biopolymers, agar is more stable at low pH and high temperature. This thermoplastic and biocompatible polysaccharide creates films with high mechanical strength, transparency and moderate barrier properties to carbon dioxide and oxygen, and most importantly, it is edible and easily biodegradable. Mixing agar with other polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene improves the mechanical, thermal and biodegradability properties of bio composites. The main goal of this study is to make biofilms for use in packaging industries with agar polymer extracted from macroalgae species Acanthophora sp. Agar was extracted by sodium hydroxide/heating method and the film was prepared in combination with industrial polymer PVA and glycerol.
Materials and Methods
To make biofilms based on agar polymer, firstly, optimization of agar polymer extraction from macroalgae species Acanthophora sp. was done by sodium hydroxide/heating method, and in the next step, total phenolic compounds and the amount of soluble protein in extracted agar were measured. In the next step, glycerol with 30% by weight was used as a softener and PVA polymer with a weight ratio of 25% to the dry weight of agar powder was used to make bio composite by solvent casting method, in order to strengthen the mechanical and physical properties of bio composites. Characterization tests of the prepared composites included: XRD, FTIR and Tensile test. Laboratory tests include; The percentage of solubility in water and degree of swelling for all bio-composites were evaluated to determine the optimal physical properties of bio-films.
Results and Discussion:
he results showed that; 15% extraction efficiency was obtained for sodium hydroxide/heating p
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Similar to بررسي امکان توليد بيسکويت کم چرب با استفاده از امولسيفايرDATEM
Introduction
Ultrafiltration is one of the most common membrane processes in the dairy industry, especially for condensing and separating milk components. Using this process, several products can be produced, including milk concentrate used for cheese production, low-lactose dairy products, milk protein concentrate, and serum proteins for dietary supplements. The efficiency and cost of a membrane process depend on the percentage of rejection of the soluble components. Therefore, the use of concentrated milk made by ultrafiltration in the production of various dairy products depends on the efficiency of the membrane process and the changes in milk components during this process. On the one hand, the physicochemical properties of camel milk are different from those of cow milk, especially in terms of type and amount of protein. Because significant differences exist between the physicochemical properties of camel and cow milk, likely, the membrane processing conditions and the physicochemical properties of their products will be different completely. Although many studies have been conducted on the efficacy of the ultrafiltration processing of cow milk, there is no information about the efficacy of camel milk ultrafiltration, and most of the research done regarding optimizing is based on classical algorithms, Therefore, in this study, the effects of transmembrane pressure and temperature on the solutes rejection (protein, lactose, ash, and total solids) during camel milk ultrafiltration process were investigated, Then, these properties were optimized using particle swarm algorithm. Also, because the performance of the particle swarm algorithm is highly dependent on related parameters such as the number of iterations, the number of particles, accelerate constant, inertia weight, and velocity of the particles, so before optimization, the effect of these parameters on optimal responses were examined by partial least squares regression (PLS).
Materials and Methods
In this study, a pilot crossflow ultrafiltration system was used. A UF membrane (Model 3838 HFK-131, Koch membrane systems, Inc., USA) made of polysulfone amid (PSA) with MWCO of 20 kDa was applied. Camel milk was purchased from a local market in Mashhad and for camel skim milk production, its fat was separated by a pilot plant milk fat separator in the Food Research Complex, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The weight percentages of protein, fat, lactose, ash, and total solids of UF permeate samples were measured by ISO 8968-1:2014, ISO 1211: 2010, ISO 26462/IDF 214:2010, ISO 5544:2008, and ISO 6731:2010 at two replications, respectively. the process treatments were performed in the form of a central composite design (CCD) (5 replications at the central point) for two independent variables at three levels so that the total number of 13 treatments was obtained. The data were modeled using the statistical software of Design Expert (version 11) based on the response surface methodology and eac
Introduction : In the broiler breeding industry, chickens are often reared in confinement at high stocking densities, which can make them susceptible to infectious diseases. Antibiotics, growth promoters, and anti-coccidial drugs are frequently used as feed additives to elevate growth rates, combat diseases, and lower losses. However frequent use of antibiotics in broiler diets may result in a rise in the antimicrobial resistance of both human and animal bacteria. Alternatives to antibiotics as growth promoters for broilers could decrease bacterial resistance to antibiotics, while at the same time maintaining growth and improving carcass composition. In addition, the bioactive components of herbal plants have a high free radical inhibitory activity that may help the endogenous oxidative status of animals and thus may prevent oxidation in meat and lead to improved meat quality. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) on growth performance, blood metabolites, and meat quality of broilers at high stocking density.
Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with a 2×2 factorial arrangements. A total of 216 1-d-old male broilers (Ross 308) were allotted to one of four treatments with four replicates. Two different stocking densities (low stocking density (LSD): 9 birds/m2 and high stocking density (HSD): 18 birds/m2) were tested with two different thyme levels: zero and 0.1%. Chickens had given ad-libitum access to water drinking and diet. At the end of the experiment (42 days old), two birds with the closest weights to the mean weight of the pen were selected, and after blood sampling slaughtered for determining meat quality. Body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) of birds were measured per pen at the end of each period. Mortality and the weight of birds that died or were culled during the experiment were recorded. Corrected feed conversion ratio was calculated based on mortality for these periods. Blood biochemical indices (glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride) were determined using a clinical biochemistry autoanalyzer using a kit from Pars Azmoun, Tehran, Iran. To determine the Water-holding capacity, 5 gr of breast sample were placed in filter paper and centrifuged at 1500×g for 4 min. Then the samples were placed in an oven at 70 °C for 24 h. Finally, the Water-holding capacity was calculated from the difference in the weight after centrifugation and the weight after drying, divided by the initial weight multiplied by 100. Collected data were subjected to ANOVA using the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS, 2005). Analysis of variance was performed using a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement of treatments. Tukey’s multiple range test was used to determine differences among the treatment means. Statistical significance was considered at P<0.05.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that in the starter period, birds in the HSD grou
Introduction
Celiac disease is one of the most common digestive disorder. Chicken nugget is one of the most popular instant and ready-to-eat foods, and wheat flour is one of its main coating ingredients, which contains approximately 60% gluten. Quinoa is a gluten-free grain, as a good source of dietary fiber, has various applications in the meat products processing system as a stabilizer, fat substitute, structural components, etc. The addition of hydrocolloids also helps to improve the rheological properties of gluten-free products. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of quinoa-corn mixed flour in the preparation of nugget batter as a gluten-free combination as an alternative to wheat flour, and also to investigate the effect of adding HPMC hydrocolloid on the final product characteristics. In this research, a rotatable central composite design was used to investigate the effect of two independent variables including different proportions of quinoa-corn flour (0-100, 50-50, 100-0%) and different levels of hydrocolloid (0.5-1-1.5%) on the quality characteristics of nugget. With the increase of quinoa replacement level, moisture content (0.60), batter pick up (138) and redness level 5.5 (a*) increased, and oil content (11), hardness (7.5), brightness level 41(L*), yellowness level 20(b*) decreased. The increase of HPMC also caused an increase in moisture content (0.59), brightness level (L*) of 0.39, batter pick up (137) and decrease in oil content (10) and hardness (7). Optimum conditions for the production of gluten-free nugget were determined by considering the optimal amounts for the production of high quality and healthy products, contained 90% quinoa and HPMC at a level of about 1%.
Materials and Methods
Corn flour was purchased from the pilot of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The de-saponified quinoa was prepared from Kashmir and then ground. In order to make the grains more uniform, both flours were sieved using a 30 mesh. Hydrocolloid hydroxypropyl methylcellulose was also prepared from Kian Shimi Mashhad. Oyla frying oil was used for frying the samples.
The chicken nugget formulation was a mixture of 86% minced chicken, 10% onion, 1.5% garlic powder, 1% salt and 1.5% pepper. After complete mixing, these materials were poured into a freezer bag until a homogeneous and uniform mixture was obtained, and they were flatted until they reached the desired thickness (1 cm). Plastics containing chicken paste were stored in the freezer for 2 hours to facilitate cutting. Then molding was done with a circular mold with a diameter of 4 cm (Dehghan Nasiri et al., 2012).The batter formulation consisted of flour, water, baking powder, salt and hydrocolloids. In order to investigate the effect of quinoa and corn flours, and hydrocolloids, these substances were added to nugget water paste in different percentages (quinoa-corn ratio: 0-100, 50-50, 0-100 and hydrocolloids at the level of 1-1 / 5 -0.5%) and then mixed with water by mix
كاهي گذرا به امگا-٣ در ٣ اپيزود
نكاهي گذرا به امگا-٣ در ٣ اپيزود
✔️اپيزود اول:
( امگا ٣ و نقش آن در سلامت عمومي)
اسید چرب امگا ۳ خانوادهای از اسیدهای چرب چند غيراشباعي هستند که اولین پیوند دوگانه آنها بین سومین و چهارمین کربن در زنجیره کربنی قرار گرفتهاست. اسیدهای چرب امگا ۳ برای تنظیم فعالیتهای بدن انسان ضروری هستند.ولی در بدن انسان ساخته نمیشوند.
اسيدهاي چرب با زنجيره هاي اشباع نشده بلند امگا ٣ همانند دوكوزاهگزتانوئيك اسيد docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) و ايكوزاپنتاانوئيك اسيد eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) و آلفالينولئيك اسيد امروزه eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) به دليل قابليت هاي تغذيه ايي شان در حفظ سلامت بسيار شناخته شده اند و از جايگاه خاصي برخوردارند، مي دانيم ،EPA و DHA در حفظ سطح طبيعي كلسترول خون، DHA در حفظ سلامت چشم ها و مغز منافعي دارد .
A و EPA و DHA همگی از خانواده اسیدهای چرب n-۳ (کربن سوم اشباع نشده) به شمار میروند که از نظر تغذیهای بسیار مهم هستند.بدن انسان توانایی تولید اسیدهای چرب n-۳ (کربن سوم اشباع نشده) را از مولکولهای دیگر ندارد و باید آن را از طریق غذاهای ویژه بدست آورد.
بدن انسان در حد اندکی قادر است، از زنجیره ۱۸ کربنی ALA، زنجیره ۲۰ کربنی EPA و زنجیره ۲۲ کربنی DHA را تشکیل دهد.
اسیدهای چرب امگا ۳ نمیتوانند توسط بدن انسان ساخته شوند. البته برخی از پستانداران تواناییهای محدودی دارند. وقتی رژیم غذایی انسان شامل ALA (اسید لینولنیک ∝، ۱۸ کربن و ۳ پیوند دوگانه) باشد، بدن انسان تا حد کمی قادر است ...
Introduction
Consumer demand for healthy food free of chemical preservatives and environmental concerns with plastic packaging environments are analyzed, which can be replaced by aquatic environments that can be contaminated, for the development of bio-based packaging materials. Natural polymers have the ability to be biodegradable due to the presence of oxygen or nitrogen atoms in their main polymer chain compared to the dominant carbon-carbon bonds in fossil-based polymers. Among the various biopolymers used to prepare multilayer films, polysaccharides are considered as the main components of the film due to their abundance and non-toxicity. These films generally have good mechanical strength, moderate physical properties, and most importantly, are edible and easily degradable. However, they are very brittle and hydrophilic, and these properties are undesirable in food packaging applications. Among polysaccharides, agar, commercially extracted from seaweed, is one of the most common and widely studied base materials. Agar is insoluble in cold water, but soluble in water at 90-100°C. When making an agar film, the solution and casting surface must be kept above the agarose gel setting temperature to avoid premature gelation. Compared to other biopolymers, agar is more stable at low pH and high temperature. This thermoplastic and biocompatible polysaccharide creates films with high mechanical strength, transparency and moderate barrier properties to carbon dioxide and oxygen, and most importantly, it is edible and easily biodegradable. Mixing agar with other polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene improves the mechanical, thermal and biodegradability properties of bio composites. The main goal of this study is to make biofilms for use in packaging industries with agar polymer extracted from macroalgae species Acanthophora sp. Agar was extracted by sodium hydroxide/heating method and the film was prepared in combination with industrial polymer PVA and glycerol.
Materials and Methods
To make biofilms based on agar polymer, firstly, optimization of agar polymer extraction from macroalgae species Acanthophora sp. was done by sodium hydroxide/heating method, and in the next step, total phenolic compounds and the amount of soluble protein in extracted agar were measured. In the next step, glycerol with 30% by weight was used as a softener and PVA polymer with a weight ratio of 25% to the dry weight of agar powder was used to make bio composite by solvent casting method, in order to strengthen the mechanical and physical properties of bio composites. Characterization tests of the prepared composites included: XRD, FTIR and Tensile test. Laboratory tests include; The percentage of solubility in water and degree of swelling for all bio-composites were evaluated to determine the optimal physical properties of bio-films.
Results and Discussion:
he results showed that; 15% extraction efficiency was obtained for sodium hydroxide/heating p
Similar to بررسي امکان توليد بيسکويت کم چرب با استفاده از امولسيفايرDATEM (6)
8. 8
شکل0-اثرDATEMبيسکويت بافت بر چربي کاهش وها
Design-Expert® Software
Texture
Design points above predicted value
Design points below predicted value
16.56
9.8998
X1 = A: Fat Reduction
X2 = B: DATEM
5
16.4075
27.815
39.2225
50.63
0.42
0.56
0.70
0.85
0.99
9
10.9
12.8
14.7
16.6
TextureA: Fat Reduction
B: DATEM
ارزيابي نتايجنمونه روي بر حسي هايبيسکويت هاي،حاوي نمونه17/5درصدDATEMو42درصدکاهش
هم کيفي نظر از را چربينمو تراز.دادند آن به را رتبه بهترين و شناخته شاهد نهپايينبا نمونه به رتبه ترين22درصد
محتوي و چربي کاهش17/5درصدDATEMشد داده.
گيري نتيجه
نتا براساسيا از حاصل جيتحق نيامولس از استفاده ،قيفايرDATEMبهبخش عنوانيفرموالس ازيم ونيتا تواند
حديبربرخيويژگيهايکيفيبيسکويتنظيردانسيته و وزن ،عرض ،ضخامت ،بافتا البته .باشد اثرگذارياثر ن
موارد تمام درين کساني.ستمي امولسيفاير اين بهينه مقادير از استفاده باکم بيسکويت توانويژگي با چربهاي
کرد توليد قبول قابل کيفياقتصاد نظر نقطه از کهيمصرف سالمت و سو يک ازکالر کاهش و کنندهيدريافتياز
سوي.شود واقع مفيد ديگر
منابع
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