The document analyzes the financial troubles facing the Spanish media company PRISA. It describes PRISA's holdings in newspapers like El Pais, radio networks, and television properties. The document notes that PRISA took on significant debt to acquire these assets, and has struggled with declining revenues from print media and difficulties navigating the digital transition. Facing over 4 billion euros in debt, PRISA is seeking a new financial partner and may sell some of its businesses to reduce debt and stave off further issues stemming from the financial crisis.
Public Diplomacy: International Communication as StrategyJuan Manfredi
Public Diplomacy: International Communication as Strategy
Panel en Madrid 2012, XXII World Congress of Political Science http://www.ipsa.org/events/congress/madrid2012
Workshop en el Intensive Program Europe on air en la Jönköping University, Suecia, sobre el uso de las redes sociales para compartir y generar contenidos radiofónicos
Public Diplomacy: International Communication as StrategyJuan Manfredi
Public Diplomacy: International Communication as Strategy
Panel en Madrid 2012, XXII World Congress of Political Science http://www.ipsa.org/events/congress/madrid2012
Workshop en el Intensive Program Europe on air en la Jönköping University, Suecia, sobre el uso de las redes sociales para compartir y generar contenidos radiofónicos
How Canadian Economic Development Agencies are taking advantage of social media applications to market their region to site selectors and potential investors.
The world “Media is a plural Latin noun; the singular form is medium”. So it is correct to call television a “medium” and to refer to multiple types of communication as “Media”.
Presentación preparada con motivo de conferencia invitada en State University of San Diego (California, Estados Unidos), durante estancia académica en el marco del proyecto de investigación Audiencias Activas y Periodismo. Febrero de 2015. María Sánchez González. Más información en www.cibermarikiya.com/cronica-de-mi-estancia-academica-en-california-estados-unidos
Memphis PR Firm- VIDA Communications Group- launched "Habla! Digital Creative,"a digital ad, digital marketing, and social media division. The team will focus on helping businesses and organizations understand and engage the Hispanic community, especially millennial and affluent members of the community, who account for $500 million of the Hispanic community's TRILLION dollars in spending power. Social media expertise will be focued on sites most heavily populated by these groups, including Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube.
Social media and online publishing is evolving into a major communications vehicle. Beyond traditional media interactions, these social networks can bring real value to your practice and to your community. More than simple communications, veterinarians should know how social sites and online publishing efforts can drive new client traffic and even garner the attention of local traditional media. Many professionals see these sites as interesting but a potential waste of time. In this presentation not only will you learn current statistics on the new media explosion and how to join in, but also the real value to your practice. Learn how staff can manage the time burden and help your hospital take advantage of this exploding new means of communications, education and public awareness.
10 Power-Packed Insights: The Impact of TV and Mass Media on Modern Society |...TheEntrepreneurRevie
The question is Can today's society exist without TV and mass media? Let’s find out: 1. Information Dissemination: 2. Entertainment and Escapism: 3. Education and Awareness: 4. Social and Cultural Reflection: 5. Advertising and Consumerism:
How Canadian Economic Development Agencies are taking advantage of social media applications to market their region to site selectors and potential investors.
The world “Media is a plural Latin noun; the singular form is medium”. So it is correct to call television a “medium” and to refer to multiple types of communication as “Media”.
Presentación preparada con motivo de conferencia invitada en State University of San Diego (California, Estados Unidos), durante estancia académica en el marco del proyecto de investigación Audiencias Activas y Periodismo. Febrero de 2015. María Sánchez González. Más información en www.cibermarikiya.com/cronica-de-mi-estancia-academica-en-california-estados-unidos
Memphis PR Firm- VIDA Communications Group- launched "Habla! Digital Creative,"a digital ad, digital marketing, and social media division. The team will focus on helping businesses and organizations understand and engage the Hispanic community, especially millennial and affluent members of the community, who account for $500 million of the Hispanic community's TRILLION dollars in spending power. Social media expertise will be focued on sites most heavily populated by these groups, including Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube.
Social media and online publishing is evolving into a major communications vehicle. Beyond traditional media interactions, these social networks can bring real value to your practice and to your community. More than simple communications, veterinarians should know how social sites and online publishing efforts can drive new client traffic and even garner the attention of local traditional media. Many professionals see these sites as interesting but a potential waste of time. In this presentation not only will you learn current statistics on the new media explosion and how to join in, but also the real value to your practice. Learn how staff can manage the time burden and help your hospital take advantage of this exploding new means of communications, education and public awareness.
10 Power-Packed Insights: The Impact of TV and Mass Media on Modern Society |...TheEntrepreneurRevie
The question is Can today's society exist without TV and mass media? Let’s find out: 1. Information Dissemination: 2. Entertainment and Escapism: 3. Education and Awareness: 4. Social and Cultural Reflection: 5. Advertising and Consumerism:
Policy Strategies in the Mediadem Countries with regard to New Media ServicesJuan Manfredi
Policy Strategies in the Mediadem Countries with regard to New Media Services.
Panel en Madrid 2012, XXII World Congress of Political Science http://www.ipsa.org/events/congress/madrid2012
http://www.mediadem.eliamep.gr/consortium/spain/
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
1. The Spanish Media and
the financial turmoil
The case of PRISA
Juan Luis Manfredi Sánchez, Ph.D.
IE School of Communication
Mechelen University
April 2009
Juan Luis Manfredi Sánchez, Ph.D.
IE School of Communication
Email: juan.manfredi@ie.edu
http://ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
2.
3. Main characteristics of the Spanish Media Companies
(1) There are public and private audiovisual operators
There is no more State-owned press, but the weight of the
institutional and political advertisement makes it determinant
in the growth and decline of media
(2) The multimedia groups are consolidated
There is an increasing trend into the mergers and acquisitions
Lower players, the same market
The market moves every 2-3 years in the search of stability
The market is dynamic
E.g. Telefónica comes in and takes out several times without a
clear strategy
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
4. Most important examples are:
•Grupo Correo + Prensa Española → Vocento
•Vía Digital + Canal Satélite Digital → Digital Plus
•Planeta buys Antena 3 and Onda Cero Radio
•Unedisa mergers Recoletos
•PRISA launches Cuatro TV
•Mediapro launches La Sexta
(3) The audiovisual divisions are the heart of the companies
and the content providers
Print media were the kings, and now they are more reference
press than influence press
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
5. (4) New players are changing the face of the Spanish market
The lack of transparency
Scoop! No limits to IPO and exchanges
The DDT challenge
(5) The lack of financial strength in comparison to banking,
energy or services
• Most of the print media are family business
• TV and radio are guided by state-boundaries and indications
(licenses, authorizations and certifies)
• These companies lack of industrial liasons, corporate strategy
or marketing (CRM)
• It means dependency on national financial health (GDP) and
certain political friendships (political parties)
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
6. Vocento, Antena 3 TV, Tele 5, PRISA, and Recoletos are public
owned companies but their financial results are irregular
Other projects like Quiero TV or Diario 16 closed
Now, the group Zeta is in troubles
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
7. PRISA share value declines more than the average in the last
five years
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
8. Vocento’s behavior is similar from the beginning
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
10. Crisis, what crisis?
(1) Less incomes from advertisement (it is related to GDP
and real economy)
(2) The financial crisis is affecting especially to media
companies
(3) The inflationary spiral: soccer and F1 racing
(4) Less promotional issues but more investments in
marketing and promotion
(5) Some companies adapt to new times
(6) The lack of management: tangible assets, audiovisual
rights, and new investments
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
11. The international trend is based on mergers and
acquisitions
The bigger, the more power
But the facts are sacred and they confirm that
the strategy fails
We can now remember Vivendi and AOL Time
Warner… and learn numerous lessons
We foresee no more than 10 big media groups in the
international arena, as well as national champions allocated
at specific markets/languages
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
12. Did Messier’s strategy created value for the
shareholder? No, it didn’t.
(1) Decreased value through diversification in unrelated
areas
(2) Decreased value through re-investing cash into lower
return business
(3) Decreased return due to investments made chasing after
national or personal pride issues
(4) Other reasons than profitability: political reasons and
the national champions
What will happen with PRISA?
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
13. Who is PRISA?
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
14. El País
It is the reference press in Spain
Founded in 1976
The newspaper is leader in the Spanish market:
• 430,000 (M-F) and 780,000 (weekend) daily sales
• 29% of the market
• Sells 100,000 more than the follower
• 2 million daily readers
Javier Moreno (about 40 years old), the current director, is
not journalist
Two challenges:
• Elpais.com is not leader at all
• Global Spanish Press reference
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
15. Unión Radio
It is the reference radio stations in
Spain
Shareholders: PRISA + Godó (family
business) + Grupo Latino de Radio
1,235 stations and 28M audience
Where? Spain, USA, Mexico,
Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama,
Argentina and Chile
The current strategy is trying to
expand to Portugal and more Latin-
American countries
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
16. The most important one is Cadena SER:
• 4,59M daily audience
• 41% of audience
0,069
Euskadi Irati
0,163
Radio Galega
0,252
Radio Euskadi
0,273
Rac 1
0,302
Canal Sur Radio
0,43
Punto Radio
0,508
Catalunya Radio
1,13
RNE R1
1,711
OCR
2,107
Cope
4,598
SER
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
17. Cuatro TV
Analogical TV
Audience: urban, young people
National Spanish team and Euro 2008
Localia
100 local stations in 43 big cities
20M audience annually
Agreements with NBC, Disney,
National Geographic, BBC and
Discovery
18. Digital Plus
Mature market
50% of the market and about 2M subscribers
The thematic TV reachs the 12% of the total audience
How to get finance? Monthly subscription (EUR)
19. Why did I choose this case?
PRISA is (was?) the most important private media group in
Spain
It has been created from family business (Polanco) and it has
become the leader in audiovisual, print, radio and education
Indeed, a very good example of multimedia integration
The audiovisual division leads the business
From 2000 to 2008, it was the “wonderful decade”:
• 2000 Sogecable, the audiovisual division, goes public
• 2003 Digital Plus appears after the merger of Vía Digital
and Canal Satélite Digital
• 2005 Cuatro, new analogical TV license
• 2004-2008 International expansion: 15% of Le Monde,
35% of Media Capital (Pt), and Grupo Latino Radio
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
20. Let see how the company was only three years ago.
Olympic Games and World Championships mean always cash
for media companies…
And the crisis was neither in NINJA’s mind
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
21. How were the earnings distributed?
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
22. Where did the $$$ come from?
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
23. The magic years end, the EBITDA falls and the problems
appear
The data are in M EUR
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
24. The print media division is the worst one
The decline of the EBITDA shows the crisis of print media in
Europe and USA
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
26. And it is not this one
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
27. PRISA has big financial debts > incomes and tangible assets
The current debt ascends to 4,800M EUR
300M EUR are annually financial interests
The current stock market price is 600M EUR
To compare, in 2007 some operations were made:
• ZETA group was put for sale for more money and had
less tangible assets and brands
• Unedisa bought Recoletos for 1,100M EUR
• Vocento bought the free-daily Qué! 139M EUR (and it
loses money!)
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
28. Other elements to consider:
(1) The decrease influence and the lower sales of the print
media, especially El País
(2) The mature market of Digital Plus
(3) The shareholders would like to sell the audiovisual
division to avoid the total devaluation of the stock
The stock loses about the 80% after the launch
(4) PRISA’s Sogecable takeover bid
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
29. PRISA’s Sogecable takeover bid
Sogecable is the audiovisual company from PRISA group
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
30. And after the takeover…
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
31. And after the takeover…
PRISA
100%
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
32. The takeover establishes the initial price: 27,98EUR per share
According to Spanish Law, if you obtain more than the 51%
(=total control), you have maintain the bid for all the other
shareholders
And, then, the financial crisis comes and most of the
shareholders accept the bid
It increases the difference between the share value (financial
economy) and the cash (real economy)
Only Telefónica’s sell means 650M EUR!
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
33. The first measure has been the launch of financial instruments
to about 2,000M EUR
It is the worst time to ask for help and financial aid in the
international markets
Why? To avoid the hurry and to try to sell Digital Plus after the
turmoil
There are 10 candidates to buy assets, but no more than 4-5
are real offers
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
34. More problems:
The initial price of Digital Plus is 3,800M EUR
The price is based on book value (accounting method), but
not on the market value (economic creation value)
The market knows that Digital Plus will be sold after the
crisis
Telefónica’s and Vivendi’s offers are now about 1,900M EUR
The price should never be under 2,500M EUR
Why? Otherwise, the opportunity cost and the EBITDA will
not resolve the financial crisis
The current price is not real and it will decrease because
they are losing premium contents (soccer)
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
35. Who will be the new financial partner?
We have seen the structural weakness of the media
companies
The print division would like industrial companies to support
the debt and to add new economical sources, far from media
industry
The current crisis and the hurry could encourage other
players to send offers
Here appears another problem: accepting newcomers far
from media companies, PRISA would lose the identity and
Polanco’s family business will not survive, but the company!
Please, remember the NYT’s case
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
36. The most serious candidates to buy assets are the
following***:
• Carlos Slim: recently, he purchases the 6,4% of The New
York Times
• Rupert Murdoch: he buys the The Times and The Wall
Street Journal, so why not?
• Telefónica: to develop a more competitive triple play offer
***Do you remember the political friendship?
Carlos Slim’s and Rupert Murdoch’s offers has been
supported and intermediated by past prime ministers
Telefónica is controlled the golden share
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
37. Other mid-term measures to reduce the debt will be the put
up for sale of other non strategic assets like the following:
• The print industrial plants
• Localia (indeed it is closed)
What about the net present future?
• 39 banks give credit long term credit: 1,950M EUR to be
paid in 2013
• To sell assets
• To sell stock to industrial companies or to riskier capital
funds
• To confirm the debt and to let banks to own the company
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
38. Some lessons
(1) The Spanish audiovisual market is not transparent and
there are not clear strategies
Nobody knows what will happen to historical family business
media groups: PRISA and ZETA
Telefónica (golden share!) is still the national champion
thanks to its financial power
(2) About the contents
The pay-per-view is sustainable only thanks to soccer
The current systems has been broken due to newcomers and
digital technology (it is cheaper)
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
39. (3) The digital challenge
Currently, the digital income add up an average of 5-10%
PRISA’s recognized incomes were only 1%
Could the digital kill the PRISA star?
It is well-known that Juan Luis Cebrián, CEO, misunderstood
the digital challenge
Elpais.com is not the leader at the digital world, despite its
analogical leadership
Where are the readers? Reading the competitors
newspapers, blogs, tv, radio and others newcomers
PRISA didn’t develop a strategic plan for the digital life
Do they have time now?
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
40. (4) New economies of scale
PRISA has been reorganized in January 2008
Two general managers: operations and business units
El País will merger the digital and the print newsrooms
Do you think this is a good decision?
And, what about the other business units?
(5) Specialization and niche strategy
Is it possible to apply long tail strategies in the media
groups?
How can mass media and micro media live together?
Juan Luis Manfredi, Ph.D.
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com
41. Questions?
Answers?
Ideas?
Thank you very much
Please, let continue the discussion!
Juan.manfredi@ie.edu
ciberdemocracia.blogspot.com