The document discusses various compositional principles for arranging visual elements including unity and variety, balance, rhythm, emphasis, proportion and scale. It defines key compositional terms like dominant element, sub-dominant element, and subordinate element. It also covers the rule of thirds and use of the golden ratio for effective composition.

1. COMPOSITION A COMPOSITION is an arrangement of elements, to achieve a unified whole.

2. Elements: color, line, shape, texture, space Compositional principles are unity and variety, balance, rhythm, emphasis, proportion and scale. These help communicate the intended message.

3. Emphasis focal point , dominant or attention getting part of the design often dramatic - use of elements to direct the eye to important area isolation, contrast used to make this occur

4. Dominant The object given the most visual weight, biggest emphasis. It is the focal point that advances to the front of the composition. Sub-dominant The element of secondary emphasis, middle emphasis, neither in front or in back of the composition. Subordinate The object with least visual weight, smallest emphasis, in the background.

5. LABEL THE ZINE COVER YOU DREW WITH: -Masthead -Selling line -Cover lines -Date line -dominant (focal point) -sub-dominant -subordinate Magazine Elements

6. BALANCE

7. BALANCE

8. BALANCE

9. BALANCE BALANCE BALANCE

10. Symmetrical Balance (weight and size the same at both ends of a central axis)

11. ASymMetrical Balance (sizes and amounts may differ, but equal weight on both sides)

12. Radial balance: design emanates from a pivotal central point

14. Rhythm use of repetitive elements, measurement creates visual movement - references measure in sound meter, being a perceived underlying structure

15. Unity and Variety Unity - denotes wholeness, harmony Elements that have similar characteristics provide unity as well as theme. This can be achieved by repetition of line, color, texture, shape, size… Variety - provides interest the essence of variety is contrast

16. Photo by David Blumenkrantz unity and variety, balance, rhythm, emphasis, proportion and scale

17. PROPORTION Proportion refers to the relative size and scale of the various elements in a design - the relationship between objects, or parts, of a whole. In dog shows, the proportions of the animal are critical to success. The parts of a chair are proportional in terms of function and aesthetics. We recognize bodies and faces via proportions . The proportions of the framing below alter the way we see the image. Q

18. The GOLDEN SECTION and THE FIBONACCI NUMBERS: : The ancient Greeks studied mathematics and felt that it was the controlling force of the universe. From mathematics they derived what they considered to be the ideal proportion - the golden mean or golden section - for harmonious effect. If we create a set of squares inside the golden rectangle, always adhering to the same proportions, and then inscribe a spiral through these, we get the identical pattern as found in nature for such things as the spiral of a nautilus shell, a cat's claw, a pine cone, flowers, etc. The golden section has been used extensively in architecture, painting, and sculpture. Q

21. The ratio of 3:5 (or 5:3) is special to professional designers. Photographers and artists have long noted that viewers seem to prefer pictures which are proportioned using this ratio. A rectangle whose width is greater than its height is called a "landscape" orientation, and is viewed as pastoral and calming. A rectangle whose height is greater than its width has a "portrait" orientation, and is considered to attract more attention, but not be as soothing, as a landscape . Another special ratio is 2:3.5 for smaller shapes. This is the ratio of most business cards. This size, and multiples of it, seem very comfortable and familiar. That being said, an unusual size might stand out, but not fit into the size of a wallet pocket… Q

23. In an effective page layout, each graphic and textual element will have a visual prominence that is appropriate to its role in conveying the message. There is an intentional visual hierarchy of elements to present information to the viewer. The scale of the format - the overall size of the poster - is one function of the design. It needs to command attention where it will be posted. The proportions in the design - the relationship of sizes and alignment - are what indicates importance, guides the eye, enhances movement and provides unity.

24. In this celebrity portrait, Robert Frank intentionally subverted the traditional depth of field effect, creating a feeling of isolation rather than adulation for the subject. The proportion of the front figure makes her feel close to us, yet unconnected due to the blurry quality of this part.

25. Some basic design compositional hints: 1. Designate your focal point. Ask yourself, "Where do I want the viewer's attention to be drawn first?" Then you can choose your supplementary, supporting photographs, if appropriate. 2. Consider the whole page - figure and ground. 3. Consider effective proportions. You might apply the "Rule of Thirds." Think of your page as a grid, divided into thirds horizontally and vertically. Place your focal point on one of the convergences of these lines. 4. Maintain balance . Choose symmetry or asymmetry as a strategy. Consider both the size and complexity of your page elements as you distribute them in your layout. 5. Use repetition. Repeat shapes, textures, sizes, colors, or other attributes to achieve rhythm, unity and theme. Q

26. Photo by Lewis Hine Center of Interest and Focal Point How does this composition enhance the message about the working conditions and youth at end of the 1800s?