The document discusses different types of sanitation facilities categorized into 3 levels. Level 1 refers to non-water carriage toilet facilities like pit latrines. Level 2 includes on-site toilets connected to septic tanks or vaults. Level 3 is the water carriage system connected to sewerage or septic tanks, providing piped water connections to individual houses. It also discusses appropriate methods for household and community waste disposal like burial, landfilling, composting and incineration.
This presentation provides English language grammar tips to the students enrolled in the English for Academic Purposes course EAP1001 during teaching week . This feedback is based on observations during teaching week 1.
This presentation provides English language grammar tips to the students enrolled in the English for Academic Purposes course EAP1001 during teaching week . This feedback is based on observations during teaching week 1.
by epidemiological point of view
also covering a glance to its prevalence in India and world.
showing introduction to disease, causes, signs and symptoms, epidemiological triad and epidemiological factors affecting it, at last having prevention to that disease.
Running head ADAPTIVE RESPONSE2ADAPTIVE RESPONSE2.docxhealdkathaleen
Running head: ADAPTIVE RESPONSE 2
ADAPTIVE RESPONSE 2
Adaptive Response
Walden University
NURS 6501-N – Advanced Pathophysiology
Basil G. Silao
June 11, 2018
Adaptive Response
Adaptation may be defined as a “reversible, structural, or functional response both to normal or physiologic conditions and to adverse or pathologic conditions” (Huether & McCance, 2017, p. 73). The purpose of this paper is to discuss three scenarios and to explain the pathophysiology, associated alterations, and the patients’ adaptive response to the alterations cause by the disease process. A presentation of mind map explaining a disease process is also included in this paper.
Scenario 1
The 2-year old female patient is the first scenario presented with a persistent temperature of 102.8 for the past 3 days. Her symptoms include erythema, 4+ tonsils with diffuse exudates, swollen and tender cervical lymph nodes, and painful swallowing. The patient’s age together with her symptoms is congruent with the criteria for diagnosing bacterial tonsillitis. Viral tonsillitis is different from bacterial tonsillitis. Symptoms in viral tonsillitis include pain, fever, cough, hoarseness, and rhinorrhea, while symptoms in bacterial tonsillitis include pain, lymph node swelling, tonsillar deposits or exudates, and fever above 38.3C (Stetler, 2014). The common causative organism of tonsillitis includes group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (Huether & McCance, 2017). The disease process starts with the invasion of the mucous membrane by microorganisms. This event will trigger cytokine production and/or complement activation, which induce an inflammatory reaction in the tonsillar tissue (Huether & McCance, 2017).
Treatment includes steroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, beta-lactam antibiotics, and tonsillectomy if severe, and supportive therapy (Stetler, 2014). It is important to immediately identify and treat disease because the progression of it can cause upper airway obstruction, which is fatal to pediatric patients (Huether & McCance, 2017). A mind map further explains the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, and complications in Appendix B of this paper.
Scenario 2
In this scenario (see Appendix A), the patient presents with a chief complaint of red and flaky hands. He denies pain but verbalized that his hands feel “a little bit hot”. The patient’s occupation involves handling abrasive solvents and chemicals. Initially, the patient denies any exposure to irritants but later admits that his hands got exposed to some cleaning fluids. Although the patient claims that he always washes his hands after being exposed, this could still cause irritation to the skin. The patient’s diagnosis is consistent with irritant contact dermatitis (ICD). ICD is a non-specific inflammatory dermatitis caused by chemical irritation from different agents used in industry (Huether & McCance, 2017). It involv ...
British Columbia Medical Journal, January/February 2010 issue
Please download or visit this entire issue online at http://bcmj.org/january-february-2010
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
4. TYPES OF PRIMARY HEALTH WORKERS
AUXILLARY INTERMEDIATE LEVEL ANCILLARY
VILLAGE/GRASSROOTS HEALTH General Medical Practitioners HEALTH PERSONNEL OF
C WORKERS Public Health nurses 1st LINE HOSPITALS
H Trained community Midwives Physicians with specialty
Health worker; health auxiliary Nurses
A volunteer; Traditional birth attendant Dentists
R
Initial link, 1st contact of the 1st source of professional Establish close
A community Health care contact with the village
Work in liaison w/ the local Attend to health problems beyond the & intermediate level
C health service workers competence of village health workers health workers to
T Provide elementary curative Provide support to the frontline health promote the continuity of
preventive health care workers in terms of supervision, acre from hospital to
E measures training, referral services & supplies community to home.
R thru linkages with other sectors Provide back-up health
services for cases
I requiring hosp or dx
S facilities not available in
HC
T VILLAGE/GRASSROOTS HEALTH General Medical Practitioners HEALTH PERSONNEL OF
I WORKERS Public Health nurses 1st LINE HOSPITALS
Trained community Midwives Physicians with specialty
C Health worker; health auxiliary Nurses
S volunteer; Traditional birth attendant Dentists
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13. WHO Definition Health
a state of complete physical, mental, & social well-being and not merely the absence of a
disease, illness or infirmity
WHO: Health is a social phenomenon
Health as a result of interplay of diff. societal factors:
-Biological, Physical- heat, temp, Ecological- adaptation to env't.
- Political, Economic, Social cultural
It is an outcome of many theories : Multi-Causal Theory of Health, Disease & Death
Multi Casual theory- holistic- General systems theory
CONCEPTS OF HEALTH:
1. WHO !Health is a state of complete physical, mental
and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity.
2.Claude Bernard !Health is the ability to maintain INTERNAL
MILIEU. Illness is the result of failure to
maintain.
3.Walter Cannon !Ability to maintain HOMEOSTASIS or
dynamic equilibrium.
14. !Health is being well and using one’s power to the fullest
1. Nightingale extent. Health is maintained through prevention of
disease via ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH FACTORS.
!Individual’s ability to perform 14 components of nursing
2. Virginia Henderson unaided.
!Positive health symbolizes WELLNESS.
3. Martha Rogers
!State and process of being and becoming an integrated
4. Sis. Callista Roy and whole person.
!State that is characterized by soundness or wholeness
5. Dorothea Orem human structures and of bodily and mental functioning.
!Dynamic state in the life cycle. Illness is an interference
6. Imogene King in the life cycle.
!Wellness is the condition in which all parts and subparts
7. Betty Neuman of an individual are in harmony with the whole system.
!elusive, dynamic state influenced by BIOLOGIC,
8. Dorothy Johnson PSYCHOLOGIC and SOCIAL FACTORS.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28. Diseases Vaccin Minimum Dose No. of Site Route Interval Reasons
e Age Dose
1. Tuber- BCG At birth / 0.05 ml 1 RDeltioid ID Given at earliest possible
culosis anytime age protects against the
0.10 ml L Deltoid
possibility of infection from
School
other family members.
entrance
2. Measles Measl 9 mons. 0.5 ml 1 Outer part Subcu At least 80% of measles can
es of the artm be prevented by
immunization at this age.
3.Diptheria Upper
outer
Pertusis DPT1 1 ½ mos. 0.5 ml 3 IM Z 4 wks. An early start with DPT
portion of
techniq reduces the chance of
Tetanus DPT2 2 ½ mos. the thigh
ue severe pertusis.
DPT3 2 ½ mos.
4.Hepatitis Hepa 1 ½ mos. 0.5 ml 3 Upper Intramu 4 wks. An early start of Hepatitis B
B1 outer s-cular reduces the chance of
B 2 ½ mos.
portion of being infected and
Hepa the thigh / becoming a carrier.
2 ½ mos.
B2 anterior
Hepa thigh
B3
5. Polio- OPV1 1 ½ mos. 2 drps 3 Mouth Orally 4 wks. The extent of protection
or gtts. against polio is increased
Myelitis OPV2 2 ½ mos. the earlier the OPV is
given.
29.
30. Most sensitive -15to – 25 C OPV LIQUID
1
2 -15to – 25 C MV FREEZE DRIED
3 2-8 C BCG FREEZE DRIED
4 2-8 C DPT LIQUID
5 2-8 C HBV LIQUID
6 least sensitive 2-8 C TT LIQUID
31.
32. Disease Vaccine Minimum Age Dose Route Site Percent Duration of Protection
Interval Protected
Tetanus TT1 At 5th – 6th month of 0.5 ml Deep intra – Deltoid region 80%
pregnancy muscular of the arm
Varies 1 yr
TT2 At least 4 wks after 0.5 ml Deep intra – Deltoid region 80% - Infants born will
TT1 muscular of the arm be protected from
neonatal tetanus.
- 3 yrs protection
for the mother.
TT3 At least 5-6 mons. 0.5 ml Deep intra – Deltoid region 90% - Infants born will
later of 2nd muscular of the arm be protected from
neonatal tetanus.
pregnancy
regardless of - 5 yrs. Protection
interval for the mother.
TT4 At least 5-6 mons. 0.5 ml Deep intra – Deltoid region 99% - Infants protected
Of 3rd pregnancy. muscular of the arm from Neonatal
Tetanus.
Regardless of
interval` - 10 yrs. Protection
for the mother.
TT5 At least 5-6 mons. 0.5 ml Deep intra – Deltoid region 99% -lifetime
Of 4th pregnancy. muscular of the arm protection.
Regardless of - All infants born
interval` to that mother will
be protected.
33.
34. Cross- Sectional (Present) Prospective Cohort (future)
Retrospective (Past)
Case Control study Prevalence study- old - Incidence or new
& new cases cases
-Show an association -Get prevalence of
bet. the risk factor & disease (Lung CA)
disease
- Get prevalence of
risk factor (smoking)
35. 10 Leading Causes of Morbidity 10 Leading Causes of Mortality
•P - neumonia --bacterial 1. Di -sease of the heart
•Di -arrhea 2. Di -seases of the vascular system
•Bro - nchitis 3. Ma -lignant neoplasm
•In - fluenza -respiratory 4. P -neumonia
•H - ypertension 5. A- ccidents
•Tu - berculosis respiratory 6. TB –all forms
•Di -seases of the heart 7. CO -PD
•Ma - laria 8. Con -ditions originating in perinatal period
•Chick -enpox 9. DM
•Me -asles 10. N - ephritis, nephritic syndrome
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45. Fluids Frequent feeding Fast Referral
◊ Oresol Rehydration ◊ Continue breastfeeding/ If child doesn’t get better in 3
Therapy SF days, or if danger signs
◊ With children over 6 develop-refer patient
◊ Encourage/ensure intake mos; cereals/ starchy
of any fruit juices, “am”, Danger signs:
foods mixed with meat or
“lugaw”, homemade fish & vegetables ◊Fever
soup ◊ Mashed banana or any ◊Sunken fontanel
fresh fruit ◊Sunken eyeball
◊ Feed the child at least ◊Frequent watery stools
6x/day ◊Repeated vomiting
◊ After diarrhea episode, ◊Blood in stool
feed 1 extra meal/day for ◊Poor intake of meals
2 weeks ◊Weakness
46.
47. Breastmilk Formula
CHO Increase decrease
CHON (LACTALBUMIN) (CASEIN)
Fats = =
Linoleic acid content (3x) Decrease
Minerals decrease Increase
48.
49.
50.
51. SCHISTOSOMIASIS H-FEVER FILARIASIS
CONTROL PROGRAM (DENGUE) CONTROL PROGRAM
Schistosomiasis- Dengue- > A mosquito borne disease
caused by a tissue nematode
A parasitic infection caused Acute febrile infection of
attacking the lymphatic
by blood flukes inhabiting sudden onset, caused by
system of humans thereby
the veins of their vertebral Aedes Aegypti, vector
causing elephantiasis,
victims transmitted thru skin mosquito
lymphedema & hydrocele
penetration causing diarrhea,
ascites, hepatosplenomegaly > Started in 1957 as an
operational research of
malaria. Eradication Service
Three Filaria Control were
established & later on
integrated with the Regional
Health Officers
Activities: Activities: Activities:
> C -ase Finding >Case Finding >Case Finding
> S - urveillance of the Early reporting of any >Early reporting of any
disease known case or outbreak known case of outbreak
> H - ealth education- D H – ealth education
encourage use of rubber
L N – et mosquito
boots for protection
S -Stagnant
> E - nvironmental
Sanitation-proper disposal of U - rban
feces
> S - nail Eradication- use of
moluscides
52.
53.
54.
55.
56. Targeted Food Task Nutrition Rehabilitation Akbayan sa Kalusugan
Force Assistance Ward (ASK Project)
Program
Provision of food Every hospital must Aimed to provide rice &
rations of bulgur wheat have a Nurse ward, corn soya blend
& green peas where an adequately supplemented with
trained nutritionist local foods.
Target population:
were assigned (RA 422)
Target pop:
Pre-schoolers
6 mos- 2 years
Pregnant women
Moderately & severely
Lactating mothers
underweight
Pre-schoolers not
served by the DSWD
and DA in Regions
2,8,9,10,11,12
57.
58.
59.
60.
61. Generics Act of 1988 Dangerous Drugs Act
R.A. # 6675 R.A. 6425
“Formally proclaims the state of promoting the use “ The safe administration & transportation of
of generic terminology in the importation, prohibited drugs is punishable by law.”
manufacture, distribution, marketing, promotion &
2 Types of Drugs:
advertising, labeling, prescribing & dispensing of
drugs.” Prohibited Regulated
“Reinforces the NDP with regards to the assurance LSD Benzodiazepines
of the high-quality & rational drug use.”
Eucaine Barbiturates
Cocaine/ codeine, Opiates
62. Level 1 Level II Level III
Point Source Communal Faucet Waterworks System/
System/ Stand Posts Individual House
Connections
A protected well of a A system composed of a A system with a source, a
developed sprung with an source, a reservoir, a reservoir, a piped
outlet but w/o a piped distribution network distributor network &
distribution system for & communal faucets, household tap that is
rural areas where houses located at not more than suited for densely
are thinly scattered. 25 meters from the populated urban areas.
farthest house in rural
areas where houses are
clustered densely.
63. Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Non- water carriage On site toilet facilities Water carriage types
toilet facility: of the water carriage of toilet facilities
-P-it Latrines type with water sealed connected to septic
-R-eed Odorless Earth & flushed type with tanks & /or to
septic vault/tank sewerage system to
disposal facilities. treatment plant.
Closet
- Compost
-Bored-Hole
-Ventilated improved
pit
Toilets requiring
small amount of water
to wash waste into
receiving space
-Pour flush, Aqua
64. Household Community
Burial Sanitary Landfill or
Deposited in 1m x 1m deep pits Controlled Tipping
covered with soil, located 25m away from > Excavation of soil
water supply deposition of refuse &
-Grinding and disposal sewer compacting with a solid
cover of 2 feet
-Animal feeding
- Incineration
-Composting
-- Open burning