price discounting strategy. As a result, the hotel decided to focus on the government market because of the hotel's location.
The government market is price-sensitive (there is an allowable per diem) and not as quality-conscious, and the hotel could selectively discount to this large-volume market. Once again, it is important to point out that marketing planning is a continuous process. Marketing managers must evaluate the situation and adapt to changes that occur. Evaluating the success of the marketing plan is the moment of truth. Managers develop a plan to increase the probability of success, and once the plan is implemented, it is important for management to monitor the results. Any variance from the predicted results should be identified, evaluated, and corrected.
As the environment changes or the results vary, management may need to return to the appropriate step to reformulate marketing strategy or the action plans. The marketing planning process continues as a dynamic procedure, with sufficient flexibility allowing for changes in strategies, action plans, or implementation schedules.
SALES FORECASTING
190 CHAPTER 5 DEVELOPING A MARKETING PLAN
SALES FORECASTING 189
One of the most critical components of a marketing plan is the forecast for sales. Sales forecasting is the process for determining current sales and estimating future sales for a product or service. The success of the firm often results from the accuracy of forecasts. The decisions about the elements of the marketing mix—product-service mix, price, promotion, and distribution— that are made during the situation analysis are based on sales forecasts.
Sales forecasting The process for determining current sales and estimating future sales for a product or service.
Sales Forecasting Techniques
Sales forecasting techniques are separated" into two broad categories: quantitative techniques and qualitative techniques. Quantitative techniques use past data values and employ a set of rules to obtain estimates of future sales. Qualitative techniques rely on judgment or intuition and tend to be used when data are not readily available. Quantitative methods can be further classified as either causal or time series. Both types of quantitative methods use trends in historical data to predict future sales; however, causal analysis techniques establish a cause and effect relationship between variables and the results. Using historical data to establish the relationship between sales and other factors that are believed to influence sales. These techniques model the relationships
Expert opinion
Marketers look to a panel of experts with knowledge of the industry and the marketplace to provide a forecast.
Delphi technique The Delphi technique involves collecting forecasts, developing composites, and sending the data to those participating several times until a consensus results.
Sales force forecast
This technique aggregates the sales forecast of each .
This is a presentation covering the concepts of demand forecasting. it includes the meaning of demand forecasting, purpose, scope and factors affecting demand forecasting. It also covers the methods of forecasting for both new and existing products.
This is a presentation covering the concepts of demand forecasting. it includes the meaning of demand forecasting, purpose, scope and factors affecting demand forecasting. It also covers the methods of forecasting for both new and existing products.
Forecasting is a necessary and efficient tool that can give a company plenty of competitive advantage. Traditional methods of sales forecasting focused primarily on roll up of committed sales deals display intrinsic weakness due to their monotony of strategy across agreed sales period. This tends to produce inaccuracy in sales forecast, promotes sandbagging and reduces sales motion. Enhanced models centered on identifying weighted revenue through probabilities for opportunities by category also fail to recon in swing deals and ignores new opportunities in the pipelines. In this paper, I propose a better, dynamic method based on probabilities customized for each sales period.
Problem 1
Problem 2 (two screen shots)
Problem 3 (two screen shots)
Problem 4 (three screen shots)
Problem 5 (one screen shot)
Problem 6 (six screenshots plus a data table)
.
Problem 20-1A Production cost flow and measurement; journal entrie.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 20-1A Production cost flow and measurement; journal entries L.O. P1, P2, P3, P4
[The following information applies to the questions displayed below.]
Edison Company manufactures wool blankets and accounts for product costs using process costing. The following information is available regarding its May inventories.
Beginning
Inventory
Ending
Inventory
Raw materials inventory
$
60,000
$
41,000
Goods in process inventory
449,000
521,500
Finished goods inventory
610,000
342,001
The following additional information describes the company's production activities for May.
Raw materials purchases (on credit)
$
250,000
Factory payroll cost (paid in cash)
1,850,300
Other overhead cost (Other Accounts credited)
82,000
Materials used
Direct
$
200,500
Indirect
50,000
Labor used
Direct
$
1,060,300
Indirect
790,000
Overhead rate as a percent of direct labor
115
%
Sales (on credit)
$
3,000,000
The predetermined overhead rate was computed at the beginning of the year as 115% of direct labor cost.
\\\\\
rev: 11_02_2011
references
1.
value:
2.00 points
Problem 20-1A Part 1
Required:
1(a)
Compute the cost of products transferred from production to finished goods. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Cost of products transferred
$
1(b)
Compute the cost of goods sold. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Cost of goods sold
$
rev: 10_31_2011
check my workeBook Links (4)references
2.
value:
5.00 points
Problem 20-1A Part 2
2(a)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the raw materials purchases. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(b)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the direct materials usage. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(c)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the indirect materials usage. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(d)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the payroll costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(e)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the direct labor costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(f)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the indirect labor costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(g)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the other overhead costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(h)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the overhead applied. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(i)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the goods transferred from production to finished goods.(Omit the "$" sign in yo.
More Related Content
Similar to price discounting strategy. As a result, the hotel decided to focu.docx
Forecasting is a necessary and efficient tool that can give a company plenty of competitive advantage. Traditional methods of sales forecasting focused primarily on roll up of committed sales deals display intrinsic weakness due to their monotony of strategy across agreed sales period. This tends to produce inaccuracy in sales forecast, promotes sandbagging and reduces sales motion. Enhanced models centered on identifying weighted revenue through probabilities for opportunities by category also fail to recon in swing deals and ignores new opportunities in the pipelines. In this paper, I propose a better, dynamic method based on probabilities customized for each sales period.
Problem 1
Problem 2 (two screen shots)
Problem 3 (two screen shots)
Problem 4 (three screen shots)
Problem 5 (one screen shot)
Problem 6 (six screenshots plus a data table)
.
Problem 20-1A Production cost flow and measurement; journal entrie.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 20-1A Production cost flow and measurement; journal entries L.O. P1, P2, P3, P4
[The following information applies to the questions displayed below.]
Edison Company manufactures wool blankets and accounts for product costs using process costing. The following information is available regarding its May inventories.
Beginning
Inventory
Ending
Inventory
Raw materials inventory
$
60,000
$
41,000
Goods in process inventory
449,000
521,500
Finished goods inventory
610,000
342,001
The following additional information describes the company's production activities for May.
Raw materials purchases (on credit)
$
250,000
Factory payroll cost (paid in cash)
1,850,300
Other overhead cost (Other Accounts credited)
82,000
Materials used
Direct
$
200,500
Indirect
50,000
Labor used
Direct
$
1,060,300
Indirect
790,000
Overhead rate as a percent of direct labor
115
%
Sales (on credit)
$
3,000,000
The predetermined overhead rate was computed at the beginning of the year as 115% of direct labor cost.
\\\\\
rev: 11_02_2011
references
1.
value:
2.00 points
Problem 20-1A Part 1
Required:
1(a)
Compute the cost of products transferred from production to finished goods. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Cost of products transferred
$
1(b)
Compute the cost of goods sold. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Cost of goods sold
$
rev: 10_31_2011
check my workeBook Links (4)references
2.
value:
5.00 points
Problem 20-1A Part 2
2(a)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the raw materials purchases. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(b)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the direct materials usage. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(c)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the indirect materials usage. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(d)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the payroll costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(e)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the direct labor costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(f)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the indirect labor costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(g)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the other overhead costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(h)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the overhead applied. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(i)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the goods transferred from production to finished goods.(Omit the "$" sign in yo.
Problem 2 Obtain Io.Let x be the current through j2, ..docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 2: Obtain Io.
Let x be the current through j2, .
Let .
.
.
.
………..1.
…………2.
.
.
…………3.
……………….4.
Solving these 4 equations we can get .
.
Problem 1:Find currents I1, I2, and I3
Problem 2: Obtain Io
Problem 3:Obtain io
.
Problem 1On April 1, 20X4, Rojas purchased land by giving $100,000.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1On April 1, 20X4, Rojas purchased land by giving $100,000 in cash and executing a $400,000 note payable to the former owner. The note bears interest at 10% per annum, with interest being payable annually on March 31 of each year. Rojas is also required to make a $100,000 payment toward the note's principal on every March 31.(a)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the land purchase on April 1, 20X4.(b)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the year-end interest accrual on December 31, 20X4.(c)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the payment of interest and principal on March 31, 20X5.(d)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the year-end interest accrual on December 31, 20X5.(e)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the payment of interest and principal on March 31, 20X6.
&R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.01
B-13.01
Worksheet 1(a), (b), (c), (d), (e)GENERAL JOURNALDateAccountsDebitCredit04-01-X412-31-X403-31-X512-31-X503-31-X6
&L&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&12Name:
Date: Section: &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.01
B-13.01
Problem 2Ace Brick company issued $100,000 of 5-year bonds. The bonds were issued at par on January 1, 20X1, and bear interest at a rate of 8% per annum, payable semiannually.(a)Prepare the journal entry to record the bond issue on January, 20X1.(b)Prepare the journal entry that Ace would record on each interest date.(c)Prepare the journal entry that Ace would record at maturity of the bonds.
&R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.06
B-13.06
Worksheet 2(a)(b)(c)GENERAL JOURNAL DateAccountsDebitCreditIssueInterestMaturity
&L&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&12Name:
Date: Section: &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.06
B-13.06
Problem 3Erik Food Supply Company issued $100,000 of face amount of 4-year bonds on January 1, 20X1. The bonds were issued at 98, and bear interest at a stated rate of 8% per annum, payable semiannually. The discount is amortized by the straight-line method.(a)Prepare the journal entry to record the initial issuance on January, 20X1.(b)Prepare the journal entry that Erik would record on each interest date.(c)Prepare the journal entry that Erik would record at maturity of the bonds.
&R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.08
B-13.08
Worksheet 3(a)(b)(c)GENERAL JOURNAL DateAccountsDebitCreditIssueInterestMaturity
&L&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&12Name:
Date: Section: &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.08
B-13.08
Problem 4Horton Micro Chip Company issued $100,000 of face amount of 6-year bonds on January 1, 20X1. The bonds were issed at 103, and bear interest at a stated rate of 8% per annum, payable semiannually. The premium is amortized by the straight-line method.(a)Prepare the journal entry to record the initial issue on January, 20X1.(b)Prepare the journal entry that Horton would record on each interest date.(c)Prepare the journal entry that Horton would record at maturity of the bonds.
&R&"Myriad We.
Problem 17-1 Dividends and Taxes [LO2]Dark Day, Inc., has declar.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 17-1 Dividends and Taxes [LO2]
Dark Day, Inc., has declared a $5.60 per share dividend. Suppose capital gains are not taxed, but dividends are taxed at 15 percent. New IRS regulations require that taxes be withheld at the time the dividend is paid. Dark Day sells for $94.10 per share, and the stock is about to go ex-dividend.
What do you think the ex-dividend price will be? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
Ex-dividend price
$
Problem 17-2 Stock Dividends [LO3]
The owners’ equity accounts for Alexander International are shown here:
Common stock ($0.60 par value)
$
45,000
Capital surplus
340,000
Retained earnings
748,120
Total owners’ equity
$
1,133,120
a-1
If Alexander stock currently sells for $30 per share and a 10 percent stock dividend is declared, how many new shares will be distributed?
New shares issued
a-2
Show how the equity accounts would change.
Common stock
$
Capital surplus
Retained earnings
Total owners’ equity
$
b-1
If instead Alexander declared a 20 percent stock dividend, how many new shares will be distributed?
New shares issued
b-2
Show how the equity accounts would change. (Negative amount should be indicated by a minus sign.)
Common stock
$
Capital surplus
Retained earnings
Total owners’ equity
$
Problem 17-3 Stock Splits [LO3]
The owners' equity accounts for Alexander International are shown here.
Common stock ($0.50 par value)
$
35,000
Capital surplus
320,000
Retained earnings
708,120
Total owners’ equity
$
1,063,120
a-1
If Alexander declares a five-for-one stock split, how many shares are outstanding now?
New shares outstanding
a-2
What is the new par value per share? (Round your answer to 3 decimal places. (e.g., 32.161))
New par value
$ per share
b-1
If Alexander declares a one-for-seven reverse stock split, how many shares are outstanding now?
New shares outstanding
b-2
What is the new par value per share? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New par value
$ per share
Problem 17-4 Stock Splits and Stock Dividends [LO3]
Red Rocks Corporation (RRC) currently has 485,000 shares of stock outstanding that sell for $40 per share. Assuming no market imperfections or tax effects exist, what will the share price be after:
a.
RRC has a four-for-three stock split? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
b.
RRC has a 15 percent stock dividend? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
c.
RRC has a 54.5 percent stock dividend? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
d.
RRC has a two-for-seven reverse stock split? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
Determine the new number of shares outstanding in parts (a) through (d).
a.
New shares outstanding
b.
New shares o.
Problem 1Problem 1 - Constant-Growth Common StockWhat is the value.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Problem 1 - Constant-Growth Common StockWhat is the value of a common stock if the firm's earnings and dividends are growing annually at 10%, the current dividend is $1.32,and investors require a 15% return on investment?What is the stock's rate of return if the market price of the stock is $35?
Problem 2Problem 2 - Preferred Stock Price and ReturnA firm has preferred stock outstanding with a $1,000 par value and a $40 annual dividend with no maturity. If the required rate of return is 9%, what is the price of the preferred stock?The market price of a firm's preferred stock is $24 and pays an annual dividend of $2.50. If the stock's par value is $1,000 and it has no maturity, what is the return on the preferred stock?
Problem 3Problem 3 - Bond Valuation and YieldA bond has a par value of $1,000, pays $50 semiannually and has a maturity of 10 years.If the bond earns 12% per year, what is the price of the bond?RateNperPMTFVTypePVWhat is the yield to maturity for the bond?NperPMTPVFVTypeRateWhat would be the bond's price if the rate earned declined to 8% per year?RateNperPMTFVTypePVIf the maturity period is reduced to 5 years and the required rate of return is 8%, what would be the price of the bond?RateNperPMTFVTypePVWhat is the yield to maturity for the bond when the maturity is 5 years and the required rate of return is 8%?NperPMTPVFVTypeRateWhat generalizations about bond prices, interest rates and maturity periods can be made based on the calculations made above?
Problem 4Problem 4 - Callable BondsThe following bonds have a par value of $1,000 and the required rate of return is 10%.Bond XY: 5¼ percent coupon, with interest paid annually for 20 yearsBond AB: 14 percent coupon, with interest paid annually for 20 yearsWhat is each bond's current market price?Bond XYBond ABRateNperPMTFVTypePVIf current interest rates are 9%, which bond would you expect to be called? Explain.
Exercise 10-5
During the month of March, Olinger Company’s employees earned wages of $69,500. Withholdings related to these wages were $5,317 for Social Security (FICA), $8,145 for federal income tax, $3,366 for state income tax, and $434 for union dues. The company incurred no cost related to these earnings for federal unemployment tax but incurred $760 for state unemployment tax.
Prepare the necessary March 31 journal entry to record salaries and wages expense and salaries and wages payable. Assume that wages earned during March will be paid during April. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
Mar. 31
SHOW LIST OF ACCOUNTS
LINK TO TEXT
Prepare the entry to record the company’s payroll tax expense. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
Mar. 31
===========================================
E.
Problem 1Prescott, Inc., manufactures bookcases and uses an activi.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Prescott, Inc., manufactures bookcases and uses an activity-based costing system. Prescott's activity areas and related data follows:ActivityBudgeted Cost
of ActivityAllocation BaseCost Allocation
RateMaterials handling$230,000Number of parts$0.50Assembly3,200,000Direct labor hours16.00Finishing180,000Number of finished
units4.50Prescott produced two styles of bookcases in October: the standard bookcase and an unfinished bookcase, which has fewer parts and requires no finishing. The totals for quantities, direct
materials costs, and other data follow:ProductTotal Units
ProducedTotal Direct
Materials CostsTotal Direct
Labor CostsTotal Number
of PartsTotal Assembling
Direct Labor HoursStandard bookcase3,000$36,000$45,0009,0004,500Unfinished bookcase3,50035,00035,0007,0003,500Requirements:1. Compute the manufacturing product cost per unit of each type of bookcase.2. Suppose that pre-manufacturing activities, such as product design, were assigned to the standard bookcases at $7 each, and to the unfinished bookcases at $2 each. Similar analyses
were conducted of post-manufacturing activities such as distribution, marketing, and customer service. The post-manufacturing costs were $22 per standard bookcase and $14 per
unfinished bookcase. Compute the full product costs per unit.3. Which product costs are reported in the external financial statements? Which costs are used for management decision making? Explain the difference.4. What price should Prescott's managers set for unfinished bookcases to earn $15 per bookcase?
Problem 2Corbertt Pharmaceuticals manufactures an over-the-counter allergy medication. The company sells both large commercial containers of 1,000 capsules to health-care facilities
and travel packs of 20 capsules to shops in airports, train stations, and hotels. The following information has been developed to determine if an activity-based costing system
would be beneficial:ActivityEstimated Indirect Activity
CostsAllocation BaseEstimated Quantity of
Allocation BaseMaterials handling$95,000Kilos19,000 kilosPackaging219,000Machine hours5,475 hoursQuality assurance124,500Samples2,075 samplesTotal indirect costs$438,500Other production information includes the following:Commercial ContainersTravel PacksUnits produced3,500 containers57,000 packsWeight in kilos14,0005,700Machine hours2,625570Number of samples700855Requirements:1. Compute the cost allocation rate for each activity.2. Use the activity-based cost allocation rates to compute the activity costs per unit of the commercial containers and the travel packs. (Hint: First compute the total activity
cost allocated to each product line, and then compute the cost per unit.)3. Corbertt's original single-allocation-base costing system allocated indirect costs to produce at $157 per machine hour. Compute the total indirect costs allocated to the
commercial containers and to the travel packs under the original system. Then compute the indirect cost per unit for ea.
Problem 1Preston Recliners manufactures leather recliners and uses.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Preston Recliners manufactures leather recliners and uses flexible budgeting and a standard cost system. Preston allocates overhead based on yards of direct materials. The company's performance report includes the following selected data:Static Budget
(1,000 recliners)Actual Results
(980 recliners)Sales (1,000 recliners X $495)$495,000 (980 recliners X $475)$465,500Variable manufacturing costs: Direct materials (6,000 yds @ $8.80/yard)52,800 (6,150 yds @ $8.60/yard)52,890 Direct labor (10,000 hrs @ $9.20/hour)92,000 (9,600 hrs @ $9.30/hour)89,280Variable overhead (6,000 yds @ $5.00/yard)30,000 (6,510 yds @ $6.40/yard)39,360Fixed manufacturing costs: Fixed overhead60,00062,000Total cost of goods sold$234,800$243,530Gross profit$260,200$221,970Requirements:1. Prepare a flexible budget based on the actual number of recliners sold.2. Compute the price variance and the efficiency variance for direct materials and for direct labor. For manufacturing overhead, compute the variable overhead spending, variable overhead efficiency, fixed overhead spending, and fixed overhead volume variances.3. Have Preston's managers done a good job or a poor job controlling materials, labor, and overhead costs? Why?4. Describe how Preston's managers can benefit from the standard costing system.
Problem 2AllTalk Technologies manufactures capacitors for cellular base stations and other communications applications. The company's January 2012 flexible budget income statement shows output levels of 6,500, 8,000, and 10,000 units. The static budget was based on expected sales of 8,000 units.ALLTALK TECHNOLOGIES
Flexible Budget Income Statement
Month Ended January 31, 2012Per UnitBy Units (Capacitors)6,5008,00010,000Sales revenue$24$156,000$192,000$240,000Variable expenses$1065,00080,000100,000Contribution margin$91,000$112,000$140,000Fixed expenses53,00053,00053,000Operating income$38,000$59,000$87,000The company sold 10,000 units during January, and its actual operating income was as follows:ALLTALK TECHNOLOGIES
Income Statement
Month Ended January 31, 2012Sales revenue$246,000Variable expenses104,500Contribution margin$141,500Fixed expenses54,000Operating income$87,500Requirements:1. Prepare an income statement performance report for January.2. What was the effect on AllTalk's operating income of selling 2,000 units more than the static budget level of sales?3. What is AllTalk's static budget variance? Explain why the income statement performance report provides more useful information to AllTalk's managers than the simple static budget variance. What insights can AllTalk's managers draw from this performance report?
Problem 3Java manufacturers coffee mugs that it sells to other companies for customizing with their own logos. Java prepares flexible budgets and uses a standard cost system to control manufacturing costs. The standard unit.
Problem 1Pro Forma Income Statement and Balance SheetBelow is the .docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Pro Forma Income Statement and Balance SheetBelow is the income statement and balance sheet for Blue Bill Corporation for 2013. Based on the historical statements and theadditional information provided, construct the firm's pro forma income statement and balance sheet for 2014.Blue Bill CorporationIncome StatementFor the year ended 2013Projected201220132014Revenue$60,000$63,000Cost of goods sold42,00044,100Gross margin18,00018,900SG&A expense6,0006,300Depreciation expense1,8002,000Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT)10,20010,600Interest expense1,5001,800Taxable income8,7008,800Income Tax Expense3,0453,080Net income5,6555,720Dividends750800To retained earnings$4,905$4,920Additional income statement information:Sales will increase by 5% in 2014 from 2013 levels.COGS and SG&A will be the average percent of sales for the last 2 years.Depreciation expense will increase to $2,200.Interest expense will be $1,900.The tax rate is 35%.Dividend payout will increase to $850.Blue Bill CorporationBalance SheetDecember 31, 2013Projected20132014Current assetsCash$8,000Accounts receivable3,150Inventory9,450Total current assets20,600Property, plant, and equipment (PP&E)28,500Accumulated depreciation16,400Net PP&E12,100Total assets$32,700Current liabilitesAccounts payable$3,780Bank loan (10%)3,200Other current liabilities1,250Total current liabilities8,230Long-term debt (12%)4,800Common stock1,250Retained earnings18,420Total liabilities and equity$32,700Additional balance sheet information:The minimum cash balance is 12% of sales.Working capital accounts (accounts receivable, accounts payable, and inventory) will be the same percent of sales in 2014 as they were in 2013.$8,350 of new PP&E will be purchased in 2014.Other current liabilities will be 3% of sales in 2014.There will be no changes in the common stock or long-term debt accounts.The plug figure (the last number entered that makes the balance sheet balance) is bank loan.
1
Rough Draft
Rough Draft
Rasmussen College
Metro Dental Care is a dental office that provides affordable, convenient, and high quality of care to patients. As a patient at Metro, I personally believe that Metro Dental Care is one of the best dental clinics around, and that’s why I have chosen this company. Metro Dental Care measures their results by recording patient satisfaction.
Managing financial reports, and the quality of service they provide to their customers. Furthermore, the dentists and staff at Metro Dental Care know how important your smile is. Their mission statement states “We pride ourselves in making your smile look great so you not only look good, but feel confident with your smile.”
Metro Dental Care offers convenience for their patients with more than 40 offices throughout the Minneapolis and St. Paul metro area offering flexible hours including early morning, evening and Saturday appointments. Whether you work or live Metro Dental Care has a location near you. Metro Dental .
PROBLEM 14-6AProblem 14-6A Norwoods Borrowings1. Total amount of .docxChantellPantoja184
PROBLEM 14-6AProblem 14-6A: Norwoods Borrowings1. Total amount of each installment payment.Present value of an ordinary annuity$200,000Interest per period(i)0.08Number of periods(n)5Total amount of each installment payment($50,091.29)Therefore the total amount of each installment payment is $ 50,091.292.Norwoods Amortization TablePeriod Ending DateBeginning balance Interest expenseNotes PayableCash paymentEnding Balance10/31/15$200,000.00$16,000.00$34,091.29$50,091.29$165,908.7110/31/16$165,909.00$13,272.72$36,818.57$50,091.29$129,090.4310/31/17$129,090.43$10,327.23$39,764.06$50,091.29$89,326.3710/31/18$89,326.37$7,146.11$42,945.18$50,091.29$46,381.1910/31/19$46,381.19$3,710.50$46,380.79$50,091.29$0.403.a) Accrued interest as December 31st 2015Accrued interest expense = $200,000*8%*2/12= $2,666.67. Thus the journal entry is as shown below:DescriptionDr($)Cr($)interest expense $2,666.67 Interest payable $2,666.67b) The first annual payment on the note.Ten more months of interest has accrued $200,000*8%*10/12 =$13,333.33 accrued interest .Therefore the journal entry is as shown below:DescriptionDr($)Cr($)Notes payable$34,091.29interest expense$13,333.33interest payable$2,666.67 Cash$50,091.29
PROBLEM 14-7AProblem 14-7AQuestion 1a) Debt to equity ratiosPulaski CompanyScott Company Total liabilities$360,000.00$240,000.00Total Equity$500,000.00$200,000.00Debt-Equity Ratio0.721.2Question 2The debt to equity ratio measures the amount of debt a company uses has to finance its business for every dollar of equity it has. A higher debt to equity ratio implies that a company uses more debt than equity for financing. In this case, the debt to equity ratio for Pulaski Company is 0.72 which is less than 1 implying that the stockholder's equity exceeds the amount of debt borrowed. Thus Pulaski Company may not likely suffer from risks brought about by huge amount of debts in the capital structure. On the other hand, the debt to equity ratio of Scott Company is 1.2 which is greater than 1 implying that the debt exceeds the totalamount stockholders equity. Huge debts is associated with a lot of risks. First, there is the risk of defaulting whereby the company may be unable to repay its debt and therefore leading to bankruptcy. Second, a company may find it difficult to obtain additional funding from creditors.This is because the creditors prefer companies with low debt to equity ratio. Finally, there is the risks of violating the debt covenants. A covenant is an agreement that requires a company to maintain adequate financial ratio levels. Too much borrowings may violate this covenant. Since ScottCompany has a higher debt to equity ratio, it may experience these risks which may eventually lead to the company being declared bankrupt .
PROBLEM 14-6BProblem 14-6B: Gordon Enterprises Borrowings1. Total amount of each installment payment.Present value of an ordi.
Problem 13-3AThe stockholders’ equity accounts of Ashley Corpo.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 13-3A
The stockholders’ equity accounts of Ashley Corporation on January 1, 2012, were as follows.
Preferred Stock (8%, $49 par, cumulative, 10,200 shares authorized)
$ 387,100
Common Stock ($1 stated value, 1,937,100 shares authorized)
1,408,700
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par—Preferred Stock
123,200
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Stated Value—Common Stock
1,496,800
Retained Earnings
1,814,400
Treasury Stock (10,300 common shares)
51,500
During 2012, the corporation had the following transactions and events pertaining to its stockholders’ equity.
Feb. 1
Issued 24,100 shares of common stock for $123,900.
Apr. 14
Sold 6,000 shares of treasury stock—common for $33,800.
Sept. 3
Issued 5,100 shares of common stock for a patent valued at $35,700.
Nov. 10
Purchased 1,100 shares of common stock for the treasury at a cost of $5,700.
Dec. 31
Determined that net income for the year was $456,600.
No dividends were declared during the year.
(a)
Journalize the transactions and the closing entry for net income. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
Feb. 1
Apr. 14
Sept. 3
Nov. 10
Dec. 31
Click if you would like to Show Work for this question:
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Problem 12-9AYour answer is partially correct. Try again..docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 12-9A
Your answer is partially correct. Try again.
Condensed financial data of Odgers Inc. follow.
ODGERS INC.Comparative Balance Sheets
December 31
Assets
2014
2013
Cash
$ 131,704
$ 78,892
Accounts receivable
143,114
61,940
Inventory
183,375
167,646
Prepaid expenses
46,292
42,380
Long-term investments
224,940
177,670
Plant assets
464,550
395,275
Accumulated depreciation
(81,500
)
(84,760
)
Total
$1,112,475
$839,043
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Accounts payable
$ 166,260
$ 109,699
Accrued expenses payable
26,895
34,230
Bonds payable
179,300
237,980
Common stock
358,600
285,250
Retained earnings
381,420
171,884
Total
$1,112,475
$839,043
ODGERS INC.Income Statement Data
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Sales revenue
$633,190
Less:
Cost of goods sold
$220,800
Operating expenses, excluding depreciation
20,228
Depreciation expense
75,795
Income tax expense
44,466
Interest expense
7,710
Loss on disposal of plant assets
12,225
381,224
Net income
$ 251,966
Additional information:
1.
New plant assets costing $163,000 were purchased for cash during the year.
2.
Old plant assets having an original cost of $93,725 and accumulated depreciation of $79,055 were sold for $2,445 cash.
3.
Bonds payable matured and were paid off at face value for cash.
4.
A cash dividend of $42,430 was declared and paid during the year.
Prepare a statement of cash flows using the indirect method. (Show amounts that decrease cash flow with either a - sign e.g. -15,000 or in parenthesis e.g. (15,000).)
ODGERS INC.Statement of Cash Flows
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
$
Adjustments to reconcile net income to
$
$
Problem 12-10A
Condensed financial data of Odgers Inc. follow.
ODGERS INC.Comparative Balance Sheets
December 31
Assets
2014
2013
Cash
$ 151,904
$ 90,992
Accounts receivable
165,064
71,440
Inventory
211,500
193,358
Prepaid expenses
53,392
48,880
Long-term investments
259,440
204,920
Plant assets
535,800
455,900
Accumulated depreciation
(94,000
)
(97,760
)
Total
$1,283,100
$967,730
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Accounts payable
$ 191,760
$ 126,524
Accrued expenses payable
31,020
39,480
Bonds payable
206,800
274,480
Common stock
413,600
329,000
Retained earnings
439,920
198,246
Total
$1,283,100
$967,730
ODGERS INC.Income Statement Data
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Sales revenue
$730,305
Less:
Cost of goods sold
$254,665
Operating expenses, excluding depreciation
23,331
Depreciation expense
87,420
Income taxes
51,286
Interest expense
8,892
Loss on disposal of plant assets
14,100
439,694
Net income
$ 290,611
Additional information:
1.
New plant assets costing $188,000 were purchased for c.
Problem 1123456Xf122437455763715813910106Name DateTopic.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1123456Xf122437455763715813910106
Name: Date:
Topic One: Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation
Please type your answer in the cell beside the question.
5. The following is the heart rate for 10 randomly selected patients on the unit. Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the data using the descriptive statistics option in the data analysis toolpak.
75, 80, 62, 97, 107, 59, 76, 83, 84, 69
6. The following is a frequency distribution fo the number of times patience use the call light in a days time. X is the number of times the call light is used and f is the frequency (meaning the number of patients). Create a histogram of the data.
Sheet2
Sheet3
EXERCISE 11 USING STATISTICS TO DESCRIBE A STUDY SAMPLE
STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE IN REVIEW
Most studies describe the subjects that comprise the study sample. This description of the sample is called the sample characteristics which may be presented in a table or the narrative of the article. The sample characteristics are often presented for each of the groups in a study (i.e. experimental and control groups). Descriptive statistics are used to generate sample characteristics, and the type of statistic used depends on the level of measurement of the demographic variables included in a study (Burns & Grove, 2007). For example, measuring gender produces nominal level data that can be described using frequencies, percentages, and mode. Measuring educational level usually produces ordinal data that can be described using frequencies, percentages, mode, median, and range. Obtaining each subject's specific age is an example of ratio data that can be described using mean, range, and standard deviation. Interval and ratio data are analyzed with the same type of statistics and are usually referred to as interval/ratio level data in this text.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Source: Troy, N. W., & Dalgas-Pelish, P. (2003). The effectiveness of a self-care intervention for the management of postpartum fatigue. Applied Nursing Research, 16 (1), 38–45.
Introduction
Troy and Dalgas-Pelish (2003) conducted a quasi-experimental study to determine the effectiveness of a self-care intervention (Tiredness Management Guide [TMG]) on postpartum fatigue. The study subjects included 68 primiparous mothers, who were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (32 subjects) or the control group (36 subjects) using a computer program. The results of the study indicated that the TMG was effective in reducing levels of morning postpartum fatigue from the 2nd to 4th weeks postpartum. These researchers recommend that “mothers need to be informed that they will probably experience postpartum fatigue and be taught to assess and manage this phenomenon” (Troy & Dalgas-Pelish, 2003, pp. 44-5).
Relevant Study Results
“A total of 80 women were initially enrolled [in the study] … twelve of these women dropped out of the study resulting in a final sample of 68.” (Troy & Dalgas-Pelish, 2003, p. 39). The researchers presen.
Problem 1. For the truss and loading shown below, calculate th.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1. For the truss and loading shown below, calculate the horizontal
displacement of point "D" using the method of virtual work. Show ALL your work!
HW No. 8 - Part 1
Solution
HW FA15 2 Page 1
Problem 1 Continued
Member L (in.) N (lb) N (in) NnL
HW No. 8 - Part 1
.
Problem 1 (30 marks)Review enough information about .docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1 (30 marks)
Review enough information about Trinidad Drilling Ltd. to propose a vision and strategic objectives for the company. Develop a balanced scorecard that will help the company achieve this vision and monitor how well it is accomplishing its strategic objectives. Include a strategy map in table format that shows objectives and performance measures, with arrows illustrating hypothesized cause-and -effect relationships. Provide rationale for your strategy map. The body of your report should not exceed 1,000 words. Cite material you used to prepare the response and provide references in an appendix.
Problem 2 (20 marks)
Ajax Auto Upholstery Ltd. manufactures upholstered products for automobiles, vans, and trucks. Among the various Ajax plants around Canada is the Owlseye plant located in rural Alberta.
The chief financial officer has just received a report indicating that Ajax could purchase the entire annual output of the Owlseye plant from a foreign supplier for $37 million per year.
The budgeted operating costs (in thousands) for the Owlseye plant’s for the coming year is as follows:
Materials $15,000
Labor
Direct $12,000
Supervision 4,000
Indirect plant 5,000 19,000
Overhead
Depreciation – plant 6,000
Utilities, property tax, maintenance 2,000
Pension expense 4,500
Plant manager and staff 2,500
Corporate headquarters overhead allocation 3,000 18,000
Total budgeted costs $52,000
If material purchase orders are cancelled as a consequence of the plant closing, termination charges would amount to 10 percent of the annual cost of direct materials in the first year (zero thereafter).
A clause in the Ajax union contract requires the company to provide employment assistance to its former employees for 12 months after a plant closes. The estimated cost to administer this service if the Owlseye plant closes would be $2 million. $3.6 million of next year’s pension expense would continue indefinitely whether or not the plant remains open. About $900,000 of labour would still be required in the first year after closure to decommission the plant. After that, the plant would be sold for an estimated $1 million. Utilities, property taxes, and maintenance costs would remain unchanged in the first year after closure, but disappear when the plant is sold.
The plant manager and her staff would be somewhat affected by the closing of the Owlseye plant. Some managers would still be responsible for managing three other plants. As a result, total management salaries would be about 50% of the current level, starting at closure and remaining into the future.
Required:
Assume you are the company’s chief financial officer. Perform a five-year financial analysis and make a recommendation whether to close the Owlseye plant on this basis. Provide support for and cautions about your recommendation with organized, clearly-labeled data. Use bullet points where appropriate.
Problem 3 (16 marks)
Br.
Problem 1 (10 points) Note that an eigenvector cannot be zero.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1 (10 points): Note that an eigenvector cannot be zero, but an eigenvalue can
be 0. Suppose that 0 is an eigenvalue of A. What does it say about A? (Hint: One of the
most important properties of a matrix is whether or not it is invertible. Think about the
Invertible Matrix Theorem and all the ‘good things’ of dealing with invertible matrices)
Problem 5: (20 points): The figure below shows a network of one-way streets with
traffic flowing in the directions indicated. The flow rate along the streets are measured
as the average number of vehicles per hour.
a) Set up a mathematical model whose solution provides the unknown flow rates
b) Solve the model for the unknown flow rates
c) If the flow rates along the road A to B must be reduced for construction, what is
the minimum flow that is required to keep traffic flowing on all roads?
Problem 6 (20 points): Problem 7 (9 points): Prove that if A and B are matrices of the same
size, then tr(A+B)=tr(A)+tr(B)
Given:
Goal:
Proof:
Problem 7 (20 points)*: In the 1990, the northern spotted owl became the center of a
nationwide controversy over the use and misuse of the majestic forests in the Pacific
Northwest. Environmentalists convinced the federal government that the owl was
threatened with extinction if logging continued in the old-growth forests (with trees over
200 years old), where the owls prefer to live. The timber industry, anticipating the loss of
30,000 to 100,000 jobs as a result of new government restrictions on logging, argued that
the owl should not be classified as a “threatened species” and cited a number of published
scientific reports to support its case.
Caught in the crossfire of the two lobbying groups, mathematical ecologists
intensified their drive to understand the population dynamics of the spotted owl. The life
cycle of a spotted owl divides naturally into three stages: juvenile (up to 1 year old),
subadult (1 to 2 years), and adult (over 2 years). The owls mate for life during the subadult
and adult stages, begin to breed as adults, and live for up to 20 years. Each owl pair
requires about 1,000 hectares (4 square miles) for its own home territory. A critical time in
the life cycle is when the juveniles leave the nest. To survive and become a subadult, a
juvenile must successfully find a new home range (and usually a mate).
A first step in studying the population dynamics is to model the population at yearly
intervals, at times denoted by 𝑘𝑘 = 0,1,2, …. Usually, one assumes that there is a 1:1 ratio of
males to females in each life stage and counts only the females. The population at year 𝑘𝑘
can be described by a vector 𝒙𝒙𝒌𝒌 = (𝑗𝑗𝑘𝑘 , 𝑠𝑠𝑘𝑘 , 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 ), where 𝑗𝑗𝑘𝑘 , 𝑠𝑠𝑘𝑘 , and 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 are the numbers of
females in the juvenile, subadult, and adult stages, respectively. Using actual field data from
demographic studies, a rese
Probation and Parole 3Running head Probation and Parole.docxChantellPantoja184
Probation and Parole 3
Running head: Probation and Parole
Probation and Parole
Student Name
Allied American University
Author Note
This paper was prepared for Probation and Parole, Module 8 Check Your Understanding taught by [INSERT INSTRUCTOR’S NAME].
Directions: Respond to the following questions using complete sentences. Your answer should be at least 1 paragraph in length, which must be composed of three to five sentences.
1. What is meant by intermediate punishments and what programs are included in this category?
2. How do intermediate punishments serve to keep down prison populations?
3. Why has electronic monitoring proven so popular?
4. What is meant by shock probation/parole?
5. What are the essential features of the boot camp program?
6. Why has intensive supervision been a public relations success?
7. What are the criticisms of boot camp programs?
8. What has research revealed with respect to intensive supervision?
9. What are the criticisms of electronic monitoring in probation and parole?
10. What are the criticisms leveled at intensive supervision?
11. What are the purposes of and services offered by a day reporting center?
12. Why would heroin addicts who have no intention of giving up drug use voluntarily enter a drug treatment program? What are the advantages of using methadone to treat heroin addicts?
13. Why is behavior modification difficult to use in treating drug abusers?
14. What are the characteristics of chemical dependency (CD) programs?
15. What are the primary characteristics of the therapeutic community (TC) approach for treating drug abusers?
16. What are criticisms of the Alcoholics Anonymous approach?
17. What are the problems inherent in drug testing?
18. What are the typical characteristics of sex offenders? How have sex offender laws affected P/P supervision?
19. What are the pros and cons of restitution and charging offenders fees in probation or parole?
20. What are the problems encountered in using the interstate compact?
.
Problem 1(a) Complete the following ANOVA table based on 20 obs.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1:
(a) Complete the following ANOVA table based on 20 observations for the regression equation
(a) Is the overall regression significant? Fill in the missing values in the table.
Source DF SS MS F
Regression ___ 350 ____ ____
Error ___ _____
Total 500
(b) Suppose that you have computed the following sequential sums of squares due to regression:
Regressor Variables in Model SS Regression
………………………………………. 300
……………………………………… 250
…………………………………….. 340
……………………………………. 325
Fill in the missing values in the following “computer output”:
Source DF Partial SS F-value Pr>F
……………………………………………………………………………………….. 0.1245
………………………………………………………………………………………. 0.3841
………………………………………………………………………………………. 0.0042
………………………………………………………………………………………. 0.0401
Problem 2:
The time required for a merchandise to stock a grocery store shelf with a soft drink product as well as the number of cases of product stocked are given below. Consider a linear regression of delivery time against number of cases.
X=number of cases
Y=delivery time
Delivery time number of cases Hat diagonals
1.41 4 0.5077
2.96 6 0.3907
6.04 14 0.2013
7.57 19 0.3092
9.38 24 0.5912
Observations used L.S. Model
4,6,14,19,24
6,14,19,24
4,14,19,24
4,14,19,24
4,6,14,24
4,6,14,19
(a)
Calculate the PRESS statistic for the model .
(b) Calculate the regular residual for the model above. Then, compare these residuals with the PRESS residuals for this model.
Exercises from the Text
Use SAS whenever possible to do these exercises:
# 3.4 on p 122
# 3.5
# 3.8
# 3.15
# 3.21
# 3.27
# 3.28
# 3.31
# 3.38
# 3.39
Example with SAS on Sequential and Partial Sum of Squares
Data Weather;
Title 'Lows and Highs from N&O Jan 28,29,30 1992';
Title2 'using actual numbers (yesterday values)';
input city $ hi2 lo2 yhi ylo thi tlo;
* Mon Tues Wed ;
cards;
seattle 51 44 52 44 59 47
.
.
.
;
proc reg; model thi = yhi hi2 tlo ylo lo2/ss1 ss2;
test tlo=0, ylo=0, lo2=0;
/*-----------------------------------------------
| Showing sequential and partial sums of squares|
| Note t**2 = F relationship for partial F. By |
| hand, construct F to leave out .
Probe 140 SPrecipitation in inchesTemperature in F.docxChantellPantoja184
Probe 1
40 S
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 26.8
Precip 27.1
MAT(F) 59.8
Probe 2
6 S
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 69.2
Precip 124.6
MAT(F) 77.9
Probe 3
57 S
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 21.5
Precip 38.7
MAT(F) 43.5
Probe 4
38 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 30.3
Precip 16.5
MAT(F) 53.6
Probe 5
55 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 21.3
Precip 28.1
MAT(F) 40.6
Probe 6
43 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 25.4
Precip 14.4
MAT(F) 47.2
Probe 7
42 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 17.3
Precip 31.2
MAT(F) 26.0
Probe 8
42 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 29.6
Precip 38.8
MAT(F) 51.6
Probe 9
18 S
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 66.1
Precip 74.8
MAT(F) 77.7
Probe 10
58 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 16.5
Precip 24.8
MAT(F) 36.9
Probe 11
26 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 47.6
Precip 3.8
MAT(F) 70.1
Probe 12
29 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 44.0
Precip 47.3
MAT(F) 63.2
Probe 4
Probe 2
Probe 10
Probe 5
Probe 6
Probe 7
Probe 11
Probe 12
Probe 8
Probe 9
Probe 3
Probe 1
Map 1
20 N
40 N
60 N
80 N
0
20 S
40 S
60 S
0
1000
miles
Geography 204
Koppen Climate Classification Guidelines
If POTET exceeds Precip then B
BW = POTET more than 2x Precip
(desert)
h = mean annual temp > 18 C (64.4 F)
k = mean annual temp < 18 C (64.4 F)
BS = POTET less than 2x Precip
(steppe)
h = mean annual t.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
price discounting strategy. As a result, the hotel decided to focu.docx
1. price discounting strategy. As a result, the hotel decided to
focus on the government market because of the hotel's location.
The government market is price-sensitive (there is an allowable
per diem) and not as quality-conscious, and the hotel could
selectively discount to this large-volume market. Once again, it
is important to point out that marketing planning is a continuous
process. Marketing managers must evaluate the situation and
adapt to changes that occur. Evaluating the success of the
marketing plan is the moment of truth. Managers develop a plan
to increase the probability of success, and once the plan is
implemented, it is important for management to monitor the
results. Any variance from the predicted results should be
identified, evaluated, and corrected.
As the environment changes or the results vary, management
may need to return to the appropriate step to reformulate
marketing strategy or the action plans. The marketing planning
process continues as a dynamic procedure, with sufficient
flexibility allowing for changes in strategies, action plans, or
implementation schedules.
SALES FORECASTING
190 CHAPTER 5 DEVELOPING A MARKETING PLAN
SALES FORECASTING 189
One of the most critical components of a marketing plan is the
forecast for sales. Sales forecasting is the process for
determining current sales and estimating future sales for a
product or service. The success of the firm often results from
the accuracy of forecasts. The decisions about the elements of
2. the marketing mix—product-service mix, price, promotion, and
distribution— that are made during the situation analysis are
based on sales forecasts.
Sales forecasting The process for determining current sales and
estimating future sales for a product or service.
Sales Forecasting Techniques
Sales forecasting techniques are separated" into two broad
categories: quantitative techniques and qualitative techniques.
Quantitative techniques use past data values and employ a set of
rules to obtain estimates of future sales. Qualitative techniques
rely on judgment or intuition and tend to be used when data are
not readily available. Quantitative methods can be further
classified as either causal or time series. Both types of
quantitative methods use trends in historical data to predict
future sales; however, causal analysis techniques establish a
cause and effect relationship between variables and the results.
Using historical data to establish the relationship between sales
and other factors that are believed to influence sales. These
techniques model the relationships
3. Expert opinion
Marketers look to a panel of experts with knowledge of the
industry and the marketplace to provide a forecast.
Delphi technique The Delphi technique involves collecting
forecasts, developing composites, and sending the data to those
participating several times until a consensus results.
Sales force forecast
This technique aggregates the sales forecast of each salesperson
or unit, depending on the level of the forecast (e.g., a hotel may
have each of its salespeople provide a forecast for his or her
territory and then combine the forecasts to obtain an overall
estimate).
between sales and other variables that can help predict changes
in sales. Time series techniques extrapolate future sales
estimates based on the trend in historical sales. In other words,
past sales are used to predict future sales, assuming all other
factors that affect sales will continue to have a similar effect in
the future. The forecasting techniques described in this chapter
are presented in a conceptual framework. Use of these
techniques requires a sound statistical background. The
techniques are presented so that marketing managers will have a
better understanding of the range of techniques that are
4. available.
QUALITATIVE FORECASTING TECHNIQUES. The goal of
qualitative forecasting techniques is to forecast changes in the
basic sales pattern as well as the pattern itself. Qualitative
techniques are often difficult to apply, and they tend to be very
time-consuming and costly. Therefore, these techniques are
used mainly for long-term forecasts and in situations that are of
major importance to the firm. It is important for firms to predict
changes in sales patterns so they can take advantage of
opportunities and minimize the impact of threats. To predict
these changes, firms enlist the aid of experts, or individuals
with an intimate knowledge of the product and its markets. The
following basic approaches are classified as qualitative
forecasting techniques:
· Expert opinion. Marketers look to a panel of experts with
knowledge of the industry and the marketplace to provide a
forecast. A variety of sources are consulted, and the results are
combined to form a consensus forecast based on expert opinion.
These experts can be from within the firm or from outside the
firm. Often, secondary sources, such as forecasts published in
major trade journals or business journals, are used. The
resulting forecast can be obtained by simply averaging the
individual forecasts, or a more complicated weighting system
can be used based on the experience and knowledge of the panel
members.
· Delphi technique. The Delphi technique involves several
rounds of forecasting and review by a panel of experts. It can be
very time-consuming, but it is often quite accurate. This
technique involves collecting forecasts, developing composites,
and sending the data to those participating several times until a
consensus results. The Delphi technique is normally used when
the decision is an important one and there are no time
constraints. Panel members are able to adjust their forecasts
after seeing the forecasts of others on the panel.
· Sales force forecast. The sales force forecast technique
aggregates the sales forecast of each salesperson or unit,
5. depending on the level of the forecast. For example, a hotel may
have each of its salespeople provide a
·
forecast for his or her territory and then combine the forecasts
to obtain an overall estimate. Alternatively, a hotel or restaurant
chain may have each unit provide a forecast and then combine
the forecasts to obtain an overall estimate for the chain. The
rationale for using this technique is that it may be more accurate
to forecast the sales for each territory or unit rather than to
obtain a higher-level forecast and break it down for operational
purposes. Each salesperson, or unit manager, is in touch with
the customers and changes in the environment.
• Survey of buying intentions. Firms can use marketing research
to ask potential customers about their future purchase intentions
and then estimate future sales. This type of forecast, or survey
of buying intentions, is very subjective because there is no clear
relationship between purchase intentions and actual purchase
behavior. However, this kind of information is readily available
from published sources such as Sales & Marketing Management.
The experts employed in these methods may base their judgment
on prior experience, or they may use sophisticated quantitative
techniques to model the effects of other factors that influence
the level of sales. However, the ultimate outcome is to predict
changes in sales patterns.
QUANTITATIVE FORECASTING TECHNIQUES. The common
element in quantitative forecasting techniques is that they are
based almost exclusively on historical data. These forecasting
techniques tend to be quicker and less costly because the data
are readily available through existing sources. Quantitative
forecasting techniques are also gaining in popularity due to
their level of proven accuracy and improvements in computer
technology. Many spreadsheet software packages, such as
Microsoft Excel, have statistical applications that can be used
for quantitative forecasting, and other statistical programs and
forecasting packages are available at a reasonable price. In
6. addition, these programs are easy to use, and many are
compatible with software for preparing reports and charts. The
two basic quantitative forecasting techniques are time series
analysis and causal methods.
TIME SERIES ANALYSIS. The time series analysis method
uses statistical techniques to fit a trend line to the pattern of
historical sales. The trend line is expressed in terms of a
mathematical equation that can be used to project the trend
forward into future periods and predict sales. The trend line can
be linear (a straight line) or nonlinear (a curved line) depending
upon the pattern of the historical data. Four major components
of a time series should be considered in choosing a technique:
(1) trend, or the long-term pattern;
Survey of buying intentions
Firms use marketing research to ask potential customers about
their future purchase intentions and then estimate future sales.
7. Time series analysis
This method uses statistical techniques to fit a trend line to the
pattern of historical sales. The trend line is expressed in terms
of a mathematical equation that can be used to project the trend
forward into future periods and predict sales.
190 CHAPTER 5 DEVELOPING A MARKETING PLAN
SALES FORECASTING 191
(2) cycle, or medium-term changes due to business and
economic changes;
(3) seasonal, short-term movements based on buying patterns;
and (4) residual, unpredictable influences or disturbances. Here
are the most common methods of time series analysis:
192 CHAPTER 5 DEVELOPING A MARKETING PLAN
192 CHAPTER 5 DEVELOPING A MARKETING PLAN
(4)
Trend extrapolation
The simplest method for forecasting sales is the linear
projection of past sales.
Moving average
8. This technique uses short-term forecasts (e.g., monthly) and
takes the average of the most recent periods to predict future
sales.
Exponential smoothing
This technique uses the trend line to predict future sales;
however, it places more weight on the most recent periods.
· Trend extrapolation. The simplest method for forecasting sales
is the linear projection of past sales, or trend extrapolation. It
assumes that the factors that influenced sales in the past will
have the same effect on future sales, and all data points are
weighted equally. This is somewhat naive, but firms' basic
marketing programs and competitive situations normally do not
change drastically from year to year. This method is very
simple, the data requirements are minimal, and it can be very
accurate for products in industries with low growth rates.
· Moving average. The moving average technique uses short-
term forecasts (e.g., monthly) and takes the average of the most
recent periods to predict future sales. For example, next month's
sales are forecast using the average of the monthly sales for the
last three or four months. This method is simple and can be used
when sales are fairly stable throughout the year, with only small
fluctuations.
· Exponential smoothing. The technique of exponential
smoothing uses the trend line to predict future sales; however, it
places more weight on the most recent periods. This method is
better at picking up trends than the previous time series
methods, and there are more complex formulas that allow for
cycles and seasonal effects.
There are more sophisticated time series techniques, but they
are beyond the scope of this text. For example, there is a group
of methods referred to as autoregressive moving averages
(ARMA), which express forecasts as a linear combination of
9. past actual values and/or past errors. These methods are
becoming more widespread, but they require more than a
rudimentary knowledge of forecasting.
CAUSAL METHODS. These are often referred to as
explanatory methods because they use historical data to
establish the relationship between sales and other factors that
are believed to influence sales. The other factors, or causal
factors, can differ based on the level of the forecast. The higher
the level or the more macro-oriented the forecast, the more
likely the variables are to be economic, such as disposable
income, unemployment, and consumer prices. As the forecast
becomes more specific, or micro-oriented, the causal factors
become more specific, such as price, advertising expenditures,
and competitors' prices and advertising.
However, to forecast sales based on these causal factors, one
must forecast the causal variables as well. In addition, the data
requirements for causal methods are more extensive than for
qualitative or time-series forecasting techniques. The two most
common causal methods are as follows:
1. Regression analysis. A regression analysis identifies the
causal factors, or independent variables, that can be used to
predict the level of sales, or the dependent variable. Single
regression analysis uses one independent variable, and multiple
regression analysis uses more than one independent variable.
Trend extrapolation is actually a simplified form of regression
analysis that uses time as the independent variable and sales as
the dependent variable. For example, a manager might want to
study the impact that the growth rate of the economy or
intensity of competition has on annual sales.
2. Econometric models. In econometric models, statistical
techniques are used to solve a simultaneous set of multiple
regression equations. In this case, a causal factor may be
predicted as a dependent variable from several other causal
factors and then used as an independent variable in an equation
to predict sales. This method is more complicated and requires
10. some expertise in statistical modeling. In addition, this
technique requires the largest amount of data because of the
number of variables being used in the various equations.
Econometric models are best used within a corporate or
multiunit competitive situation and are not readily adaptable for
use at the single-unit level.
Regression analysis
This technique identifies the causal factors, or independent
variables, that can be used to predict the level of sales, or the
dependent variable.
Econometric models
This model uses statistical techniques to solve a simultaneous
set of multiple regression equations.
SALES FORECASTING 193
SALES FORECASTING 193
Selecting a Forecasting Technique
All of the sales forecasting techniques discussed earlier have
advantages and disadvantages based on the situation. Therefore,
it is important to apply a set of selection criteria in choosing the
appropriate technique. The following criteria can be used in
forecasting to evaluate the situation and choose the technique
11. that is best suited to the firm's needs:
• The time horizon. The period of time over which a decision
will have an impact will clearly affect the selection of the most
appropriate technique. Time series methods perform best for
short-term (one to three months) and medium-term (three
months to two years) forecasts, whereas qualitative techniques
are best for long-term (more than two years) new product
forecasts. Causal methods perform best in the short term, but
they can also be used quite effectively for medium-term
forecasts.
· The availability of data. The type and amount of data available
can have a major effect on the choice of technique. If only
historical sales data are available, then time series methods
would be most appropriate. However, if very little data are
available (e.g., for new products), then the qualitative
techniques would be most appropriate. If data are available for a
large range of variables, then causal methods can be employed,
providing a good deal of information regarding relationships
between variables.
· The pattern of the data. The majority of quantitative
forecasting techniques assume a particular pattern in the data to
be forecast. Time series methods work best when there are
defined patterns (trends), including cycles and seasonal
changes. However, causal methods and qualitative methods
work best in high-growth markets and when there may be
turning points in the pattern.
· The desired level of accuracy. The desired level of accuracy
will vary based on the use of the forecast. Forecasts for control
purposes tend to be short-term and need to be more precise,
whereas forecasts for planning tend to be longer-term and can
be less precise. Causal methods will normally be the most
accurate in the short term under various conditions. However,
time series methods can be very accurate when there is a strong
trend in the data. Qualitative methods will tend to be most
12. accurate for long-term forecasts because they use the combined
forecasts of experts.
· Cost. It is necessary to trade off the benefits of the various
methods based on the other criteria with the cost involved in
using the technique. Cost will be a function of data collection,
storage, and analysis. The time-series methods require the least
amount of data and expertise, resulting in the lowest cost.
Causal methods can be costly because they require the most data
and expertise, while qualitative methods incur a large expense
for data collection.
• Ease of application. The ease with which the various
forecasting techniques can be employed depends on factors such
as the firm's computer capabilities, the expertise of its
employees, and the availability of data. Time-series methods are
the easiest to employ, while causal methods and qualitative
methods are somewhat more complicated.
When making decisions, managers must use all of these criteria
in selecting the appropriate forecasting technique. Certain
interrelationships among the criteria may help simplify the
selection task. For example, when good historical data are
available, time series methods provide accuracy for short-term
forecasts. Choosing the best forecasting technique is important
because many of the elements of the marketing plan are based
on the sales forecasts.
6 CHAPTER 5 DEVELOPING A MARKETING PLAN 194
194 CHAPTER 5 DEVELOPING A MARKETING PLAN
be reached? Where do these people live and work? These
questions may not have self-evident answers, and a considerable
amount of research and discussion may be necessary.
3. What media should be used? Would it be best to use print
advertising? Should radio or television should play a major
role? What about outdoor advertising, direct mail, or
supplemental advertising? Should directories, such as the
yellow pages, be considered? Should Internet advertising be
13. considered ?
Developing Media Plans
INTRODUCTION 437
436 CHAPTER 12 ADVERTISING AND MEDIA
PLANNING
Media planning process
The media planning process involves four stages: performing a
market analysis to determine the current situation, establishing
its media objectives, developing media strategies to use in
attaining the objectives, and evaluating the media program on a
continual basis and adapting it to fit changing conditions.
The stages in the media planning process are similar to the
marketing planning process. First, the firm must perform a
market analysis to determine the current situation. Second, the
firm needs to establish its media objectives. That is, what does
the firm want to accomplish with its media program? For
example, is the firm focusing on creating awareness or
increasing sales? Third, the firm must develop media strategies
to use in attaining the objectives. Media strategies would entail
developing a media mix, determining the desired coverage in
regard to target markets and geographic area(s), and scheduling
the specific media. Fourth, the firm must evaluate the media
program on a continual basis and adapt it to fit changing
conditions. A complete discussion of the four stages in the
media planning process follows.
PERFORMING A MARKET ANALYSIS. This stage of the
process involves a thorough analysis of the market to identify
the target markets that become the focus of the media program.
This decision is based on the history of the firm, its
competitors, and trends in the general population. Advertising is
a key element in the positioning of firms and their products or
services. Therefore, it is important to select target markets that
14. offer potential for long-term growth and survival. These market
segments then become the focus of the media program in an
attempt to communicate the firm's products in a favorable light
that is consistent with the overall image of the firm. For
example, all advertising might be aimed at men and women
between the ages of 25 and 35 with annual incomes above
$45,000. Or advertising might be slanted toward women such
that a 60-to-40 ratio of female-to-male exposure is achieved.
ESTABLISHING MEDIA OBJECTIVES. Media objectives
should be tied to the overall marketing objectives of the firm, as
well as the promotion or communications objectives. The media
objectives should be focused on the goals associated with the
media program and be attainable using media strategies. After
determining the target market(s) in the market analysis stage, a
firm
should establish media objectives for these markets considering
the distribution of exposures, the media environment, and
budget limitations.1 Some of the more common objectives for
media programs are as follows:
· To increase awareness among consumers in the target markets
· To increase coverage in target markets
· To maintain a positive impact on consumer attitudes and
perceptions in regard to the firm's image
Good objectives will (1) be stated in clear and concise
language,
(2) include a specific time frame in which to accomplish the
objective, and
(3) include quantifiable terms that can be used as a standard by
which to evaluate performance. For example, a local restaurant
may want to reach at least 70 percent of its target audience with
a direct-mail piece within the next 60 days.
DEVELOPING MEDIA STRATEGIES. Once media objectives
are established, it is necessary to develop media strategies that
will lead to the attainment of the firm's goals. Selecting the
15. proper media mix, determining the target market and geographic
coverage, and scheduling the media achieve this.
SELECTING THE MEDIA MIX. When selecting the media mix,
it is important to examine the general nature of the target
market segments. Table 12.1 contains a list of possible media
vehicles and their unique characteristics. A medium should be
selected based on its ability to reach the maximum number of
potential consumers at the lowest cost. However, it is also
necessary to minimize wasted coverage while trying to
maximize reach. Wasted coverage refers to advertising
exposures that do not involve members of the target market. For
example, if low-income households are exposed to ads for an
expensive restaurant, the restaurant is wasting money because it
is paying to reach consumers who are not in its target market
and would be unlikely to dine at the restaurant. If one million
people subscribe to a newspaper, advertisers are charged based
on a readership of one million, whether the readers are in the
target market or not.
Also, the objectives of the overall campaign must be
considered. Is the advertiser seeking maximum impact, or is
continuity with previous and future advertising more important?
For example, if a well-established restaurant had used a refined
and sophisticated approach in newspaper and magazine
advertising, it would not make sense for it to advertise using a
high-volume, high-energy advertisement, for this would break
up the continuity among advertisements in different media.
INTRODUCTION 437
436 CHAPTER 12 ADVERTISING AND MEDIA
PLANNING
(
MEDIA TYPE
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Newspapers
Short lead time for placing ads
16. Low cost
Good coveage
Can be used for coupons
Short life span Wasted coverage Clutter
Poor reproduction quality
Magazines
Quality reproduction Long life span Audience selectivity High
information content
Long lead time for ad placement High production costs Lack of
flexibility "Pass-along" value
Radio
Personal Low cost Flexibility
Low production costs Audience selectivity
Lack of visual appeal Fleeting message Flexibility Clutter
Television
Large audience High impact of message Low cost per exposure
High credibility
High absolute cost High production cost Fleeting message
Clutter
Low selectivity
Direct Mail
High selectiviy/low wasted
coverage
Easily evaluated
High information content
Short lead time
Poor image Clutter
High cost per contact
Internet advertising
Low cost per exposure
Easy to monitor click-through
impressions
Can be highly targeted
Short lead time
Indexing optimization
Clutter of banner advertising Low selectivity of some Web sites
17. Outdoor and Transit
Low cost per exposure High repetition Target location
Wasted coverage Legislation/local restrictions Long lead time
Lack of flexibility
table 12.
i •
Media characteristics.
)
INTRODUCTION 437
438 CHAPTER 12 ADVERTISING AND MEDIA
PLANNING
In addition to these general factors, Howard Heinsius, president
of Needham and Grohmann, Inc., suggests several essentials in
media selection:2
· Market focus. Carefully examine your market by product-
service mix category or brand and by target market segment.
How does your hotel or restaurant fit in? What specific
attributes do you want to advance?
· Media focus. Keep an open mind and listen to all media sales
representatives in your area. Make note of changes, events, new
programs, and the opportunities they might offer. Media time
and space are perishable; keep an alert eye for special purchase
opportunities.
· Periodic media update. Make sure that information about rates
and other important factors such as cost per thousand and
circulation is current. The situation can change rapidly. Be sure
to stay on top of it.
· Establish media effectiveness guidelines. Keep tangible
guidelines in mind as you examine each of the media options.
This will help you to make better media selections.
· Advertising by objective. If specific advertising objectives
have been established, such as sales targets or consumer
awareness levels, this will aid in determining the best media
combination.
· Coordinate advertising with marketing campaigns. Advertising
18. is but one part of the total marketing mix. Be sure that it is
coordinated with the other efforts in the areas of personal
selling, promotion, and public relations.
· Develop a sound advertising budget. Start with an amount that
is within your means and then allocate it by target markets. It is
important to develop specific action plans to achieve each
advertising objective.
· Plan around media pollution. All forms of media are
oversaturated at times. Try to select the best times to get your
message across while rising above the pollution of other
advertisements.
· Coordinate local efforts to match the national advertising
efforts. When a national campaign is being run by the parent
chain, try to take advantage of this by running a local campaign
that will supplement the national campaign.
· Use a variety of media. Within the limits of budgets, try to use
different combinations and levels of different media to
determine which is most effective.
· Keep accurate files. It is important to be able to review the
results of each advertising campaign. Maintaining accurate
records of budget, media schedules, and sales results is critical.
INTRODUCTIO439N 10
438 CHAPTER 12 ADVERTISING AND MEDIA
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21. INTRODUCTION 439
440 CHAPTER 12 ADVERTISING AND MEDIA
PLANNING
PRINT MEDIA 441
441
(
Continuous
Flighting
Pulsing
figure 12.
i •
Approaches to media scheduling.
)approaches to media scheduling. Continuous advertising refers
to the practice of keeping the amount of advertising relatively
constant over time. This type is appropriate for hospitality
operations with very stable volumes. Flighting media scheduling
involves a schedule that is set up in spurts and stops. Periods of
blitz advertising are used, with no advertising between blitzes.
Pulsing advertising balances the previous two approaches in
that it provides a constant low-level flow of advertising with
intermittent periods of blitz advertising. Normally, high levels
of continuous advertising are thought to be superior, but
economic considerations may necessitate the adoption of either
flighting or pulsing media scheduling.
PRINT MEDIA
22. Continuous advertising
Continuous advertising refers to the practice of keeping the
amount of advertising relatively constant over time. This type is
appropriate for hospitality operations with very stable volumes.
Flighting media scheduling
Flighting media scheduling involves a schedule that is set up in
spurts and stops. Periods of blitz advertising are used, with no
advertising between blitzes.
The two most common forms of print media are newspapers and
magazines. Another form of print media is the yellow pages
offered by local telephone companies or similar products
offered by competing companies. Advertising in the yellow
pages can result in immediate action, but it is difficult to
differentiate a firm's product and there is little flexibility
because the advertisement runs for a 12-month period. However,
all of the print media vehicles are popular among hospitality
and tourism firms because of their ability to provide detailed
information and target specific markets. For example,
newspapers offer the following advantages:
· Short lead time for placing ads. If a manager decides to run an
advertisement on one day's notice, it can normally be scheduled
in the next day's newspaper. Also, copy can easily be changed,
allowing advertisements to be tailored to fit ever-changing
market conditions.
23. · Low cost. An advertisement in a local newspaper is usually
lower in both absolute cost and cost per thousand in comparison
to other types of media.
Pulsing advertising
Constant low-level flow of advertising with intermittent periods
of blitz advertising.