It's about the history legend Ayaub khan which give the revolution in the history of Pakistan and give a new way to Pakistan in every field like foreign policy , Industry, that nobody in the history of Pakistan that does it
The document lists activities 2 through 5 from page 111 of an activity book. Each activity provides brief biographical information about Winston Churchill, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, Queen Victoria, and John Lennon - including their occupations, birth years, and death years.
Causes of failure: The war of independence 1857Arifa
Causes of failure of the war of independence PROCLAMATION/DECLARATION OF 1857
The rulers of different states of Indo-Pakistan
The British succeeded
Bahadur Shah Zafar, the Indian King, had no experience of fighting a war
British army was highly organized, trained, disciplined and experienced
Article in The Times of Israel by Andy Blumenthal: While David Ben-Gurion was the politically savvy founding father of the modern-day State of Israel, Menachem Begin was the military genius who brought the Jewish people from British subjugation to being a free people in our own land.
Pakistan is located in South Asia and became independent in 1947. It has a population of over 201 million people and Urdu is the official language. Islam is the dominant religion, practiced by 96.4% of the population. Pakistan has experienced periods of military rule and tensions with neighboring India over the disputed Kashmir region. It currently has a civilian government and is working to establish stability and economic growth.
The revolt of 1857 was a major uprising against British rule in India that began as a mutiny of sepoys in the British East India Company's army. It spread rapidly to other parts of the country as both peasants and rulers joined together against the British, seeking to end foreign domination, despite religious differences. While the revolt ultimately failed due to lack of coordination and leadership, it marked the end of Company rule in India and increased nationalist sentiment among Indians.
The document summarizes the 1965 war between Pakistan and India over the disputed region of Kashmir. It provides background on the establishment of Pakistan and conflicts over Kashmir. It describes India's attacks on multiple fronts on September 6, 1965 and the heroic response of the Pakistani military and people in defending their country against overwhelming odds for 17 days, guided by Islamic teachings. It highlights Major Raja Aziz Bhatti's martyrdom during the war and notes that both Pakistan and India awarded their countries' highest military honors to heroes who fought in the war.
The document summarizes the causes and key events of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. It discusses:
- Political, social, religious, economic, administrative, and military causes of the rebellion.
- Key starting points of the rebellion in Meerut and Delhi in May 1857. Rebel sepoys took control of Delhi and persuaded Bahadur Shah II to support them.
- Spread of the rebellion to other regions including Lucknow, Kanpur, Jhansi, and others. Key leaders included Nana Sahib, Begum Hazrat Mahal, and Rani Laxmibai.
- British suppression of the rebellion, with Delhi and other cities retaken by mid-1858. Key
The 1857 uprising in India marked an important turning point in the country's struggle for independence from British rule. It was caused by many political, social, economic, religious and administrative factors that had led to growing resentment among Indian rulers, nobility, and soldiers. The introduction of new gunpowder cartridges greased with animal fat sparked the initial mutiny by Indian soldiers in Meerut, which then spread rapidly to other areas. While the revolt was suppressed due to lack of coordination and support, it ended Company rule in India and increased nationalist sentiments, paving the way for India's future independence movement.
The document lists activities 2 through 5 from page 111 of an activity book. Each activity provides brief biographical information about Winston Churchill, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, Queen Victoria, and John Lennon - including their occupations, birth years, and death years.
Causes of failure: The war of independence 1857Arifa
Causes of failure of the war of independence PROCLAMATION/DECLARATION OF 1857
The rulers of different states of Indo-Pakistan
The British succeeded
Bahadur Shah Zafar, the Indian King, had no experience of fighting a war
British army was highly organized, trained, disciplined and experienced
Article in The Times of Israel by Andy Blumenthal: While David Ben-Gurion was the politically savvy founding father of the modern-day State of Israel, Menachem Begin was the military genius who brought the Jewish people from British subjugation to being a free people in our own land.
Pakistan is located in South Asia and became independent in 1947. It has a population of over 201 million people and Urdu is the official language. Islam is the dominant religion, practiced by 96.4% of the population. Pakistan has experienced periods of military rule and tensions with neighboring India over the disputed Kashmir region. It currently has a civilian government and is working to establish stability and economic growth.
The revolt of 1857 was a major uprising against British rule in India that began as a mutiny of sepoys in the British East India Company's army. It spread rapidly to other parts of the country as both peasants and rulers joined together against the British, seeking to end foreign domination, despite religious differences. While the revolt ultimately failed due to lack of coordination and leadership, it marked the end of Company rule in India and increased nationalist sentiment among Indians.
The document summarizes the 1965 war between Pakistan and India over the disputed region of Kashmir. It provides background on the establishment of Pakistan and conflicts over Kashmir. It describes India's attacks on multiple fronts on September 6, 1965 and the heroic response of the Pakistani military and people in defending their country against overwhelming odds for 17 days, guided by Islamic teachings. It highlights Major Raja Aziz Bhatti's martyrdom during the war and notes that both Pakistan and India awarded their countries' highest military honors to heroes who fought in the war.
The document summarizes the causes and key events of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. It discusses:
- Political, social, religious, economic, administrative, and military causes of the rebellion.
- Key starting points of the rebellion in Meerut and Delhi in May 1857. Rebel sepoys took control of Delhi and persuaded Bahadur Shah II to support them.
- Spread of the rebellion to other regions including Lucknow, Kanpur, Jhansi, and others. Key leaders included Nana Sahib, Begum Hazrat Mahal, and Rani Laxmibai.
- British suppression of the rebellion, with Delhi and other cities retaken by mid-1858. Key
The 1857 uprising in India marked an important turning point in the country's struggle for independence from British rule. It was caused by many political, social, economic, religious and administrative factors that had led to growing resentment among Indian rulers, nobility, and soldiers. The introduction of new gunpowder cartridges greased with animal fat sparked the initial mutiny by Indian soldiers in Meerut, which then spread rapidly to other areas. While the revolt was suppressed due to lack of coordination and support, it ended Company rule in India and increased nationalist sentiments, paving the way for India's future independence movement.
The leaders of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) began planning an uprising in Ireland after World War I began. They formed a military council to organize the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin. Though their plans were kept secret, British intelligence arrested Roger Casement as he arrived from Germany with weapons. The Rising began as planned on Easter Monday but was confined to Dublin due to the Volunteers leader calling it off. After heavy fighting that destroyed parts of Dublin, the rebels surrendered unconditionally.
The document discusses New Zealand's involvement in World War II. It describes how New Zealand joined Britain in declaring war on Nazi Germany in September 1939. It also notes that the Royal New Zealand Air Force had 30 bombers at the start of the war, and that around 10,000 New Zealanders were killed during World War II. The document provides some background information on the military and air forces of New Zealand during this time period.
The document provides an overview of key events and battles in the early years of the American Civil War, including Lincoln's inauguration, the attack on Fort Sumter which marked the start of the war, Virginia's secession, the First Battle of Bull Run, the roles of generals McClellan and Grant, and the importance of the Battle of Shiloh. It examines these topics through a series of questions and answers supported by descriptive paragraphs.
The document summarizes the causes and key events of the 1965 India-Pakistan War. The main causes of the war included the Kashmir issue, hostility between Hindus and Muslims following the partition of India, and India's recent defeat by China in 1962. The war began in August 1965 when Indian forces crossed into Pakistan administered Kashmir. Initially India had success in Kashmir but Pakistan counterattacked successfully in Punjab. As air forces from both sides entered the conflict, the war escalated. The war ended in January 1966 with the Tashkent Agreement between India and Pakistan. The agreement was unpopular in Pakistan and weakened the political standing of Ayub Khan. In its aftermath, both countries increased defense spending and India strengthened ties
The 1857 revolt was a major uprising against British rule in India that involved many disgruntled groups. It was sparked by both long-standing political, economic, social and religious grievances as well as more immediate triggers. Key causes included the annexation of states, the doctrine of lapse, high taxation, loss of jobs and status for Indians, introduction of new firearms, and activities of Christian missionaries. The revolt began with mutiny by sepoys in Meerut and spread to Delhi and other regions, but lacked strong centralized leadership and coordination. It was eventually suppressed by the British through superior weapons and communication, though it highlighted weaknesses in colonial control and had important impacts like transferring power to the British government.
The document summarizes key details about the First War of Indian Independence that occurred from 1857-1858, including the factors that led to unrest, the beginning of the war over cartridges coated with cow and pig fat, the British victory that ended Mughal and Maratha rule and established direct British rule. It provides an overview of some of the main battles as well as leaders on both sides, such as the Rani of Jhansi who opposed the British through the Doctrine of Lapse. In conclusion, it states that internal conflicts among Indian states resulted in the failure of the First War of Independence, leading the British crown to take control from the East India Company.
The Iranian Revolution of 1979 established the first Islamic fundamentalist state. Long-term causes included the discovery of oil which foreign powers exploited, generating nationalist resentment. Immediate causes were widespread protests against the Shah's oppressive and western-aligned rule, led by Ayatollah Khomeini. The Shah fled in 1979 and Khomeini established an Islamic theocracy, imposing strict Islamic law and isolating Iran internationally. The revolution had significant regional impacts and tensions with Iraq and the West continue over Iran's nuclear program.
Israel claims all of the land as their biblical and historical homeland. They do not accept giving up any land.
The root of the conflict is both groups claim the same small piece of land as their homeland and religious heartland. Both see themselves as having a long historical connection and right to all the land. Compromise has been difficult.
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 began as a mutiny of Indian soldiers in the town of Meerut over new gunpowder cartridges greased with animal fat. It soon spread to other areas, led by figures such as Mangal Pandey, Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, Nana Sahib of Kanpur, and Begum Hazrat Mahal of Lucknow. Although the rebellion was eventually suppressed by the British, it marked the end of East India Company rule in India and the direct governance of India by the British Crown.
The document summarizes the Revolt of 1857 in India, also known as India's First War of Independence. It began as a mutiny of Indian soldiers (sepoys) in the British East India Company's army in Meerut in May 1857 and soon escalated into a widespread rebellion across northern and central India. The rebellion challenged British rule in India and was finally suppressed by June 1858. The document outlines the various causes of the revolt as well as its key leaders and centers. It concludes by describing how the British regained control of India by 1859 through military campaigns, new laws, and some policy changes.
The Revolt of 1857 was the first major challenge to British rule in India. It was caused by exploitative colonial policies that hurt Indian agriculture, increased taxes, and limited employment. Religious and political reforms antagonized many. The revolt began with soldier mutinies over rumors about new gun cartridges and bread. It spread from Meerut to Delhi and other major cities, with Bahadur Shah Zafar declared the emperor. Though some civilians joined, there was no true all-India revolt or central leadership. The British used superior weapons and leadership to eventually suppress the revolt in major cities by September 1857.
The document discusses the Bangladesh Liberation War that occurred from March to December 1971. It led to Bangladesh gaining independence after the Pakistani military launched Operation Searchlight and engaged in mass murder, deportation, and rape against Bengali civilians in East Pakistan. An estimated 10 million refugees fled to India and the Mukti Bahini guerilla forces were formed to resist the Pakistani military. India eventually joined the war in support of Bangladeshi forces. Pakistan surrendered on December 16th, 1971, resulting in the creation of the independent country of Bangladesh.
The Middle East region faces significant religious, ethnic, and political divisions that have led to ongoing conflicts. The area contains important natural resources like oil, but limited water supplies that countries disagree over. Governments range from democracies to dictatorships. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict stems from competing claims to the land and Britain's 1917 Balfour Declaration supporting a Jewish homeland. This has resulted in several Arab-Israeli wars over the decades as Palestinians fight for statehood. Civil war has also broken out in Lebanon due to its religious and ethnic diversity. International efforts have pursued a roadmap to peace, but violence continues between Israel and Palestinian groups.
The document provides background information and analysis of the Six Day War between Israel and neighboring Arab states. It describes the historical context leading up to the war, including the 1947 UN partition of Palestine and previous Arab-Israeli conflicts. Key events and decisions in 1967 that precipitated the war are outlined, such as military deployments, incidents along the Israel-Jordan border, and Egyptian orders that closed Israel's port of Eilat. The document also profiles important stakeholders and discusses the course of the war from June 5-10, when Israel gained control of the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Golan Heights. Casualty figures for both sides are presented.
The document provides information on the causes and leaders of the 1857 revolt in India against British rule. It discusses religious, political, socio-economic and military causes for the revolt, including issues related to new Enfield rifle cartridges, land policies, taxation, and status of Indian soldiers. Key leaders who led revolt forces in different regions included Mangal Pandey, Nana Sahib, Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, Tatya Tope, Kunwar Singh, and Begum Hazrat Mahal of Awadh. The revolt ultimately failed due to lack of coordination, planning, weapons, and full popular support across India.
The document summarizes several conflicts in the Middle East stemming from regional issues. It discusses the Arab-Israeli conflict since 1948 over land and Palestinian statehood. It also covers Iran's 1979 Islamic revolution that overthrew the Western-backed Shah, as well as conflicts in Iraq including the Iran-Iraq war and US invasion to oust Saddam Hussein. Oil wealth in the region has exacerbated tensions while religious and territorial disputes have fueled prolonged violence and unrest with no easy resolutions.
The War of Independence of 1857 was an effort by Indians to overthrow British rule in India. It began as a mutiny of Indian soldiers (sepoys) in the Bengal army who refused to use ammunition greased with animal fat due to religious reasons. The rebellion soon spread to other areas, with Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow becoming centers of revolt. While the rebels had initial success in capturing key cities, they ultimately failed due to lack of unity and central leadership. The British regained control and dissolved the East India Company, establishing direct rule over India.
The document summarizes the Palestine-Israel conflict. It discusses how Zionist groups colonized the land of Palestine in the late 1800s, sparking tensions as more Jewish immigrants arrived. In 1947, the UN partitioned Palestine despite Palestinians owning most of the land, fueling war between Zionist and Arab forces. By the end of the war, Israel had captured 78% of Palestine and over 500 Palestinian towns were destroyed, creating over 750,000 Palestinian refugees.
David Ben-Gurion was a Zionist leader and the first Prime Minister of Israel. Some key facts about him:
- He was born in Poland in 1886 and immigrated to Palestine in 1906 where he helped establish agricultural communes.
- He played a key role in the development of Jewish paramilitary groups to defend Jewish settlements and helped establish political and labor organizations to advance the cause of Zionism.
- As Israel's first Prime Minister from 1948-1953 and 1955-1963, he led the country through the War of Independence and oversaw major development projects and the establishment of new cities and towns.
Ayub Khan became the first martial law administrator in Pakistan in 1958 and suspended the constitution. He later became President and introduced a new constitution in 1962 that established a presidential system. However, unrest grew during his rule, especially between East and West Pakistan. He held a presidential election in 1965 but faced opposition. While his regime saw some development, he was ultimately unable to maintain national harmony in the country.
This slide I made for my History course presentation to describe about Ayub Khan and the 11 Points Programme. In this slide, I also focus on the primary reason behind the fall of the Ayub regime.
Ayub Khan served as the President of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969. He came to power through a military coup and declared martial law. During his rule, he introduced several reforms including land reforms, establishing industries, building dams for agriculture. However, he faced increasing criticism over corruption, nepotism, and his handling of the 1965 war with India. While there were some developments under his rule, he was unable to maintain national harmony in Pakistan.
The leaders of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) began planning an uprising in Ireland after World War I began. They formed a military council to organize the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin. Though their plans were kept secret, British intelligence arrested Roger Casement as he arrived from Germany with weapons. The Rising began as planned on Easter Monday but was confined to Dublin due to the Volunteers leader calling it off. After heavy fighting that destroyed parts of Dublin, the rebels surrendered unconditionally.
The document discusses New Zealand's involvement in World War II. It describes how New Zealand joined Britain in declaring war on Nazi Germany in September 1939. It also notes that the Royal New Zealand Air Force had 30 bombers at the start of the war, and that around 10,000 New Zealanders were killed during World War II. The document provides some background information on the military and air forces of New Zealand during this time period.
The document provides an overview of key events and battles in the early years of the American Civil War, including Lincoln's inauguration, the attack on Fort Sumter which marked the start of the war, Virginia's secession, the First Battle of Bull Run, the roles of generals McClellan and Grant, and the importance of the Battle of Shiloh. It examines these topics through a series of questions and answers supported by descriptive paragraphs.
The document summarizes the causes and key events of the 1965 India-Pakistan War. The main causes of the war included the Kashmir issue, hostility between Hindus and Muslims following the partition of India, and India's recent defeat by China in 1962. The war began in August 1965 when Indian forces crossed into Pakistan administered Kashmir. Initially India had success in Kashmir but Pakistan counterattacked successfully in Punjab. As air forces from both sides entered the conflict, the war escalated. The war ended in January 1966 with the Tashkent Agreement between India and Pakistan. The agreement was unpopular in Pakistan and weakened the political standing of Ayub Khan. In its aftermath, both countries increased defense spending and India strengthened ties
The 1857 revolt was a major uprising against British rule in India that involved many disgruntled groups. It was sparked by both long-standing political, economic, social and religious grievances as well as more immediate triggers. Key causes included the annexation of states, the doctrine of lapse, high taxation, loss of jobs and status for Indians, introduction of new firearms, and activities of Christian missionaries. The revolt began with mutiny by sepoys in Meerut and spread to Delhi and other regions, but lacked strong centralized leadership and coordination. It was eventually suppressed by the British through superior weapons and communication, though it highlighted weaknesses in colonial control and had important impacts like transferring power to the British government.
The document summarizes key details about the First War of Indian Independence that occurred from 1857-1858, including the factors that led to unrest, the beginning of the war over cartridges coated with cow and pig fat, the British victory that ended Mughal and Maratha rule and established direct British rule. It provides an overview of some of the main battles as well as leaders on both sides, such as the Rani of Jhansi who opposed the British through the Doctrine of Lapse. In conclusion, it states that internal conflicts among Indian states resulted in the failure of the First War of Independence, leading the British crown to take control from the East India Company.
The Iranian Revolution of 1979 established the first Islamic fundamentalist state. Long-term causes included the discovery of oil which foreign powers exploited, generating nationalist resentment. Immediate causes were widespread protests against the Shah's oppressive and western-aligned rule, led by Ayatollah Khomeini. The Shah fled in 1979 and Khomeini established an Islamic theocracy, imposing strict Islamic law and isolating Iran internationally. The revolution had significant regional impacts and tensions with Iraq and the West continue over Iran's nuclear program.
Israel claims all of the land as their biblical and historical homeland. They do not accept giving up any land.
The root of the conflict is both groups claim the same small piece of land as their homeland and religious heartland. Both see themselves as having a long historical connection and right to all the land. Compromise has been difficult.
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 began as a mutiny of Indian soldiers in the town of Meerut over new gunpowder cartridges greased with animal fat. It soon spread to other areas, led by figures such as Mangal Pandey, Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, Nana Sahib of Kanpur, and Begum Hazrat Mahal of Lucknow. Although the rebellion was eventually suppressed by the British, it marked the end of East India Company rule in India and the direct governance of India by the British Crown.
The document summarizes the Revolt of 1857 in India, also known as India's First War of Independence. It began as a mutiny of Indian soldiers (sepoys) in the British East India Company's army in Meerut in May 1857 and soon escalated into a widespread rebellion across northern and central India. The rebellion challenged British rule in India and was finally suppressed by June 1858. The document outlines the various causes of the revolt as well as its key leaders and centers. It concludes by describing how the British regained control of India by 1859 through military campaigns, new laws, and some policy changes.
The Revolt of 1857 was the first major challenge to British rule in India. It was caused by exploitative colonial policies that hurt Indian agriculture, increased taxes, and limited employment. Religious and political reforms antagonized many. The revolt began with soldier mutinies over rumors about new gun cartridges and bread. It spread from Meerut to Delhi and other major cities, with Bahadur Shah Zafar declared the emperor. Though some civilians joined, there was no true all-India revolt or central leadership. The British used superior weapons and leadership to eventually suppress the revolt in major cities by September 1857.
The document discusses the Bangladesh Liberation War that occurred from March to December 1971. It led to Bangladesh gaining independence after the Pakistani military launched Operation Searchlight and engaged in mass murder, deportation, and rape against Bengali civilians in East Pakistan. An estimated 10 million refugees fled to India and the Mukti Bahini guerilla forces were formed to resist the Pakistani military. India eventually joined the war in support of Bangladeshi forces. Pakistan surrendered on December 16th, 1971, resulting in the creation of the independent country of Bangladesh.
The Middle East region faces significant religious, ethnic, and political divisions that have led to ongoing conflicts. The area contains important natural resources like oil, but limited water supplies that countries disagree over. Governments range from democracies to dictatorships. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict stems from competing claims to the land and Britain's 1917 Balfour Declaration supporting a Jewish homeland. This has resulted in several Arab-Israeli wars over the decades as Palestinians fight for statehood. Civil war has also broken out in Lebanon due to its religious and ethnic diversity. International efforts have pursued a roadmap to peace, but violence continues between Israel and Palestinian groups.
The document provides background information and analysis of the Six Day War between Israel and neighboring Arab states. It describes the historical context leading up to the war, including the 1947 UN partition of Palestine and previous Arab-Israeli conflicts. Key events and decisions in 1967 that precipitated the war are outlined, such as military deployments, incidents along the Israel-Jordan border, and Egyptian orders that closed Israel's port of Eilat. The document also profiles important stakeholders and discusses the course of the war from June 5-10, when Israel gained control of the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Golan Heights. Casualty figures for both sides are presented.
The document provides information on the causes and leaders of the 1857 revolt in India against British rule. It discusses religious, political, socio-economic and military causes for the revolt, including issues related to new Enfield rifle cartridges, land policies, taxation, and status of Indian soldiers. Key leaders who led revolt forces in different regions included Mangal Pandey, Nana Sahib, Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, Tatya Tope, Kunwar Singh, and Begum Hazrat Mahal of Awadh. The revolt ultimately failed due to lack of coordination, planning, weapons, and full popular support across India.
The document summarizes several conflicts in the Middle East stemming from regional issues. It discusses the Arab-Israeli conflict since 1948 over land and Palestinian statehood. It also covers Iran's 1979 Islamic revolution that overthrew the Western-backed Shah, as well as conflicts in Iraq including the Iran-Iraq war and US invasion to oust Saddam Hussein. Oil wealth in the region has exacerbated tensions while religious and territorial disputes have fueled prolonged violence and unrest with no easy resolutions.
The War of Independence of 1857 was an effort by Indians to overthrow British rule in India. It began as a mutiny of Indian soldiers (sepoys) in the Bengal army who refused to use ammunition greased with animal fat due to religious reasons. The rebellion soon spread to other areas, with Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow becoming centers of revolt. While the rebels had initial success in capturing key cities, they ultimately failed due to lack of unity and central leadership. The British regained control and dissolved the East India Company, establishing direct rule over India.
The document summarizes the Palestine-Israel conflict. It discusses how Zionist groups colonized the land of Palestine in the late 1800s, sparking tensions as more Jewish immigrants arrived. In 1947, the UN partitioned Palestine despite Palestinians owning most of the land, fueling war between Zionist and Arab forces. By the end of the war, Israel had captured 78% of Palestine and over 500 Palestinian towns were destroyed, creating over 750,000 Palestinian refugees.
David Ben-Gurion was a Zionist leader and the first Prime Minister of Israel. Some key facts about him:
- He was born in Poland in 1886 and immigrated to Palestine in 1906 where he helped establish agricultural communes.
- He played a key role in the development of Jewish paramilitary groups to defend Jewish settlements and helped establish political and labor organizations to advance the cause of Zionism.
- As Israel's first Prime Minister from 1948-1953 and 1955-1963, he led the country through the War of Independence and oversaw major development projects and the establishment of new cities and towns.
Ayub Khan became the first martial law administrator in Pakistan in 1958 and suspended the constitution. He later became President and introduced a new constitution in 1962 that established a presidential system. However, unrest grew during his rule, especially between East and West Pakistan. He held a presidential election in 1965 but faced opposition. While his regime saw some development, he was ultimately unable to maintain national harmony in the country.
This slide I made for my History course presentation to describe about Ayub Khan and the 11 Points Programme. In this slide, I also focus on the primary reason behind the fall of the Ayub regime.
Ayub Khan served as the President of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969. He came to power through a military coup and declared martial law. During his rule, he introduced several reforms including land reforms, establishing industries, building dams for agriculture. However, he faced increasing criticism over corruption, nepotism, and his handling of the 1965 war with India. While there were some developments under his rule, he was unable to maintain national harmony in Pakistan.
The document provides an overview of the history of Pakistan since its independence in 1947. It discusses the initial problems faced by Pakistan including the refugee crisis and conflicts over Kashmir. It then outlines the various political leaders and regimes over the decades including Ayub Khan's rule in the 1960s, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in the 1970s, General Zia-ul-Haq in the 1980s, and the struggle for democracy in the 1990s and 2000s. Key events mentioned include the 1965 and 1971 wars with India, Pakistan's pursuit of nuclear weapons, and the impacts of 9/11.
Ayub Khan became Pakistan's first native Commander-in-Chief in 1951 and seized power in a 1958 military coup. As President, he introduced reforms but faced increasing opposition. In 1965, war broke out with India over Kashmir, and both sides claimed victory before agreeing to a ceasefire. Ayub Khan signed the Tashkent Declaration in 1966 but criticism of his authoritarian rule and family's corruption grew. He stepped down in 1969.
Ayub Khan served as President of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969 after imposing martial law. He introduced the Basic Democracies system in 1959 to allow for some representation while maintaining authoritarian rule. During his rule, Pakistan saw some industrial development including textile industries in major cities. However, Ayub Khan faced increasing opposition, particularly from Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, and ultimately handed over power to Yahya Khan in 1969.
- In 1958, President Iskander Mirza declared martial law with General Ayub Khan as chief martial law administrator. Within 3 weeks, Ayub Khan ousted Mirza and became president, beginning 11 years of military rule.
- Ayub Khan focused on land reforms, local government schemes, and improving agriculture. He held a referendum in 1960 to legitimize his rule and framed the 1962 constitution.
- However, opposition grew and the 1965 presidential election was believed to be rigged in Ayub's favor. He allied with the US but faced increasing unrest and resigned in 1969.
This document summarizes the major political events in Pakistan from 1947 to 1958. During this period, Pakistan experienced leadership changes as it transitioned from its founding as an independent nation under Jinnah to periods under various prime ministers and governors-general. Key events included the Kashmir crisis in 1948, the Objectives Resolution in 1949 establishing Islam as the guiding principle, and the establishment of the One Unit system in 1955. The first constitution was introduced in 1956, though martial law was declared in 1958 under Ayub Khan.
1) General Ayub Khan imposed martial law in 1958 and framed a new constitution in 1962 that established a presidential system with a powerful president.
2) The constitution was in effect from 1962 to 1969. Growing opposition from Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and others led to Ayub Khan's resignation in 1969.
3) General Yahya Khan took over and abrogated the 1962 constitution. Elections were held but resulted in political instability, contributing to the events leading to the 1971 war and the independence of Bangladesh.
Ayub Khan served as President of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969. He rose to power through a military coup in 1958 and declared martial law. He moved Pakistan from a parliamentary democracy to a presidential system and introduced a new constitution in 1962. Economically, Pakistan experienced rapid growth during Ayub Khan's rule through industrialization and a green revolution. However, political institutions remained underdeveloped. Growing discontent led to mass protests and Ayub Khan's abdication in 1969 as the country plunged into further political turmoil.
This document provides biographical information about Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, the military leader who served as President of Pakistan from 1978 until his death in 1988. It details his early life and education in British India. It describes his military career serving in the British Indian Army and later the Pakistan Army. It discusses his rise to become Chief of Army Staff in 1976 and how he overthrew Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in a military coup in 1977, eventually having Bhutto executed. The document also outlines some of Zia's domestic policies as President and his role in supporting the mujahideen against the Soviets in Afghanistan.
The document discusses Pakistan's involvement in the War on Terror from several angles:
1) It provides background on Pakistan's creation and strategic geographical location, as well as the Soviet-Afghan war and rise of al-Qaeda in Afghanistan.
2) It describes Pakistan's role in assisting the Afghan mujahideen against the Soviets during the 1980s, as well as General Musharraf's support for the US after 9/11.
3) The document outlines key events like the US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 and ongoing terrorist activities by the Taliban spreading into Pakistan during the PPP government's third term from 2008-2013.
General ayoub khan and its constitution 1962IBA, sukkur
The document contains a quote criticizing intelligence offices for making guesses and qualifying their assessments with words like "probably" and "possibly" since they have no definite information. It then provides biographical information about General Ayub Khan, who introduced Pakistan's 1962 constitution that established a presidential system but concentrated power in the presidency. The constitution faced criticisms for being authored by one man without checks and balances and for enabling dictatorship instead of true democracy.
From 1958-1969, Pakistan experienced significant political developments under military rule and President Ayub Khan. In 1958, martial law was declared and Ayub Khan became Chief Martial Law Administrator, ousting President Sikandar Mirza. Ayub Khan introduced a system of Basic Democracies in 1959 and was later elected president in 1960 based on a referendum. However, opposition grew and the constitution was abrogated in 1969, with Ayub handing over power to General Yahya Khan and martial law being enforced once again.
Major william alexander brown,mbe,sitara e pakistan british scot leader of gi...Agha A
This document provides a biography and obituary of Major William Alexander Brown, who played a key role in leading the Gilgit Rebellion in 1947 that resulted in Northern Areas and Baltistan being captured by Gilgit Scouts and acceding to Pakistan. Some key details:
- Brown was a British officer born in Scotland who joined the British Indian Army and was posted to Gilgit Scouts as Commandant in 1947.
- On October 31, 1947, Brown led the Gilgit Rebellion when the Gilgit Scouts planned to revolt as the Maharaja of Kashmir wanted to disband them. This resulted in the area becoming part of Pakistan.
- Brown received an MBE from the British government for his
Past and Future Emergencies in the State of Pakistangueste40f29
The document summarizes past emergencies in Pakistan and discusses future risks. It outlines three past emergencies: in 1951 following the assassination of Pakistan's first Prime Minister, in 1979 after the hanging of Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, and in 2007 following the assassination of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. It also discusses the 2007 emergency declared by General Pervez Musharraf, suspending the constitution. Lawyers and students protested for restoration of civil rights. The movement highlighted risks to democracy from military involvement and the need to strengthen constitutional rule.
Muhammad Ayub Khan was Pakistan's first military dictator, serving as President from 1958 to 1969. He seized power in a bloodless coup against President Iskander Mirza. Ayub consolidated power by banning opposition parties and censoring the press. During his rule, Pakistan experienced some economic growth but also increased inequality and corruption. Public unrest grew over poverty and the political and economic disparity between East and West Pakistan. Mass protests ultimately forced Ayub's resignation in 1969.
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Ceci est le projet de traité qui avait été négocié entre Russes et Ukrainiens à Istanbul en mars 2022, avant que les Etats-Unis et la Grande-Bretagne ne détournent Kiev de signer.
13062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
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केरल उच्च न्यायालय ने 11 जून, 2024 को मंडला पूजा में भाग लेने की अनुमति मांगने वाली 10 वर्षीय लड़की की रिट याचिका को खारिज कर दिया, जिसमें सर्वोच्च न्यायालय की एक बड़ी पीठ के समक्ष इस मुद्दे की लंबित प्रकृति पर जोर दिया गया। यह आदेश न्यायमूर्ति अनिल के. नरेंद्रन और न्यायमूर्ति हरिशंकर वी. मेनन की खंडपीठ द्वारा पारित किया गया
Federal Authorities Urge Vigilance Amid Bird Flu Outbreak | The Lifesciences ...The Lifesciences Magazine
Federal authorities have advised the public to remain vigilant but calm in response to the ongoing bird flu outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu.
#WenguiGuo#WashingtonFarm Guo Wengui Wolf son ambition exposed to open a far...rittaajmal71
Since fleeing to the United States in 2014, Guo Wengui has founded a number of projects in the United States, such as GTV Media Group, GTV private equity, farm loan project, G Club Operations Co., LTD., and Himalaya Exchange.
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Slide deck with charts from our Digital News Report 2024, the most comprehensive exploration of news consumption habits around the world, based on survey data from more than 95,000 respondents across 47 countries.
Recent years have seen a disturbing rise in violence, discrimination, and intolerance against Christian communities in various Islamic countries. This multifaceted challenge, deeply rooted in historical, social, and political animosities, demands urgent attention. Despite the escalating persecution, substantial support from the Western world remains lacking.
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ग्रेटर मुंबई के नगर आयुक्त को एक खुले पत्र में याचिका दायर कर 540 से अधिक मुंबईकरों ने सभी अवैध और अस्थिर होर्डिंग्स, साइनबोर्ड और इलेक्ट्रिक साइनेज को तत्काल हटाने और 13 मई, 2024 की शाम को घाटकोपर में अवैध होर्डिंग के गिरने की विनाशकारी घटना के बाद अपराधियों के खिलाफ सख्त कार्रवाई की मांग की है, जिसमें 17 लोगों की जान चली गई और कई निर्दोष लोग गंभीर रूप से घायल हो गए।
लालू यादव की जीवनी LALU PRASAD YADAV BIOGRAPHYVoterMood
Discover the life and times of Lalu Prasad Yadav with a comprehensive biography in Hindi. Learn about his early days, rise in politics, controversies, and contribution.
3. Military Careerof AyubKhan
Appointedas2nd lieutenantin1927
Promoted lieutenant 1930,1937 as Captain
1940 appointed asMajor of Army.
In2nd World War promotedasKernel.
1947hewasbrigadierofBritisharmy.
1951appointed commander-in-chiefin Pakistan .
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4. President of pakistan
Governmentof IskanderMirza wasunpopular.
Thepolitical situationwaschaotic.
Iskandar mirza declared martial law 7th October 1958
Ayub Khan removed Govt & took on the officeof president.
Became a powerful political figure.
This was Glorious RevolutionforPAKISTAN
continue…4
5. Reforms Introduced by Ayub Khan
(a)Legal Reform
Introduced the Muslim Familylaws in March 2, 1961.
(b) Foreign Policy
Allied Pakistan with the global U.Smilitary
RelationwithCountries
relation with U.S.A
relation with Great Britain
relation with China
5
6. Shifting of Capital
Karachiwasunsuitable capital of PAKISTAN.
In1967,Islamabad officially declared capital.
Itis a modern and carefullyplaned city.
Karachiisnotsuitableforbusiness
Karachi become economic hub of country
Infrastructure inadequate for the growing
needs of the city.
7. IndustrialRevolution InAyub Era
Establishedthecotton industryin Faisalabad.
Established heavymachinery& fanindustryin Gujrat.
Establishedthesportsindustryin Sialkot.
Established small& mediumsize of mills
Provide subsidyto IndustrialistinPAKISTAN
PakistanathighestlevelincreaseincomeinAsia.
8. Ayub khan revolution’s.
Firstsatellite“AL-BADAR”waslunched
In Nov 25,1964establishedthefirstT.Vstation(PTV)
PakistanIndustrialDevelopmentCorporation (PIDC)wasestablished
Education asaninvestmentin nationalgrowth:
Landreforms& Greenrevolution
Oct 1959;AyubKhanintroduced BASICDEMOCRACIES.
9. Criticism Against Ayub Khan
Governmentcorruption
Nepotism
Criticism of his family’s personal wealth.
Presidentialelection against theFatimaJinnah.
GoharAyub’s involveinthecorruption.
Increasingprice of the sugar .
10. Conclusion
Man of great determination in his regime.
Alwaysdid what he though better
Glorious revolution come with his government
Best military govt come ino being
Best foreign policy were introduced.
Criticism of his family for wealth