Radiology plays an important role in forensic investigations by providing diagnostic images that can aid in identification, determine causes of death or injury, and detect foreign objects. Some key techniques discussed include x-rays, CT, MRI, and ultrasound. Identification can be achieved by comparing ante-mortem and post-mortem images to match unique anatomical features, dental work, implants or injuries. Fracture patterns seen on imaging help determine whether injuries were accidental or from abuse. Location of bullets, bullet fragments or other foreign objects within the body is also assessed radiographically. Forensic radiology thus provides objective medical evidence for legal proceedings.
Diagnostic imaging in head and neck pathologyHayat Youssef
This document provides an overview of various diagnostic imaging modalities used in head and neck pathology including their history, principles, applications, advantages, and limitations. It discusses x-ray imaging techniques like conventional radiography and tomography. It also covers computed tomography, cone beam computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound imaging, and nuclear imaging techniques like scintigraphy, positron emission tomography, and single photon emission tomography. Each imaging modality is described in terms of its basic principles, clinical applications in head and neck cases, benefits, and shortcomings. The document serves as a comprehensive reference for radiologists on diagnostic tools available for evaluating head and neck conditions.
Forensic radiology uses various imaging modalities like X-rays, CT scans, and MRI to aid legal and medical investigations. X-rays were first used in forensic cases in the late 19th century to help prosecute a shooting. Forensic radiology helps determine cause and manner of death through identifying foreign objects, injuries, and natural diseases. Modern techniques like CT scanning provide detailed views of bones, soft tissues, and embedded evidence that can be used in investigations and autopsies. Dental X-rays also play an important role in identifying unknown remains by comparing ante-mortem and post-mortem dental records and images.
1) The document discusses identification techniques like fingerprints, dental records, and DNA profiling but notes that alternative methods are needed when tissues are damaged.
2) It focuses on the frontal sinus as a tool for identification, noting that the sinus has a unique shape and size for each individual.
3) Measurements of height, width, and area of the frontal sinus from radiographs were analyzed and found to differ between males and females, supporting the frontal sinus as an identification method.
This document discusses various diagnostic imaging techniques used in oral and maxillofacial surgery, including non-invasive and invasive options. Non-invasive imaging includes plain radiography, CT, MRI, ultrasonography, and nuclear imaging. CT provides detailed multiplanar images and is useful for evaluating lesions, fractures, and paranasal sinuses. While effective, CT exposes patients to radiation. Contrast agents can highlight blood vessels and other structures on CT scans. Proper diagnostic imaging selection depends on the clinical situation and benefits of each technique.
Radiology in Head and Neck by Kanato T Assumi.Kanato Assumi
This document provides an overview of various radiological investigations used in head and neck imaging. It discusses several modalities including x-rays, CT, MRI, ultrasound and others. For x-rays specifically, it describes common views of the sinuses, skull, neck and larynx. It also discusses procedures like barium swallows, sialography and orthopantomography. The document aims to familiarize readers with the structures visualized and clinical applications of different radiological techniques for ENT examinations.
Forensic radiography uses medical imaging techniques like x-rays, CT scans, and MRIs to assist in legal investigations and identify remains. It has been used since the late 19th century. The main applications are identification of individuals by examining bones and teeth for characteristics like age, gender, and injuries or implants/prosthetics. Cause of death can also be determined by identifying foreign objects, injuries, trauma, or disease visible in images. Radiographers play a key role by properly positioning the subject and collecting high quality images that can provide evidence. As technology advances, the use of modalities like CT is increasing in forensic radiology due to benefits like improved scan quality and reduced time and costs.
This document provides information on CT and MRI imaging of orbital and optic nerve pathologies. It begins with background on the history and development of CT and MRI scanning. It then describes how each type of scan works and potential complications. Examples of normal anatomy and measurements are provided for each scan. The document outlines what to check for on CT and MRI scans and provides examples of images of various orbital conditions like retinoblastoma, cellulitis, melanoma and sarcoidosis.
This document provides an overview of radiology of the spinal cord. It begins with an introduction and outlines the topics to be covered, including anatomy of the spinal cord and vertebral column, various radiological investigations such as plain X-rays, myelograms, CT, CT myelograms, and MRI. It then describes the anatomy of the spinal cord and vertebral bones, different radiological methods, and provides examples of the radiological presentation of some spinal cord diseases such as disk herniation, infection, fracture-dislocation, and spinal cord injury.
Diagnostic imaging in head and neck pathologyHayat Youssef
This document provides an overview of various diagnostic imaging modalities used in head and neck pathology including their history, principles, applications, advantages, and limitations. It discusses x-ray imaging techniques like conventional radiography and tomography. It also covers computed tomography, cone beam computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound imaging, and nuclear imaging techniques like scintigraphy, positron emission tomography, and single photon emission tomography. Each imaging modality is described in terms of its basic principles, clinical applications in head and neck cases, benefits, and shortcomings. The document serves as a comprehensive reference for radiologists on diagnostic tools available for evaluating head and neck conditions.
Forensic radiology uses various imaging modalities like X-rays, CT scans, and MRI to aid legal and medical investigations. X-rays were first used in forensic cases in the late 19th century to help prosecute a shooting. Forensic radiology helps determine cause and manner of death through identifying foreign objects, injuries, and natural diseases. Modern techniques like CT scanning provide detailed views of bones, soft tissues, and embedded evidence that can be used in investigations and autopsies. Dental X-rays also play an important role in identifying unknown remains by comparing ante-mortem and post-mortem dental records and images.
1) The document discusses identification techniques like fingerprints, dental records, and DNA profiling but notes that alternative methods are needed when tissues are damaged.
2) It focuses on the frontal sinus as a tool for identification, noting that the sinus has a unique shape and size for each individual.
3) Measurements of height, width, and area of the frontal sinus from radiographs were analyzed and found to differ between males and females, supporting the frontal sinus as an identification method.
This document discusses various diagnostic imaging techniques used in oral and maxillofacial surgery, including non-invasive and invasive options. Non-invasive imaging includes plain radiography, CT, MRI, ultrasonography, and nuclear imaging. CT provides detailed multiplanar images and is useful for evaluating lesions, fractures, and paranasal sinuses. While effective, CT exposes patients to radiation. Contrast agents can highlight blood vessels and other structures on CT scans. Proper diagnostic imaging selection depends on the clinical situation and benefits of each technique.
Radiology in Head and Neck by Kanato T Assumi.Kanato Assumi
This document provides an overview of various radiological investigations used in head and neck imaging. It discusses several modalities including x-rays, CT, MRI, ultrasound and others. For x-rays specifically, it describes common views of the sinuses, skull, neck and larynx. It also discusses procedures like barium swallows, sialography and orthopantomography. The document aims to familiarize readers with the structures visualized and clinical applications of different radiological techniques for ENT examinations.
Forensic radiography uses medical imaging techniques like x-rays, CT scans, and MRIs to assist in legal investigations and identify remains. It has been used since the late 19th century. The main applications are identification of individuals by examining bones and teeth for characteristics like age, gender, and injuries or implants/prosthetics. Cause of death can also be determined by identifying foreign objects, injuries, trauma, or disease visible in images. Radiographers play a key role by properly positioning the subject and collecting high quality images that can provide evidence. As technology advances, the use of modalities like CT is increasing in forensic radiology due to benefits like improved scan quality and reduced time and costs.
This document provides information on CT and MRI imaging of orbital and optic nerve pathologies. It begins with background on the history and development of CT and MRI scanning. It then describes how each type of scan works and potential complications. Examples of normal anatomy and measurements are provided for each scan. The document outlines what to check for on CT and MRI scans and provides examples of images of various orbital conditions like retinoblastoma, cellulitis, melanoma and sarcoidosis.
This document provides an overview of radiology of the spinal cord. It begins with an introduction and outlines the topics to be covered, including anatomy of the spinal cord and vertebral column, various radiological investigations such as plain X-rays, myelograms, CT, CT myelograms, and MRI. It then describes the anatomy of the spinal cord and vertebral bones, different radiological methods, and provides examples of the radiological presentation of some spinal cord diseases such as disk herniation, infection, fracture-dislocation, and spinal cord injury.
This document provides an overview of radiology of the spinal cord. It begins with an introduction and outlines the topics to be covered, including anatomy of the spinal cord and vertebral column, various radiological investigations such as plain X-rays, myelograms, CT, CT myelograms, and MRI. It then describes the anatomy of the spinal cord and vertebral bones, different radiological methods, and provides examples of the radiological presentation of some spinal cord diseases such as disk herniation, infection, fracture-dislocation, and spinal cord injury.
Leiomyoma is a benign tumor that originates from smooth
muscle cell. The most common sites are the uterus, gastrointestinal tract & skin. Leiomyoma is a relatively uncommon smooth muscle tumor rarely found in the head and neck. Enzinger and Weiss (1995), analyzed a total of 7748 leiomyomas, 95% of the tumors occurred in the female genitalia (uterus), 3% in the skin, 0.9% in the gastrointestinal tract and the remainder at various sites including skull base.
Forensic radiology uses imaging techniques like radiography, CT, MRI, and ultrasound to aid in identification, determine cause of death, and estimate characteristics like age and gender in legal and forensic investigations. It helps identify injuries, foreign bodies, and trauma and can be used in cases involving religious objections to autopsy. However, the field needs further standardization and large validation studies to realize its full potential.
This document provides an overview of various radiology modalities including:
1. Plain film radiography, computed tomography (CT), CT angiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and picture archiving and communication systems (PACS).
2. It discusses the basics of each modality such as their physical principles, advantages, limitations and appropriate clinical applications.
3. The document emphasizes important rules for clinicians in selecting the right imaging exam, discussing exams with radiologists, and preparing patients for radiology procedures.
This document provides a pictorial review of ultrasound images to illustrate benign and malignant features of thyroid nodules according to the U1-U5 classification system of the British Thyroid Association. It begins with an overview of normal thyroid ultrasound appearance and anatomy as a baseline for comparison. The majority of the document then features ultrasound images paired with descriptions of thyroid nodules demonstrating benign characteristics, such as a halo sign, microcystic/spongiform appearance, peripheral egg shell calcification, or peripheral vascularity, which correspond to a U2 classification. The aim is to help radiologists and clinicians recognize sonographic patterns to determine whether fine needle aspiration is necessary.
This document provides an overview of various orthopedic imaging modalities including x-rays, CT scans, MRI, ultrasound, and nuclear medicine techniques. It discusses the basic principles, clinical applications, strengths, and limitations of each modality. X-rays remain very useful due to their low cost and ability to show bone structure and density, while CT provides greater resolution of bone and some soft tissues. MRI has the best soft tissue contrast and is now often the preferred method for evaluating muscles, ligaments, and discs. Ultrasound is useful for joints, tendons, and muscles. Nuclear medicine techniques like SPECT and PET provide functional imaging.
Diagnostic imaging modalities play an important role in physical therapy. Rehab doctors need to understand medical imaging to make informed treatment decisions and assess patient progress or complications. The summary discusses several common imaging modalities:
- Radiography provides static bone images but has limitations. CT and MRI produce cross-sectional "slices" and are better for soft tissue. CT uses ionizing radiation while MRI uses magnetic fields.
- Ultrasound uses soundwaves to image soft tissues. Nuclear imaging involves radioactive tracers to assess bone or joint function and disease activity. Each modality has advantages and limitations for different clinical purposes. Physical therapists should be familiar with common indications to select the appropriate imaging study.
This document discusses various radiation methods used to diagnose thyroid diseases and conditions, including ultrasound, radionuclide imaging, CT, and MRI. It provides details on how each modality is used, what they image, and their indications. Specific attention is given to ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules. Examples of thyroid conditions imaged by radionuclide scans are also shown, such as hyperthyroidism, multinodular goiter, and thyroid nodules. Emergency thoracic and abdominal conditions that can be imaged are also reviewed, including pneumothorax, pleural effusions, bowel obstructions, and perforated ulcers.
The document discusses various radiographic techniques used in orthodontic diagnosis. It begins with a brief history of x-rays and their discovery by Roentgen. It then summarizes several intraoral and extraoral radiographs used in orthodontics including panoramic radiographs, lateral cephalograms, posterior anterior views, and temporomandibular joint tomograms. It highlights the structures visualized and diagnostic information provided by each technique. The document also discusses digital radiography and its advantages over conventional radiography.
The document discusses dental CT scans and MRI. It explains that dental CT scans can create 3D images of dental structures, soft tissues, nerve pathways and bone in one scan. They are used by dentists to diagnose diseases of the jaw, place implants accurately, and evaluate bone structure. MRI is also discussed as a non-invasive imaging method used in dentistry to examine tissues, joints, and structures like sinuses. It works by obtaining resonance signals from hydrogen nuclei in tissues.
Difference between modalities of general radiology and nuclear medicineAnieKhan5
General radiology uses modalities like x-rays, CT scans, ultrasound, MRI, and fluoroscopy to visualize anatomy and diagnose diseases. It has many subspecialties focused on different body systems. Nuclear medicine uses radioactive tracers and imaging like gamma cameras, SPECT, and PET to examine physiological processes. While general radiology images anatomy, nuclear medicine focuses on cellular function. Hybrid imaging combines modalities for increased diagnostic accuracy. PET-CT is an example, providing anatomical and functional data.
The document provides an overview of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including how it works, the types of images it can produce, and its applications in various parts of the body. It explains that MRI uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to align hydrogen protons in the body and produce signals used to form images. Key applications mentioned include neuroimaging, musculoskeletal imaging, and evaluating diseases of the abdomen, blood vessels, heart, breast and fetus.
This document summarizes a course on interpreting head CT scans for medical students. It discusses the physics of CT scanning, normal brain anatomy visible on CT, and various neurological emergencies that can be identified on head CT such as traumatic injuries like epidural and subdural hematomas as well as non-traumatic conditions like stroke and hydrocephalus. The course aims to provide students with skills to recognize important pathologies and avoid missed diagnoses when interpreting head CT scans.
The document discusses the radiological anatomy of a normal CT brain scan. It begins by describing the lobes of the brain and surfaces visible on CT. It then discusses the history and technique of CT scanning, describing how different tissues appear in varying shades of gray. Common artifacts are also reviewed. Key features of a normal CT brain include symmetric ventricles and sulci, with intact skull and no masses or fluid collections seen.
This document provides an overview of a 45-lecture radiology course for 5th year medical students at the University of Sulaimani. It includes details on the course coordinator, list of lecturers, course objectives, syllabus, reading list, and descriptions of individual lectures. The course aims to teach students how to properly use different imaging modalities and read common radiological findings. It covers a wide range of topics within radiology including the chest, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal system, hepatobiliary system, urinary tract, bones, joints, and interventional radiology.
MRI provides high quality soft tissue imaging and is useful for evaluating many conditions of the head and neck region. It can identify soft tissue lesions, assess intracranial pathology, stage tumors, evaluate salivary glands and lymph nodes, and precisely image the TMJ for disorders like internal derangement. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI is particularly helpful for distinguishing normal and malignant tissues, differentiating tumor types, and assessing vascularity and recurrence risk.
CT and MRI are imaging modalities used to visualize structures in the body. CT uses X-rays while MRI uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves. CT provides spatial detail of bones and some soft tissues. MRI has better contrast resolution and does not use ionizing radiation, allowing it to distinguish between soft tissues and detect abnormalities. Different MRI sequences such as T1-weighted and T2-weighted images provide contrast between tissues like fat, water, and pathology. Functional MRI techniques examine brain activity through blood oxygenation levels.
1. The document provides guidance on interpreting chest x-rays through a systematic review of normal anatomy and common pathologies.
2. It outlines a sequential process for reviewing chest x-rays, starting with administrative details and then assessing each region of the chest in order.
3. Key areas to examine include the lungs, heart, mediastinum, hila, ribs, and soft tissues. Common pathologies like pneumonia, masses, effusions, and emphysema are illustrated.
This document provides an overview of an elective course on cross-sectional anatomy of the human body using medical imaging. It introduces various medical imaging modalities like CT, MRI, ultrasound and their appearances. It then describes in detail the anatomy of head and neck regions visible on axial and sagittal MRI slices at different levels from the skull base to the thorax. Selected clinical cases involving lesions of the neck, parotid glands and muscles are also presented to demonstrate clinical correlations. The goal is to familiarize medical students with cross-sectional anatomy and images commonly seen in clinical practice and exams.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES FOR CHILDREN.pdfSachin Sharma
Here are some key objectives of communication with children:
Build Trust and Security:
Establish a safe and supportive environment where children feel comfortable expressing themselves.
Encourage Expression:
Enable children to articulate their thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
Promote Emotional Understanding:
Help children identify and understand their own emotions and the emotions of others.
Enhance Listening Skills:
Develop children’s ability to listen attentively and respond appropriately.
Foster Positive Relationships:
Strengthen the bond between children and caregivers, peers, and other adults.
Support Learning and Development:
Aid cognitive and language development through engaging and meaningful conversations.
Teach Social Skills:
Encourage polite, respectful, and empathetic interactions with others.
Resolve Conflicts:
Provide tools and guidance for children to handle disagreements constructively.
Encourage Independence:
Support children in making decisions and solving problems on their own.
Provide Reassurance and Comfort:
Offer comfort and understanding during times of distress or uncertainty.
Reinforce Positive Behavior:
Acknowledge and encourage positive actions and behaviors.
Guide and Educate:
Offer clear instructions and explanations to help children understand expectations and learn new concepts.
By focusing on these objectives, communication with children can be both effective and nurturing, supporting their overall growth and well-being.
This particular slides consist of- what is Pneumothorax,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is a summary of Pneumothorax:
Pneumothorax, also known as a collapsed lung, is a condition that occurs when air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall. This air buildup puts pressure on the lung, preventing it from expanding fully when you breathe. A pneumothorax can cause a complete or partial collapse of the lung.
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This document provides an overview of radiology of the spinal cord. It begins with an introduction and outlines the topics to be covered, including anatomy of the spinal cord and vertebral column, various radiological investigations such as plain X-rays, myelograms, CT, CT myelograms, and MRI. It then describes the anatomy of the spinal cord and vertebral bones, different radiological methods, and provides examples of the radiological presentation of some spinal cord diseases such as disk herniation, infection, fracture-dislocation, and spinal cord injury.
Leiomyoma is a benign tumor that originates from smooth
muscle cell. The most common sites are the uterus, gastrointestinal tract & skin. Leiomyoma is a relatively uncommon smooth muscle tumor rarely found in the head and neck. Enzinger and Weiss (1995), analyzed a total of 7748 leiomyomas, 95% of the tumors occurred in the female genitalia (uterus), 3% in the skin, 0.9% in the gastrointestinal tract and the remainder at various sites including skull base.
Forensic radiology uses imaging techniques like radiography, CT, MRI, and ultrasound to aid in identification, determine cause of death, and estimate characteristics like age and gender in legal and forensic investigations. It helps identify injuries, foreign bodies, and trauma and can be used in cases involving religious objections to autopsy. However, the field needs further standardization and large validation studies to realize its full potential.
This document provides an overview of various radiology modalities including:
1. Plain film radiography, computed tomography (CT), CT angiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and picture archiving and communication systems (PACS).
2. It discusses the basics of each modality such as their physical principles, advantages, limitations and appropriate clinical applications.
3. The document emphasizes important rules for clinicians in selecting the right imaging exam, discussing exams with radiologists, and preparing patients for radiology procedures.
This document provides a pictorial review of ultrasound images to illustrate benign and malignant features of thyroid nodules according to the U1-U5 classification system of the British Thyroid Association. It begins with an overview of normal thyroid ultrasound appearance and anatomy as a baseline for comparison. The majority of the document then features ultrasound images paired with descriptions of thyroid nodules demonstrating benign characteristics, such as a halo sign, microcystic/spongiform appearance, peripheral egg shell calcification, or peripheral vascularity, which correspond to a U2 classification. The aim is to help radiologists and clinicians recognize sonographic patterns to determine whether fine needle aspiration is necessary.
This document provides an overview of various orthopedic imaging modalities including x-rays, CT scans, MRI, ultrasound, and nuclear medicine techniques. It discusses the basic principles, clinical applications, strengths, and limitations of each modality. X-rays remain very useful due to their low cost and ability to show bone structure and density, while CT provides greater resolution of bone and some soft tissues. MRI has the best soft tissue contrast and is now often the preferred method for evaluating muscles, ligaments, and discs. Ultrasound is useful for joints, tendons, and muscles. Nuclear medicine techniques like SPECT and PET provide functional imaging.
Diagnostic imaging modalities play an important role in physical therapy. Rehab doctors need to understand medical imaging to make informed treatment decisions and assess patient progress or complications. The summary discusses several common imaging modalities:
- Radiography provides static bone images but has limitations. CT and MRI produce cross-sectional "slices" and are better for soft tissue. CT uses ionizing radiation while MRI uses magnetic fields.
- Ultrasound uses soundwaves to image soft tissues. Nuclear imaging involves radioactive tracers to assess bone or joint function and disease activity. Each modality has advantages and limitations for different clinical purposes. Physical therapists should be familiar with common indications to select the appropriate imaging study.
This document discusses various radiation methods used to diagnose thyroid diseases and conditions, including ultrasound, radionuclide imaging, CT, and MRI. It provides details on how each modality is used, what they image, and their indications. Specific attention is given to ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules. Examples of thyroid conditions imaged by radionuclide scans are also shown, such as hyperthyroidism, multinodular goiter, and thyroid nodules. Emergency thoracic and abdominal conditions that can be imaged are also reviewed, including pneumothorax, pleural effusions, bowel obstructions, and perforated ulcers.
The document discusses various radiographic techniques used in orthodontic diagnosis. It begins with a brief history of x-rays and their discovery by Roentgen. It then summarizes several intraoral and extraoral radiographs used in orthodontics including panoramic radiographs, lateral cephalograms, posterior anterior views, and temporomandibular joint tomograms. It highlights the structures visualized and diagnostic information provided by each technique. The document also discusses digital radiography and its advantages over conventional radiography.
The document discusses dental CT scans and MRI. It explains that dental CT scans can create 3D images of dental structures, soft tissues, nerve pathways and bone in one scan. They are used by dentists to diagnose diseases of the jaw, place implants accurately, and evaluate bone structure. MRI is also discussed as a non-invasive imaging method used in dentistry to examine tissues, joints, and structures like sinuses. It works by obtaining resonance signals from hydrogen nuclei in tissues.
Difference between modalities of general radiology and nuclear medicineAnieKhan5
General radiology uses modalities like x-rays, CT scans, ultrasound, MRI, and fluoroscopy to visualize anatomy and diagnose diseases. It has many subspecialties focused on different body systems. Nuclear medicine uses radioactive tracers and imaging like gamma cameras, SPECT, and PET to examine physiological processes. While general radiology images anatomy, nuclear medicine focuses on cellular function. Hybrid imaging combines modalities for increased diagnostic accuracy. PET-CT is an example, providing anatomical and functional data.
The document provides an overview of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including how it works, the types of images it can produce, and its applications in various parts of the body. It explains that MRI uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to align hydrogen protons in the body and produce signals used to form images. Key applications mentioned include neuroimaging, musculoskeletal imaging, and evaluating diseases of the abdomen, blood vessels, heart, breast and fetus.
This document summarizes a course on interpreting head CT scans for medical students. It discusses the physics of CT scanning, normal brain anatomy visible on CT, and various neurological emergencies that can be identified on head CT such as traumatic injuries like epidural and subdural hematomas as well as non-traumatic conditions like stroke and hydrocephalus. The course aims to provide students with skills to recognize important pathologies and avoid missed diagnoses when interpreting head CT scans.
The document discusses the radiological anatomy of a normal CT brain scan. It begins by describing the lobes of the brain and surfaces visible on CT. It then discusses the history and technique of CT scanning, describing how different tissues appear in varying shades of gray. Common artifacts are also reviewed. Key features of a normal CT brain include symmetric ventricles and sulci, with intact skull and no masses or fluid collections seen.
This document provides an overview of a 45-lecture radiology course for 5th year medical students at the University of Sulaimani. It includes details on the course coordinator, list of lecturers, course objectives, syllabus, reading list, and descriptions of individual lectures. The course aims to teach students how to properly use different imaging modalities and read common radiological findings. It covers a wide range of topics within radiology including the chest, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal system, hepatobiliary system, urinary tract, bones, joints, and interventional radiology.
MRI provides high quality soft tissue imaging and is useful for evaluating many conditions of the head and neck region. It can identify soft tissue lesions, assess intracranial pathology, stage tumors, evaluate salivary glands and lymph nodes, and precisely image the TMJ for disorders like internal derangement. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI is particularly helpful for distinguishing normal and malignant tissues, differentiating tumor types, and assessing vascularity and recurrence risk.
CT and MRI are imaging modalities used to visualize structures in the body. CT uses X-rays while MRI uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves. CT provides spatial detail of bones and some soft tissues. MRI has better contrast resolution and does not use ionizing radiation, allowing it to distinguish between soft tissues and detect abnormalities. Different MRI sequences such as T1-weighted and T2-weighted images provide contrast between tissues like fat, water, and pathology. Functional MRI techniques examine brain activity through blood oxygenation levels.
1. The document provides guidance on interpreting chest x-rays through a systematic review of normal anatomy and common pathologies.
2. It outlines a sequential process for reviewing chest x-rays, starting with administrative details and then assessing each region of the chest in order.
3. Key areas to examine include the lungs, heart, mediastinum, hila, ribs, and soft tissues. Common pathologies like pneumonia, masses, effusions, and emphysema are illustrated.
This document provides an overview of an elective course on cross-sectional anatomy of the human body using medical imaging. It introduces various medical imaging modalities like CT, MRI, ultrasound and their appearances. It then describes in detail the anatomy of head and neck regions visible on axial and sagittal MRI slices at different levels from the skull base to the thorax. Selected clinical cases involving lesions of the neck, parotid glands and muscles are also presented to demonstrate clinical correlations. The goal is to familiarize medical students with cross-sectional anatomy and images commonly seen in clinical practice and exams.
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CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES FOR CHILDREN.pdfSachin Sharma
Here are some key objectives of communication with children:
Build Trust and Security:
Establish a safe and supportive environment where children feel comfortable expressing themselves.
Encourage Expression:
Enable children to articulate their thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
Promote Emotional Understanding:
Help children identify and understand their own emotions and the emotions of others.
Enhance Listening Skills:
Develop children’s ability to listen attentively and respond appropriately.
Foster Positive Relationships:
Strengthen the bond between children and caregivers, peers, and other adults.
Support Learning and Development:
Aid cognitive and language development through engaging and meaningful conversations.
Teach Social Skills:
Encourage polite, respectful, and empathetic interactions with others.
Resolve Conflicts:
Provide tools and guidance for children to handle disagreements constructively.
Encourage Independence:
Support children in making decisions and solving problems on their own.
Provide Reassurance and Comfort:
Offer comfort and understanding during times of distress or uncertainty.
Reinforce Positive Behavior:
Acknowledge and encourage positive actions and behaviors.
Guide and Educate:
Offer clear instructions and explanations to help children understand expectations and learn new concepts.
By focusing on these objectives, communication with children can be both effective and nurturing, supporting their overall growth and well-being.
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This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is a summary of Pneumothorax:
Pneumothorax, also known as a collapsed lung, is a condition that occurs when air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall. This air buildup puts pressure on the lung, preventing it from expanding fully when you breathe. A pneumothorax can cause a complete or partial collapse of the lung.
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Chandrima Spa Ajman is one of the leading Massage Center in Ajman, which is open 24 hours exclusively for men. Being one of the most affordable Spa in Ajman, we offer Body to Body massage, Kerala Massage, Malayali Massage, Indian Massage, Pakistani Massage Russian massage, Thai massage, Swedish massage, Hot Stone Massage, Deep Tissue Massage, and many more. Indulge in the ultimate massage experience and book your appointment today. We are confident that you will leave our Massage spa feeling refreshed, rejuvenated, and ready to take on the world.
Visit : https://massagespaajman.com/
Call : 052 987 1315
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3. Forensic radiology
Definition:
• Radiography is the creation of
radiographs by exposing a
photographic film or other image
receptor to X-rays. It is thus an
examination of the structure of
materials by non-destructive
methods.
• Forensic radiography is the
creation of radiographs for the
purpose of assisting with legal
investigations.
4. History
The first time an X-ray was used for a forensic
purpose was shortly after the technology was
invented.
In 1895, Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays
and just a few months later, a bullet lodged in the
leg of a gunshot victim was shown in an X-ray
and the evidence was used in court to
successfully prosecute the accused for attempted
murder. In addition to living subjects, forensic
radiology is commonly used just before
autopsies. The science has developed over the
years to include CAT scan, MRI and ultrasound
technologies.
5. Common techniques:
1. x-ray (roentgen ray):
• an energy form of ionizing
radiation from which may be
produced fluorescent or
photographic images “films”.
• forensic radiology depended
almost exclusively on the x-
ray and the static image
captured on the radiograph. Chest roentgenogram,
radiograph, Or X-ray
“film.
6. 2. Fluoroscopy :electronically
enhanced and directly visualized
x-ray in real-time motion, cine-
photographed, videotaped, or
digitized and stored on magnetic
tape or disks for replay
A modern fluoroscope with an
image intensifier connected to a
television camera. The televised
image (arrow) can be seen
without darkening the room.
Common techniques:
8. 3. Computed axial
tomography : “CAT
Scan” as computed
tomography or CT scans
passed through the body
over multiple diametric
pathways in the axial or
cross-sectional plane
resulting in a series of
images of cross- axial
sectional ‘slices ‘, a much
higher differentiation
between body tissues
than conventional x-ray .
Common techniques:
CT slice of heart showing tumor
(arrows)
in interventricular septum
9. 4. Magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) :
• Utilizes strong magnetic fields to
generate electromagnetic signals
from elements and compounds
found in body fluids and tissues .
• Can obtain multiplanar,
multidirectional, sectional images
or slices (MR scans)
Common techniques:
MRI of cardiac tumor
(arrows) shown in the
previous figure
10. 5. Ultrasound or
ultrasonography :
• Sound waves generated
outside the body by transponders
are reflected back from internal
structural interfaces to be
recaptured and converted into
real-time or static images.
• The image is a sonogram
Common techniques:
US of the same heart showing
a tumor (arrows) in
interventricular septum
12. The situations in which forensic
radiology can be applied to
resolve legal matters are many
and varied:
1. Determination of Identity
2. Evaluation & documentation
of Injury or cause of Death
3. Criminal Litigation
4. Civil Litigation
5. Recent advances ; Virtopsy.
6. Education & Research
SCOPE OF FORENSICRADIOLOGY
Radiograph
y can
speak
13. I. Identification
Radiological techniques allow forensic personal
identification of:
the ripped, lacerated corpses,
charred or carbonized corpses
macerated, putrefied or skeletonized corpses
in mass disasters, transportation injuries,
airchrach, bomb explosions
14. I. Identification
I. Deductive (general or reconstructive)
identification:
Sex: radiographs of skull, pelvis and
sternum.
Age:
Appearance of ossific centers
Union of epiphysial plates
Calcification of laryngeal and costal
cartilages
Skull radiographs for examination of
fontanels, sutures and teeth.
Race; negro skull,
15. I. Identification
II. Comparative Identification:
Depends on comparing antemortem to postmortem X-
Rays of a person.
Comparison includes:
Normal structures:
Comparison of skull bones, sinuses especially
frontal sinuses regarding the size and shape ,Sella
tursica & others
Other bones; ribs, hip, dental, chest and vertebral
areas
Abnormal structures: congenital anomalies of
bones, deformities and/or fractures, metallic
prosthesis..
Dental radiographs: comparing root shapes, teeth
fillings and abnormal teeth eruptions.
Personal objects & Jewells:
16. I. Identification
The frontal sinus is a triangular, pyramidal air
cavity in between the tables of the frontal
bone
highly variable nature, even among
identical twins.
stable structure during adult life
Its resiliency :It has very strong walls and
preserved intact in human remains.
Head & paranasal sinus radiographs are
taken commonly for diagnostic purposes
and almost everybody has one in his/her
health folder.
1. The frontal sinus
17. I. Identification
X-ray Comparison : matching of unique features; of external and internal
bony anatomy (several-fold, curvatures, trabuclae, septae) can be
made by superimposition or coding systems.
1. The frontal sinus
Comparison of frontal sinuses between ante-mortem (AM) and post-
mortem
(PM) skull films showing duplication of distinctive pattern of air cells,
18. I. Identification
1. The frontal
sinus
Appearance of Several Frontal
Sinuses in CTs
Frontal sinus CT is a more
precise than conventional
radiographs;
• avoiding the
superimposition of
structures beyond the
plane of interest
• the images can be easily
manipulated and internal
points that should be
evaluated can be shown
by images segmentation.
19. I. Identification
1. The frontal
sinus
Frontal sinus CT is a more precise than
conventional radiographs;
• allowing the visualization of small
differences of density & thickening
• Craniometric points; precisely located and
measurements more accurately performed
than on conventional radiographs.
Volumes and areas can be determined.
CT skull using a “bone window”.
• C; bony thickening of inner table of frontal
bone on CT
• D; The “topogram” preliminary to the CT
scan, showing craniometric points,
20. I. Identification
2. Dental
radiography
Partially
skeletonized, badly
decomposed
remains of a female
body.
Characteristic dental
features:
comparing root
shapes, teeth
fillings , abnormal
teeth eruptions,
artificial teeth
fillings, dental
sutures or teeth
archades Comparison of A : AM dental radiograph, with B :
PM one of disarticulated mandible. There is a
perfect match of both the restoration in the molar
and the broken- off drill bit tip.
21. I. Identification
2. Dental
radiography
A : PM radiograph of
mandibular fragment
compared with B : AM
bitewing radiograph. The
root canal work and
restorations are identical.bit
tip.
22. I. Identification
2. Dental
radiography
A : PM facial
roentgenogram shows
unique restorations and a
wire suture in the orbital
floor. B : AM panoramic
dental examination shows
identical findings.
23. I. Identification
3. Any characteristic bony
features
Dismembered trunk of a
female found in a sewer.
A : PM radiograph shows
peculiar beak-like
calcification of the 1st
costochondral junction, cx rib
bilaterally (arrows); B : AM
chest with identical
calcifications (arrow).
A
B
24. I. Identification
A
B
A: PM and B: AM X-ray of the
forearm of a air crash victim
with “plate and screws”
fixation devices in place.
A: PM and B: AM X ray of an air
crash victim who had undergone
hip replacement surgery.
25. I. Identification
A
B
Radiograph of severely burned
remains on which no personal
effects were evident on external
examination. A wristwatch and
ring, clearly seen on the
radiograph, were not found on
initial autopsy. When recovered,
both items were instrumental in
identifying the victim.
4. Personal objects &
Jewells
26. II.Radiological detection& documentationof injury OR the cause of death
Radiological examinations play significant
role:
in differential diagnosis of non-
accidental fractures from accidental
fractures
in determination of radiological evidence
of physical abuse, Torture
medical malpractice cases
localization and type of bullets or shots
remained within body.
Pre autopsy ; to diagnose air embolism,
cerebral air embolism, barotrauma,
pneumothorax or pneumopericardium,
27. A. Radiology of injury
• Swelling, edema or
hemorrhage:
Subdural hematoma
around frontal lobe
(arrows) on CT.
I. Soft tissue
injury:
II.Radiological detection& documentation of injury OR the cause of death
28. A. Radiology of injury
• Laceration of an
organ: knife wound to
the heart (arrow)
shown by MRI
I. Soft tissue
injury:
II.Radiological detection& documentation of injury OR the cause of death
29. A. Radiology of injury
• Abnormal collection of
air in the chest →
pneumothorax:
• Right-sided
pneumothorax (arrow)
on plain CXR
I. Soft tissue
injury:
II.Radiological detection& documentation of injury OR the cause of death
30. A. Radiology of injury
• Abnormal collection of air
in the chest →
pneumothorax: Left-sided
pneumothorax (arrow) on
CT scan of the chest with
chest tube in place
I. Soft tissue
injury:
II.Radiological detection& documentation of injury OR the cause of death
31. A. Radiology of injury
Pneumopericardium >> the dark
halo of air surrounding the heart
(arrows). There also is
pneumomediastinum outlining
the inferior border of the thymus
(open arrows).
I. Soft tissue
injury:
II.Radiological detection& documentation of injury OR the cause of death
32. A. Radiology of injury
Battered child
cases:
A. Multiple
regional
fractures →
skull
II. Fractures:
In child abuse
II.Radiological detection& documentation of injury OR the cause of death
33. A. Radiology of injury
Battered child cases: A. Multiple regional fractures
→ skull
II. Fractures:
In child abuse
Skull fissures on plain XR Skull fissures on CT
II.Radiological detection& documentation of injury OR the cause of death
34. A. Radiology of injury
Battered child cases:
Multiple regional fractures
→ Long bones →
metaphyseal fractures
(avulsion and dislocation
of epiphyseal ends):
Typical bucket-handle
metaphyseal fracture of
the distal humerus on plain
XR.
II. Fractures:
In child abuse
II.Radiological detection& documentation of injury OR the cause of death
35. A. Radiology of injury
II. Fractures: In child abuse
II.Radiological detection& documentation of injury OR the cause of death
Rib fractures. A : typical healed posterior fracture
from AP compression. B : healed lateral rib
fractures.
36. A. Radiology of injury
II. Fractures:
In child abuse
II.Radiological detection& documentation of injury OR the cause of death
Rib fractures. D :
(beads of string) with
multiple bilateral healing
fractures (note hazy
callus surrounding ribs).
37. A. Radiology of injury
2. Battered child
cases:
B. Fractures of different
ages: a new rib
fracture (arrow)
through one of the old,
healed fractur
II. Fractures:
In child abuse
II.Radiological detection& documentation of injury OR the cause of death
38. A. Radiology of injury `
II. Fractures:
In domestic
abuse
II.Radiological detection& documentation of injury OR the cause of death
depressed fracture of the
left zygomatic arch (arrows)
D : panorex study
shows fractures
through the left
mandibular angle and
right mentalis,
separation of teeth at
fracture site
hand showing new (arrows),
healing (open arrows), and
healed (curved arrows)
fractures with residual
deformity, and dislocation
39. A. Radiology of injury
typical “bumper
fracture” in an adult
pedestrian hit from the
right.
II. Fractures:
In transporation
fractures
II.Radiological detection& documentation of injury OR the cause of death
40. A. Radiology of injury
stabbing by glass
piece
III. Foreign
bodies:
II.Radiological detection& documentation of injury OR the cause of death
41. Retained instruments
after surgery: clamp
III. Foreign
bodies:
Retained instruments
after surgery: curved
needle (arrow)
II.Radiological detection& documentation of injury OR the cause of death
42. A bottle was driven into the
victim’s face. The cap
stayed
behind as the bottle was
withdrawn.
III. Foreign
bodies:
II.Radiological detection& documentation of injury OR the cause of death
43. III. Foreign
bodies:
A woman was found burned beyond recognition after a house fire. The
remains were radiographed in order to try to match them with the
occupant’s ante-mortem chest film. Showing; B revealed several coils of a
wire ligature around the victim’s neck. C positive radiological identification.
In charred mutilated
bodies
II.Radiological detection& documentation of injury OR the cause of death
44. III. Foreign
bodies:
This middle-aged man was sent for a chest film ( A )
because of suspected heart disease. A round mass in the
left lung prompted a tomogram ( B and C ) which defined
the mass in frontal and lateral projections.
In transportation
injuries
II.Radiological detection& documentation of injury OR the cause of death
45. III. Foreign
bodies:
At surgery ( D ) a gearshift knob
encapsulated in fibrous scar was removed.
The man had been in an automobile
accident 22 years earlier!
II.Radiological detection& documentation of injury OR the cause of death
46. IV. Firearm
injuries
bullets: Fragmented
bullet within the head and
neck areas of a gunshot
wound victim.
Radiology role in gunshot
wounds:
• In the location of the bullet
• Reveal whether there are bullets of a different
caliber (in cases where multiple weapons are
involved).
• The number of bullets is also important and
must be correlated with the entrance and exit
wounds .
• May also reveal information about the angle
and direction of fire. Small metallic fragments
produced when a bullet strikes bone may lead
directly to the bullet and clearly indicate the
bullet’s path
• The radiographs may reveal clues as to the
type of weapon . Shots; leave a characteristic
II.Radiological detection& documentation of injury OR the cause of death
47. IV. Firearm
injuries
bullets: A bullet traversed the posterior elements of the C-1 vertebra (small
arrows), impacted on the posterior body of C-2 (open arrows), then dropped in the
spinal canal before coming to rest at the C-5 level (large arrow).
•The radiographs may reveal
clues as to the type of weapon .
Shots; leave a characteristic
“lead snowstorm”
• X-rays may be the first
indication that a crime has
been committed when
decomposed bodies are
discovered.
Radiology role in gunshot
wounds:
II.Radiological detection& documentation of injury OR the cause of death
48. IV. Firearm
injuries
bullets: A : frontal and B : lateral view of the skull show a left temporal wound
of entry (arrowheads). There are scattered bone and bullet fragments
throughout. The bullet bounced off the sella (open arrow). The jacket (short
arrow) separated, and the bullet (long arrow) came to rest against the right
parietal bone posteriorly.
II.Radiological detection& documentation of injury OR the cause of death
49. IV. Firearm
injuries
bullets: the characteristic sharp projections of the jacket
,exposed as the bullet mushrooms(dumdamized bullets)
II.Radiological detection& documentation of injury OR the cause of death
50. IV. Firearm
injuries
bullets: CT reveals bullet deep in
posterior costophrenic sulcus (star
pattern). Bullet obscured on
routine chest film by density of full-
thickness liver.
A : bullet fired into the base of the skull
cut a groove in the occipital bone (large
arrow) scattering fragments (small
arrows) into the posterior fossa as shown
on CT examination.
II.Radiological detection& documentation of injury OR the cause of death
51. IV. Firearm
injuries
shots: (snowstorm
appearance)
A shotgun wound to the
back. The two pellets
overlying the lower pelvis
entered the urinary bladder
(arrow) after passing
through the right ureter.
II.Radiological detection& documentationof injury OR the cause of death
52. V. Pre- autopsy :
Pre autopsy ; to diagnose air embolism, cerebral air
embolism, barotrauma, pneumothorax or
pneumopericardium, asphyxia
A : fracture of the hyoid bone (arrow) from strangulation. B :
fractures of the superior cornua of the thyroid cartilage from
strangulation.
II.Radiological detection& documentation of injury OR the cause of death
53. V. Pre-
autopsy :
Example of air in the heart of
a person suffering fatal
massive injuries in a
vehicular accident.
A : cervical spine examination shows massive
dissection of air in the soft tissue planes of the
neck. B : the CT scan demonstrates the fracture
of the anterior commissure of the larynx (arrow)
and air dissection in the soft tissues of the neck
(open arrows).
II.Radiological detection& documentationof injury OR the cause of death
54. :
Detection of
smuggling
I. Addictive agents (body packer):
Abdominal radiograph of a body
packer >> rounded and ovoid,
hyperdense packages,
III. In criminal cases:
Latex-covered narcotic
packages are shown in the
opened stomach of a body
packer who died of an
overdose when one of the
55. :
Detection of
smuggling
III. In criminal cases:
I. Addictive agents (body packer): CT of a body packer:
shows multiple drug packages somewhat denser than
the bowel, most of which contain entrapped air at the
ends of the packages.
56. :
Detection of
smuggling
III. In criminal cases:
II. Jewels (larceny by
ingestion):
X-ray of the abdomen of a
suspected jewel thief.
Note the dense object
(arrow) in the shape of a
brilliant cut diamond.
57. IV. In civil cases:
• Determination of age for;
Marriage, Consent of rape,
Juvenile courts
• Evaluation , documentation
& follow up in cases of
disability & infirmity for
compensation
• Evaluation , documentation
& follow up in cases of
medical malpractise X-ray on hands & wrist joint
>> less than 18 yr
59. V.VIRTOPSY
The term virtopsy was created from the terms virtual and autopsy:
• “virtual” is ancient Latin for “useful
• autopsy is a combination of the Greek terms “autos” (self or with
one’s own) and “opsomei” (seeing with eyes): so “autopsy” means
“seeing with one’s own eyes.” we merged the two terms virtual and
autopsy deleting “autos” to create virtopsy
Virtopsy meant an objective documentation and analysis process of
physical features and evidence BASED on multislice computed
tomography (MSCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
technology,(increasing both contrast and resolution and offering
possibilities of 2D and 3D reconstruction).
The aim was to establish an observer-independent, objective, and
reproducible forensic assessment method using modern imaging
technology, eventually leading to minimally invasive “virtual” forensic
autopsy.
60. V.VIRTOPSY
Virtopsy Technique: PM whole body imaging basically consists of
(a) body volume documentation and analysis using CT, MRI and
microradiology
(b) 3D body surface documentation using forensic photogrammetry
and 3D optical scanning. The resulting data set contains high-
resolution 3D color-encoded documentation of the body surface
and 3D volume documentation of the interior of the body
MLI of Virtopsy:
Identification
Diagnosis of injuries & cause of death
Locatization of FB, firearm injuries,
Diagnosis of body packer
61. V.VIRTOPSY
Advantages over classic autopsy:
•It brings information without body destruction of classic autopsy
•It can be used in cultures refusing classic autopsy
•Easily examination in contaminated bodies by infection, toxins &
radiation
• Mobile stable records can be visualized in courts
•Complete easily retrieval digital data archives with good
preservation evidences
Disadvantages or limitations:
•Decomposed changes can be mistaken with pathological
changes
•Multiple gun shot injuries crossing with false tracts, cant be
differentiated
•Surface anatomic features & pathological changes cant be
captured as petechiae, pigmentation & colour change
62. Corpse identification with CT in different cases. (a) Oblique VR bone image in a
burned corpse shows a helical wire in the left humerus representing a rare
technique of humeral osteosynthesis. (b) AP the pelvis shows two screws in the
left femur. (c) AP of the knees shows replacement of the right anterior cruciate
ligament with screws in the femur and tibia. (d) AP of the lumbar spine shows
vertebroplasty with cement in the vertebral bodies, a finding that can be used for
identification.
63. (3) Increased intracranial pressure as the cause of death. (a) Coronal T2-weighted MR image
shows herniation of basilar parts of the cerebellum into the foramen magnum. (b) Autopsy
photograph shows the cerebellum, with swelling of the tonsils (solid arrows) and a pressure
mark caused by the foramen magnum (dashed arrows).
(4) Traumatic bleeding. (a) shows local hypointense areas (arrow) in the left temporal lobe that
reach the subarachnoidal space. These areas represent degenerative products of hemoglobin
and indicate trauma.
(b) Autopsy photograph of a slice through the temporal lobe of the formalin-fixed brain shows
64. Natural cardiac death. (a) MRI shows local hypointense areas (arrow) in the left
lateral wall, with areas of hyperintensity in the surrounding myocardial tissue. (b)
autopsy specimen shows hemorrhagic myocardial infarction (arrow) in the lateral
wall of the left ventricle.
(c) MR in a patient with chronic uremic cardiomyopathy shows massive eccentrically
hypertrophic ventricles in a so-called cor bovinum. (d) autopsy specimen helps
confirm biventricular eccentric hypertrophy (heart weight, 1070 g).
65. stab wound to the heart (a) MR I shows a myocardial injury (solid white arrow).
Subsequent pericardial tamponade (dashed white arrows) with medium signal intensity
and an upper layer of serum (black arrows) with increased signal intensity. (b) autopsy
specimen demonstrates transmural laceration of the left ventricle in the apical region
(arrow).
Lethal air embolism of the pulmonary artery in the victim of a gunshot wound to the
head. (a) AP 3D VR shows the air-filled right ventricle and pulmonary artery. CT-
volumetry showed 59 mL of gas within these two structures. (b) Autopsy photograph
demonstrates the procedure used to confirm the presence of an air embolism turning the
scalpel produces ascending air bubbles (arrow )
66. Pulmonary edema. (a) MRI of the thorax shows a global increase in signal
intensity throughout the lungs caused by an increased fraction of
intrapulmonary water. (b) autopsy specimen shows the loss of tissue water
after sectioning. Note the accumulation of the drained edema (arrows)
surrounding the thumbs of the forensic pathologist.
Severe postmortem bronchopneumonia. (a) CT scan shows complete air
displacement in the right lung. Only parts of the left lung are ventilated. (b)
MRI demonstrates increased signal Intensity throughout the right lung and in
67. a gunshot wound to the head. (a) AP 3D VR CT shows an entrance wound
with sharp external margins and a cone-shaped bone defect from external
to internal. (b) Autopsy shows findings similar to those seen in a. (c) 3D VR
CT shows the exit wound and a cone-shaped defect from internal to
external. (d) Autopsy photograph reveals findings similar to those seen in c.