Fungi and fungal-like organisms are heterotrophic, requiring external nutrients. They grow through hyphae that colonize substrates to obtain nutrients. Hyphal cell walls contain glucans and chitin in true fungi or cellulose and glycans in fungal-like organisms. Modern fungal classification is based on phylogenetic analysis and generally follows Agrios (2005), grouping organisms by kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. Key groups include Oomycetes, Chytridiomycetes, Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes. Many genera contain important plant pathogens.
This document is a thesis submitted by Kavita Jadhav to the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Science degree in Agricultural Entomology. The thesis studies the biology and management of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae, in pop sorghum. It includes chapters on the introduction, literature review, materials and methods, experimental results, discussion, summary, and references. The thesis aims to understand the biology of S. oryzae on pop sorghum, screen pop sorghum varieties for resistance to the rice weevil, and evaluate ecofriendly approaches for its management.
Fungi are classified based on their reproductive structures. The three phyla are Mastigomycota, which have motile spores; Amastigomycota, which have non-motile spores and include the classes Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, and Basidiomycetes; and Deuteromycota, which reproduce asexually. Ascomycetes have both sexual and asexual reproduction and include many plant pathogens. Basidiomycetes only reproduce sexually and include mushrooms. Fungi play many important roles as decomposers, sources of antibiotics, food, and medicine.
This document provides information about starting a mushroom cultivation business. It discusses what mushrooms are, important facts about edibility and toxicity, popular species for cultivation like oyster and button mushrooms. It outlines the environmental conditions needed for growth, necessary equipment and supplies like culture medium, spawn, and bags. It notes mushrooms can be sold fresh or processed into foods and have a good market price. A survey found profit potential in mushroom farms in Savar, Dhaka.
Role Of Diatomaceous Earth (DE) And Essential Oils in the management Of Store...Aaliya Afroz
Diatomaceous earth and essential oils show potential for managing stored grain insect pests. Diatomaceous earth works through abrasion and absorption of the insect's cuticle and waxes. Its efficacy depends on factors like temperature, humidity, and insect life stage. Essential oils can have contact, fumigant, and ingestion toxicity. They impact insect physiology through effects on metabolism, development, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Both methods have lower mammalian toxicity than traditional pesticides and could provide more sustainable alternatives.
This document discusses diatoms and dinoflagellates. It notes that diatoms and dinoflagellates are both single-celled, eukaryotic algae that reside in marine environments as phytoplankton. Diatoms come in two shapes - centric and pennate - and have a silica cell wall called a theca. Dinoflagellates belong to the phylum Pyrrhophyta and have two flagella. Both diatoms and dinoflagellates contain chlorophyll and other pigments to perform photosynthesis.
Biopesticides provide environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides for organic pest management. They include microbials like bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa, insecticidal plants and extracts, and semiochemicals. Common biopesticides are baculoviruses, Beauveria bassiana, neem extracts, and pheromone traps. They are less toxic, more target specific and easily biodegradable than chemical pesticides. While their effects may be slower, biopesticides can successfully control pests with repeated applications at appropriate timings.
Fungi and fungal-like organisms are heterotrophic, requiring external nutrients. They grow through hyphae that colonize substrates to obtain nutrients. Hyphal cell walls contain glucans and chitin in true fungi or cellulose and glycans in fungal-like organisms. Modern fungal classification is based on phylogenetic analysis and generally follows Agrios (2005), grouping organisms by kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. Key groups include Oomycetes, Chytridiomycetes, Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes. Many genera contain important plant pathogens.
This document is a thesis submitted by Kavita Jadhav to the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Science degree in Agricultural Entomology. The thesis studies the biology and management of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae, in pop sorghum. It includes chapters on the introduction, literature review, materials and methods, experimental results, discussion, summary, and references. The thesis aims to understand the biology of S. oryzae on pop sorghum, screen pop sorghum varieties for resistance to the rice weevil, and evaluate ecofriendly approaches for its management.
Fungi are classified based on their reproductive structures. The three phyla are Mastigomycota, which have motile spores; Amastigomycota, which have non-motile spores and include the classes Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, and Basidiomycetes; and Deuteromycota, which reproduce asexually. Ascomycetes have both sexual and asexual reproduction and include many plant pathogens. Basidiomycetes only reproduce sexually and include mushrooms. Fungi play many important roles as decomposers, sources of antibiotics, food, and medicine.
This document provides information about starting a mushroom cultivation business. It discusses what mushrooms are, important facts about edibility and toxicity, popular species for cultivation like oyster and button mushrooms. It outlines the environmental conditions needed for growth, necessary equipment and supplies like culture medium, spawn, and bags. It notes mushrooms can be sold fresh or processed into foods and have a good market price. A survey found profit potential in mushroom farms in Savar, Dhaka.
Role Of Diatomaceous Earth (DE) And Essential Oils in the management Of Store...Aaliya Afroz
Diatomaceous earth and essential oils show potential for managing stored grain insect pests. Diatomaceous earth works through abrasion and absorption of the insect's cuticle and waxes. Its efficacy depends on factors like temperature, humidity, and insect life stage. Essential oils can have contact, fumigant, and ingestion toxicity. They impact insect physiology through effects on metabolism, development, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Both methods have lower mammalian toxicity than traditional pesticides and could provide more sustainable alternatives.
This document discusses diatoms and dinoflagellates. It notes that diatoms and dinoflagellates are both single-celled, eukaryotic algae that reside in marine environments as phytoplankton. Diatoms come in two shapes - centric and pennate - and have a silica cell wall called a theca. Dinoflagellates belong to the phylum Pyrrhophyta and have two flagella. Both diatoms and dinoflagellates contain chlorophyll and other pigments to perform photosynthesis.
Biopesticides provide environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides for organic pest management. They include microbials like bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa, insecticidal plants and extracts, and semiochemicals. Common biopesticides are baculoviruses, Beauveria bassiana, neem extracts, and pheromone traps. They are less toxic, more target specific and easily biodegradable than chemical pesticides. While their effects may be slower, biopesticides can successfully control pests with repeated applications at appropriate timings.
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that include mushrooms, molds, and yeasts. They obtain nutrients by absorbing dissolved molecules through enzymes secreted into their environment. Fungi play important roles in decomposition, industrial processes like brewing, and producing medications. They can also cause diseases in plants, animals, and humans. Fungi reproduce both sexually through spores and asexually through fragmentation.
1. Algae are a diverse group of primitive chlorophyll-containing plants that can be unicellular or multicellular and range in size from microscopic to large seaweeds.
2. They are defined as simple photoautotrophic organisms that primarily inhabit aquatic environments and have plant bodies that lack differentiation into tissues.
3. Algae show a variety of thallus organizations from single-celled to coenocytic to filamentous to parenchymatous and can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
This document summarizes a technical training on types of termites and their attributes. It discusses 5 main types of termites - dampwood termites, southeastern drywood termites, western drywood termites, desert subterranean termites. For each type, it describes their habitat, recognition (of workers, soldiers, swarmers), and some unique attributes. The document also discusses pre-construction and post-construction termite management strategies like physical and chemical barriers, baiting systems, inspection and localized treatment options.
Fungal secondary metabolites are organic compounds produced by fungi that are not essential for growth but provide benefits such as aiding competition, antagonism, and self-defense. The document discusses the importance of fungi in biotechnology and medicine, describing their use in producing antibiotics, enzymes, acids, and other pharmaceutical compounds. It outlines methods for isolating local fungi, testing their extracts against pathogens, optimizing production conditions, and characterizing purified compounds. The aim is to screen Iraqi fungi such as Rhizoctonia and Trichoderma for novel bioactive substances and examine their potential for medical applications.
This document discusses Mollicutes, a class of bacteria that lack cell walls. It describes their small size, absence of cell walls, disease symptoms like stunting and phyllody, and differences from other bacteria like having only a single membrane and lower G+C content. It also compares Spiroplasma and Mycoplasma, discusses their importance in fertilization and model organisms, and their management through antibiotics and antimicrobial peptides.
22.Royal jelly and queen A Lecture By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agricultu...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Royal jelly is a secretion produced by worker honey bees to feed larvae and the queen bee. It is composed of water, proteins, sugars, fats, vitamins and minerals. While all larvae are initially fed royal jelly, feeding it exclusively to some larvae beyond three days triggers their development into queen bees instead of workers. A queen bee's diet consists solely of royal jelly, which supports her longer lifespan of 2-4 years compared to worker bees which live around 45 days. Royal jelly is marketed for various health benefits but there is little scientific evidence that it has medical significance for humans.
Insect mouth parts, Insect wing and its types and different systems of InsectsStudent
The document describes the different mouth parts of insects which include the labrum, mandibles, maxillae, labium, and hypopharynx. It also discusses the various types of insect wings such as membranous, fringed, haltere, scaly, tegmina, elytra, and hemelytra wings. Additionally, it provides a brief overview of insect reproduction, circulatory, nervous, excretory, digestive, respiratory, and digestive systems.
The history of phytobacteriology began in 1675 when Anton Van Leeuwenhoek first observed bacteria under a microscope. Important developments include Pasteur demonstrating bacteria's role in fermentation in 1876, and Robert Koch establishing the link between specific bacteria and diseases like anthrax and cholera in 1876. Throughout the late 19th century, various scientists isolated and described different bacterial plant pathogens. Erwin Smith established bacteria as the primary cause of plant diseases from 1890-1899. Today around 1600 bacterial species are known, with many being beneficial for decomposition, but several cause diseases in humans, animals, and plants.
Lec. 34 Classification of class insecta.pptRaju Panse
The document classifies the class Insecta into 31 orders, with 4 orders belonging to the subclass Apterygota which includes wingless insects, and 27 orders belonging to the subclass Pterygota which is further divided into exopterygota and endopterygota based on wing development. The orders are also grouped according to their wing flexing mechanism into paleoptera, orthopteroid, hemipteroid, and panorpoid complexes. The lecture provides details on the characteristics and examples of the different orders within the class Insecta.
Fungi reproduce through three main methods: vegetative reproduction through fragmentation or budding, asexual reproduction through spores produced on specialized structures, and sexual reproduction through the fusion of haploid gametes. Asexual reproduction can be endogenous through spores produced inside sporangia or exogenous through spores (conidia) produced on conidiophores. During sexual reproduction, haploid gametes from two parents fuse and undergo meiosis to produce diploid spores, restoring the haploid phase.
The document discusses the scope of biological control as an integrated pest management method. There are several areas where biological control could be further developed and exploited, including promoting basic research, exploiting bioagents for more crop pests, and helping to reduce pollution hazards from insecticides. Adopting biological control methods more widely in agro industries could also help maintain the balance of nature.
Importance of mushroom cultivation A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad khan Form...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Importance of mushroom cultivation A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad khan Former Director General Agriculture Extension KPK Province and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
Trichogrammatids are tiny parasitic wasps that are important for biological control of insect pests. The document discusses the taxonomy and biology of Trichogramma and Trichogrammatoidea genera. It describes the mass rearing process using factitious hosts like Corcyra cephalonica and methods like trichocard technique. Field application involves stapling trichocard strips with parasitized eggs on crop leaves. Several exotic Trichogramma species have been introduced and established in India for controlling pests in crops like sugarcane, apple and cotton.
This document discusses the spiraling whitefly (Aleurodicus dispersus), a highly polyphagous pest native to the Caribbean and Central America. It was introduced to various island locations starting in the 1960s and was first reported in India in 1993. The whitefly lays characteristic spiral-shaped egg patterns and feeds on over 100 plant species. It can cause economic impacts through direct feeding, cosmetic damage to leaves, and indirect damage from sooty mold growth due to excreted honeydew. Natural enemies like Encarsia wasps and lacewings help control populations. Management involves cultural practices rather than pesticides.
Fungi play an important economic role in several industries and as food. They produce antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins and food products. Many fungi species are edible and cultivated commercially as foods. Yeast is used to produce vitamins and yeast cakes which are a source of protein. Medicinally, fungi produce important substances like penicillin and ergot. Industries utilize fungi for alcoholic beverages through fermentation, production of industrial enzymes and metabolites, as well as gibberellic acid which is used to increase plant growth.
This document discusses the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, an insect pest that damages many crop plants by feeding on their phloem and transmitting viruses. It can cause 20-100% damage to crops and has developed resistance to over 40 insecticides. The whitefly transmits over 100 viruses that cause symptoms like leaf curling, yellowing, and stunting in crops. The document recommends several management strategies, including cultural controls like intercropping, resistant varieties, and removal of weeds. It also recommends mechanical, biological and chemical controls like yellow sticky traps, predators/parasitoids, and insecticides. The conclusion states that controlling the whitefly vector is important for managing virus diseases, and that resistant varieties
Fungi play both helpful and harmful roles. Some fungi decompose organic matter and release nutrients for plants. Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots to help absorb nutrients. However, some fungi are pathogens that cause diseases in crops like wheat, rice, and potatoes. Fungi also have many uses including as food, sources of antibiotics, enzymes for industries, and in fermentation to produce alcoholic beverages.
This document discusses cybercrime and cyber laws in India. It defines cybercrime as crimes committed using computers and the internet, such as identity theft, hacking, and spreading viruses. The first recorded cybercrime took place in 1820 when employees sabotaged a new textile loom technology out of fear for their jobs. Common cybercrimes discussed include hacking, phishing, software piracy, and cyberbullying. The document also outlines key sections of India's Information Technology Act that pertains to cybercrime and establishes punishments such as fines and imprisonment. In recent years, India has experienced increasing cybercrime and is now ranked 4th globally for incidents.
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that include mushrooms, molds, and yeasts. They obtain nutrients by absorbing dissolved molecules through enzymes secreted into their environment. Fungi play important roles in decomposition, industrial processes like brewing, and producing medications. They can also cause diseases in plants, animals, and humans. Fungi reproduce both sexually through spores and asexually through fragmentation.
1. Algae are a diverse group of primitive chlorophyll-containing plants that can be unicellular or multicellular and range in size from microscopic to large seaweeds.
2. They are defined as simple photoautotrophic organisms that primarily inhabit aquatic environments and have plant bodies that lack differentiation into tissues.
3. Algae show a variety of thallus organizations from single-celled to coenocytic to filamentous to parenchymatous and can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
This document summarizes a technical training on types of termites and their attributes. It discusses 5 main types of termites - dampwood termites, southeastern drywood termites, western drywood termites, desert subterranean termites. For each type, it describes their habitat, recognition (of workers, soldiers, swarmers), and some unique attributes. The document also discusses pre-construction and post-construction termite management strategies like physical and chemical barriers, baiting systems, inspection and localized treatment options.
Fungal secondary metabolites are organic compounds produced by fungi that are not essential for growth but provide benefits such as aiding competition, antagonism, and self-defense. The document discusses the importance of fungi in biotechnology and medicine, describing their use in producing antibiotics, enzymes, acids, and other pharmaceutical compounds. It outlines methods for isolating local fungi, testing their extracts against pathogens, optimizing production conditions, and characterizing purified compounds. The aim is to screen Iraqi fungi such as Rhizoctonia and Trichoderma for novel bioactive substances and examine their potential for medical applications.
This document discusses Mollicutes, a class of bacteria that lack cell walls. It describes their small size, absence of cell walls, disease symptoms like stunting and phyllody, and differences from other bacteria like having only a single membrane and lower G+C content. It also compares Spiroplasma and Mycoplasma, discusses their importance in fertilization and model organisms, and their management through antibiotics and antimicrobial peptides.
22.Royal jelly and queen A Lecture By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agricultu...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Royal jelly is a secretion produced by worker honey bees to feed larvae and the queen bee. It is composed of water, proteins, sugars, fats, vitamins and minerals. While all larvae are initially fed royal jelly, feeding it exclusively to some larvae beyond three days triggers their development into queen bees instead of workers. A queen bee's diet consists solely of royal jelly, which supports her longer lifespan of 2-4 years compared to worker bees which live around 45 days. Royal jelly is marketed for various health benefits but there is little scientific evidence that it has medical significance for humans.
Insect mouth parts, Insect wing and its types and different systems of InsectsStudent
The document describes the different mouth parts of insects which include the labrum, mandibles, maxillae, labium, and hypopharynx. It also discusses the various types of insect wings such as membranous, fringed, haltere, scaly, tegmina, elytra, and hemelytra wings. Additionally, it provides a brief overview of insect reproduction, circulatory, nervous, excretory, digestive, respiratory, and digestive systems.
The history of phytobacteriology began in 1675 when Anton Van Leeuwenhoek first observed bacteria under a microscope. Important developments include Pasteur demonstrating bacteria's role in fermentation in 1876, and Robert Koch establishing the link between specific bacteria and diseases like anthrax and cholera in 1876. Throughout the late 19th century, various scientists isolated and described different bacterial plant pathogens. Erwin Smith established bacteria as the primary cause of plant diseases from 1890-1899. Today around 1600 bacterial species are known, with many being beneficial for decomposition, but several cause diseases in humans, animals, and plants.
Lec. 34 Classification of class insecta.pptRaju Panse
The document classifies the class Insecta into 31 orders, with 4 orders belonging to the subclass Apterygota which includes wingless insects, and 27 orders belonging to the subclass Pterygota which is further divided into exopterygota and endopterygota based on wing development. The orders are also grouped according to their wing flexing mechanism into paleoptera, orthopteroid, hemipteroid, and panorpoid complexes. The lecture provides details on the characteristics and examples of the different orders within the class Insecta.
Fungi reproduce through three main methods: vegetative reproduction through fragmentation or budding, asexual reproduction through spores produced on specialized structures, and sexual reproduction through the fusion of haploid gametes. Asexual reproduction can be endogenous through spores produced inside sporangia or exogenous through spores (conidia) produced on conidiophores. During sexual reproduction, haploid gametes from two parents fuse and undergo meiosis to produce diploid spores, restoring the haploid phase.
The document discusses the scope of biological control as an integrated pest management method. There are several areas where biological control could be further developed and exploited, including promoting basic research, exploiting bioagents for more crop pests, and helping to reduce pollution hazards from insecticides. Adopting biological control methods more widely in agro industries could also help maintain the balance of nature.
Importance of mushroom cultivation A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad khan Form...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Importance of mushroom cultivation A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad khan Former Director General Agriculture Extension KPK Province and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
Trichogrammatids are tiny parasitic wasps that are important for biological control of insect pests. The document discusses the taxonomy and biology of Trichogramma and Trichogrammatoidea genera. It describes the mass rearing process using factitious hosts like Corcyra cephalonica and methods like trichocard technique. Field application involves stapling trichocard strips with parasitized eggs on crop leaves. Several exotic Trichogramma species have been introduced and established in India for controlling pests in crops like sugarcane, apple and cotton.
This document discusses the spiraling whitefly (Aleurodicus dispersus), a highly polyphagous pest native to the Caribbean and Central America. It was introduced to various island locations starting in the 1960s and was first reported in India in 1993. The whitefly lays characteristic spiral-shaped egg patterns and feeds on over 100 plant species. It can cause economic impacts through direct feeding, cosmetic damage to leaves, and indirect damage from sooty mold growth due to excreted honeydew. Natural enemies like Encarsia wasps and lacewings help control populations. Management involves cultural practices rather than pesticides.
Fungi play an important economic role in several industries and as food. They produce antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins and food products. Many fungi species are edible and cultivated commercially as foods. Yeast is used to produce vitamins and yeast cakes which are a source of protein. Medicinally, fungi produce important substances like penicillin and ergot. Industries utilize fungi for alcoholic beverages through fermentation, production of industrial enzymes and metabolites, as well as gibberellic acid which is used to increase plant growth.
This document discusses the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, an insect pest that damages many crop plants by feeding on their phloem and transmitting viruses. It can cause 20-100% damage to crops and has developed resistance to over 40 insecticides. The whitefly transmits over 100 viruses that cause symptoms like leaf curling, yellowing, and stunting in crops. The document recommends several management strategies, including cultural controls like intercropping, resistant varieties, and removal of weeds. It also recommends mechanical, biological and chemical controls like yellow sticky traps, predators/parasitoids, and insecticides. The conclusion states that controlling the whitefly vector is important for managing virus diseases, and that resistant varieties
Fungi play both helpful and harmful roles. Some fungi decompose organic matter and release nutrients for plants. Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots to help absorb nutrients. However, some fungi are pathogens that cause diseases in crops like wheat, rice, and potatoes. Fungi also have many uses including as food, sources of antibiotics, enzymes for industries, and in fermentation to produce alcoholic beverages.
This document discusses cybercrime and cyber laws in India. It defines cybercrime as crimes committed using computers and the internet, such as identity theft, hacking, and spreading viruses. The first recorded cybercrime took place in 1820 when employees sabotaged a new textile loom technology out of fear for their jobs. Common cybercrimes discussed include hacking, phishing, software piracy, and cyberbullying. The document also outlines key sections of India's Information Technology Act that pertains to cybercrime and establishes punishments such as fines and imprisonment. In recent years, India has experienced increasing cybercrime and is now ranked 4th globally for incidents.
Eoin had a dream where they turned into a boy. When they woke up, they had actually turned into a boy. Two months later, Eoin's mother gave them a paper that helped turn them back into a girl when shown to the insane man from Eoin's dream. Eoin enjoys pretending to be a teacher and a princess. In another dream, Eoin was a teacher for a year in another dimension. A machine later made Eoin tell some truths and secrets. Eoin received a robot servant named Sparkle in the mail that dressed with Eoin's ghosts.
O documento discute a importância da educação para o desenvolvimento econômico e social de um país. Ele argumenta que investimentos em educação melhoram a produtividade e a capacidade de inovação, levando a maiores ganhos de produtividade ao longo do tempo. Além disso, uma população mais educada promove sociedades mais estáveis e democráticas.
Over 2,400 participants from more than 100 countries gathered in Bali, Indonesia for the 8th Internet Governance Forum to discuss current internet governance issues over 4 days through 50 workshops focused on topics like human rights, cybercrime, and freedom of expression. The forum aimed to explore how to create a better, more transparent and safer internet through multistakeholder cooperation between governments, businesses, and civil society organizations. Key principles of good internet governance were discussed that participants hope will help build bridges to solutions in the future.
The narrator describes their experience as a red blood cell being pumped through the heart and carrying oxygen to the body before becoming blue and removing carbon dioxide. On their birthday, the narrator's mother did not allow a puppy but got one as a gift anyway, making the narrator happy. In 2014, the narrator saved the transforming robot Odimus Prime, who came with a sword and pledged to serve and help the narrator when in trouble.
Song-Bo dreams of becoming a chef who cooks healthy and delicious food for others to enjoy. On the day his mother died, he vowed to protect his family and care for them, cooking for them even when tired. Song-Bo recounts an incident where he was bullied in the park, but escaped when a gorilla appeared and killed the bullies. He imagines having a robot servant as a friend to play with rather than work it hard.
This document discusses how exercise may be able to substitute an addiction to food by activating the same neurotransmitters in the brain's reward system. It explains that foods and pleasurable activities all trigger the release of dopamine, which motivates humans to repeat rewarding behaviors. Exercise specifically causes the release of serotonin and dopamine, which can reduce appetite and trigger feelings of satisfaction without eating. By changing one's mindset to find exercise rewarding, it may become a habitual behavior that supports weight loss and substitutes an addiction to food by activating the same brain regions in a healthy way.
4. Fungi)fungus)( فنگسی (قارچ
• قارچ لفظ ترکی بوده که معمولاً به نام
فنجی یاد شده.
• در زبان پشتو به نام فنگسی یاد
میشود.
• دیگر نام های فنجی مانند سمارق،
سمارق سمی بسیار معمول است.
5. )fungi( ساختمان
• اجسام نبات مانند است که مربوط به گروپ
است. )eukaryotic( یوکاریوتا
• اینها یک حجروی یا چندین حجروی میباشند.
است. )chorophyle( • اینها فاقد کلوروفیل
از )cell wall( • دیوار حجروی
ساخته شده اند. )chitine( کائتین
6. )Fungi( ساختمان
)hypa( • از رشته ها باریک به نام هایفا
تشکیل شده است.
• در سال 1969 م یک بیولوژی پوه امریکایی
تشخیص کرد که فنجی ها whittaker به نام
از دیگر یوکاریوتا مانند باکتریا، پروتستا،
وغیره به بسیاری خصوصیات متفاوت اند، از
طبقی بندی کرد. fungi ای خاطر به نام
8. fungi تعذیه
• فنجي غذاي خود را ساخته نمي تواند.
)saprophyte( • بعضی آنها سپوروفایت
اند یعنی متکی به اجسام مرده و تخریب
شده میباشد.
• با وجودی که درهمه جا موجود است ولی
در جا های گرم و مرطوب خوبتر نمو
میکند.
9. (types of fungi( انواع فنجی
)perfect fungi( 1. فنجی حقیقی
Amastigomycota
)Imperfect fungi( 2. فنجی غیر حقیقی
Mastigomycota
10. )perfect( فنجی حقیقی
•قادر به ساختن غذا نه میباشند.
•ساختمان مغلق دارد.
•نسبت به باکتریا بزرگ بوده
•کلوروفیل ندارد، مانند: سمارق ها ،
)yeast( و خمیر مایه )mold( پوپنک
میباشد.
14. )Imperfect( فنجی غیر حقیقی
• این دسته فنجی ها را بخاطری غیر حقیقی می
گویند که آنها برای ادامه حیات خود کدام تکثر
جنسی را در سیکل حیاتی خود ندارند.
• و خانواده های این از فامیل از نظر نسب با هم
pinsellin نزدیک نمیباشد، مانند پنسیلین
16. )fungi( مورد استفاده فنجی
مستقیما بحیث غذا .
بعضی شان بحیث ادویه.
در صناعت و زراعت.
همچنان فنجی ها رول تجزیه کننده
را دارد.
17. فنجی به حیث غذا
استفاده می شود در Mushroom فنجی ها در غذا
تهیه انواع غذاها لذیذ در تمام جهان که محتویات آن
ویتامین ، A کاربوهایدریت ، پروتین ، کمتر ویتامن
و منرال ها میباشد. C
خمیر مایه ها عموما غنی از کاربو هایدریت ها ،
می A و D پروتین و شحم و منابع ویتامین های
باشد .
19. فنجی ها در صنعت
• بطور وسیع فنجی ها در صنایع پنیر سازی ،
سازی )beer( خبازی ، و سایر صنایع بیر
استفاده میشود.
• خمیر مایه ها به طور وسیع در تخمر
الهکولیک شده، که اساس صنعت بیر
سازی را تشکیل می دهد
20. فنجی در تولید ایزایم
انواع انزایم synthase • فنجی ها در سنتیز
، Invertase ، Zymase هاضمه به شمول
Cellulase ، Amylase
برای خلاصه Saccharomyces Cerevisiae •
استفاده می شود . Zymase و Invertase سازی
اسفاده می Aspergillus niger از Amylase •
شود.
استفاده Trichoderma reesili از Cellulase •
می شود.
21. فنجی در تولید ادویه
یکی از ادویه مهم در تداوی Ergot •
بخاطر کنترول خونریزی. heamorrhage
دوای مورد استعمال در تداوی نفس Ephedrine •
از )congestion( و احتقان بینی )asthma( تنگی
آن استفاده می شود.
که یک دوای انتی Penicillin • ودر تولید
مهم در تداوی امراض )antibiotic( بیوتیک
باکتریایی می باشد.
22. فنجی ها در زراعت
فنجی ها همراه باکتریها رول گندیده خوار را
Decompositor در طبیعت داشته و خاصیت
را داشته و طبیعت را از وجود کثافات پاک می
سازد.
فنجی های در کنترل حشرات رول دارند و
بخاطر جلوگیری و کنترول حشرات از آنها
استفاده میشوند .
23. سؤ تاثیرات فنجی به صحت
• سبب بروز امراض اعضای
)yeast infection(. تناسلی
reproductive system fungal (
)infection
• سؤ تاثیرات بر روی جلد.
• تاثیرات بر روی ناخن.
28. )mushrooms( سمارق/مرخیړي
بسیار Myceteae • عالم سمارق ها یا
بزرگ بوده و تقریبا 10000 نوع
سمارق را شامل می باشد.
•سمارق ها بطور معمول به سطح زمین
در زیر خاک و یا بر روی منبع مواد
غذای تولید میشوند.
30. )mushrooms( ساختمان سمارق
• سمارق ها فاقد ریشه ، ساقه و برگ بوده ودارای اشکال
Non ( و غیر رشتوی )Filamented( رشتوی
می باشند. )Filamented
Mitosis • سمارق ها دارای هسته حقیقی اند وتوسط عملیه
انقسام می نمایند.
• در سایتوپلازم آنها واکیول و مایتوکاندریا وجود دارد.
• . هر گاه در وسط زرعیه مناسب کشت شوند ، ساختمان
تولید می نمایند Mycellium های رشته مانند بنام
