Presented virtually by Andy Sutton, Principal Network Architect, BT Technology on 06 Aug 2020.
Andy provides an update and review of the transformational plans, capabilities and outcomes from 5G deployments in the UK. 5G networks are already enabling a step change in the range and capability of innovative applications from IoT to robotics. That pace of change is due to accelerate as 5G moves from its initial enhanced mobile broadband phase to deliver ultra-reliable and low latency communications along with massive machine type connectivity.
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
Overview of standardisation status and 3GPP technology evolution trend3G4G
Presented by Sylvia Lu, Senior Engineer, Cellular Technology, u-blox UK at Cambridge Wireless event Radio technology for 5G – making it work on 18 Sep 2018
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
Overview of standardisation status and 3GPP technology evolution trendSylvia Lu
Presented by Sylvia Lu, Cellular Technology, u-blox & Member of UK5G Advisory Board at Cambridge Wireless event Radio technology for 5G – making it work on 18 Sep 2018
UK Spectrum Policy Forum - Chris Cheeseman, BT - UK Public Mobile SpectrumtechUK
UK Spectrum Policy Forum
Cluster 1: public (cellular) mobile - 8th December 2014
Chris Cheeseman, Head of Spectrum Strategy, BT Group Plc
UK Public Mobile Spectrum
More information at: http://www.techuk.org/about/uk-spectrum-policy-forum
All rights reserved
Presented by Debora Gentina, Senior Marketing Manager Huawei – deputizing for Renato Lombardi (VP Microwave Product Line Huawei) Chairman of ETSI ISG mWT
at the UK Spectrum Policy Forum Cluster 2 meeting on 16th Dec.
WhaYu is a global manufacturer of antennas and connectivity products with headquarters in Taiwan and factories in Taiwan, Suzhou, and Dongguan. It has over 1,385 employees, $39.6 million in capital, and produces a wide range of products including base station antennas, RF antennas, GPS antennas, cable assemblies, and more. WhaYu has a strong focus on R&D with equipment and facilities for simulation, testing, and reliability testing located across its three sites.
1) 5G is the next generation of cellular technology representing a major technological upgrade over 4G. It will enable vastly increased bandwidth and connection speeds as well as new use cases like enhanced mobile broadband, massive IoT, and ultra-reliable low latency communications.
2) 5G development is being led by 3GPP through specification of the 5G New Radio standard, with a focus on frequency ranges up to 52.6 GHz and use cases including enhanced mobile broadband and ultra-reliable low latency communications.
3) 5G networks will utilize a much wider range of spectrum bands than previous standards, including traditional sub-6 GHz bands as well as higher frequency millimeter wave bands, in order to achieve the
A presentation / video looking at 5G spectrum auctions and allocations and how different types of spectrum is required for providing a perfect 5G coverage
All our slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
Presented virtually by Andy Sutton, Principal Network Architect, BT Technology on 06 Aug 2020.
Andy provides an update and review of the transformational plans, capabilities and outcomes from 5G deployments in the UK. 5G networks are already enabling a step change in the range and capability of innovative applications from IoT to robotics. That pace of change is due to accelerate as 5G moves from its initial enhanced mobile broadband phase to deliver ultra-reliable and low latency communications along with massive machine type connectivity.
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
Overview of standardisation status and 3GPP technology evolution trend3G4G
Presented by Sylvia Lu, Senior Engineer, Cellular Technology, u-blox UK at Cambridge Wireless event Radio technology for 5G – making it work on 18 Sep 2018
*** SHARED WITH PERMISSION ***
Overview of standardisation status and 3GPP technology evolution trendSylvia Lu
Presented by Sylvia Lu, Cellular Technology, u-blox & Member of UK5G Advisory Board at Cambridge Wireless event Radio technology for 5G – making it work on 18 Sep 2018
UK Spectrum Policy Forum - Chris Cheeseman, BT - UK Public Mobile SpectrumtechUK
UK Spectrum Policy Forum
Cluster 1: public (cellular) mobile - 8th December 2014
Chris Cheeseman, Head of Spectrum Strategy, BT Group Plc
UK Public Mobile Spectrum
More information at: http://www.techuk.org/about/uk-spectrum-policy-forum
All rights reserved
Presented by Debora Gentina, Senior Marketing Manager Huawei – deputizing for Renato Lombardi (VP Microwave Product Line Huawei) Chairman of ETSI ISG mWT
at the UK Spectrum Policy Forum Cluster 2 meeting on 16th Dec.
WhaYu is a global manufacturer of antennas and connectivity products with headquarters in Taiwan and factories in Taiwan, Suzhou, and Dongguan. It has over 1,385 employees, $39.6 million in capital, and produces a wide range of products including base station antennas, RF antennas, GPS antennas, cable assemblies, and more. WhaYu has a strong focus on R&D with equipment and facilities for simulation, testing, and reliability testing located across its three sites.
1) 5G is the next generation of cellular technology representing a major technological upgrade over 4G. It will enable vastly increased bandwidth and connection speeds as well as new use cases like enhanced mobile broadband, massive IoT, and ultra-reliable low latency communications.
2) 5G development is being led by 3GPP through specification of the 5G New Radio standard, with a focus on frequency ranges up to 52.6 GHz and use cases including enhanced mobile broadband and ultra-reliable low latency communications.
3) 5G networks will utilize a much wider range of spectrum bands than previous standards, including traditional sub-6 GHz bands as well as higher frequency millimeter wave bands, in order to achieve the
A presentation / video looking at 5G spectrum auctions and allocations and how different types of spectrum is required for providing a perfect 5G coverage
All our slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
The document discusses 5G spectrum and frequency bands. It explains that 5G will utilize spectrum between 450 MHz to 52.6 GHz, divided into two frequency ranges: FR1 from 450 MHz to 7.125 GHz and FR2 from 24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz. The most popular bands for 5G deployment include 700 MHz, 3.5 GHz, and 26/28 GHz. Mobile operators can refarm existing 4G bands like 600 MHz and 2.5 GHz for 5G use. A wide range of spectrum is needed to support the different use cases of 5G networks.
Broad Sky presents "the Path to 5G" this month discussing the evolution of 5G, Take a deep dive on where 5G fits in the carrier build out, when it will be available and its advantages. Find out what is available in 4G now with carrier aggregation, speeds and performance and why now is the time to deploy 4G wireless which will lead us to 5G.
The document provides an overview of RAN evolutions from a vendor's perspective. It discusses key market trends driving 1000x increases in network traffic and connections by 2020. It then summarizes technology advances like HSPA evolution, LTE speed increases up to 1000 Mbps, and the benefits of harmonized spectrum standards to facilitate global roaming. Carrier aggregation techniques are described to efficiently use fragmented spectrum and support wider channel bandwidths of up to 100 MHz for LTE Advanced.
UPDATE 8 version 2.4 Final (December, 2015)
Winners of 1800MHz and 900 MHz bidding
Thailand’s National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC) has finally been able to set a timetable for the country's 4G spectrum auctions, after the cabinet gave the green light to proceed with the auctions plans.
The NBTC expects to issue 4G licenses for the 1800 MHz spectrum and the 900 MHz spectrum.
UPDATE 7 version 2.2 (October, 2015)
MobileLTE may join the 900 MHz bidding
UPDATE 6 version 2.1 (September 22, 2015)
900 MHz auction timeline and minimum bidding price
UPDATE 5 Version 1.6 (June 24, 2015)
The telecom committee of NBTC approved adding a maximum spectrum cap of 60 MHz for each operator in Thailand on June 23, 2015. The cap applies to telecom frequencies including those either under concessions or the license system and covers frequencies ranging from 470 MHz - 2600 MHz
UPDATE 4 Version 1.5 (May 15 2015)
Agreement reached between CAT TELECOM and DTAC whereas 5 MHz unused bandwidth from DTAC could be added to the auction giving it a total of 30 MHz divided into two slots of 15 MHz. However the regulator has rejected that proposal.
UPDATE 3 Version 1.4 (24 April, 2015)
Most common frequencies used worldwide for 4G/LTE
International spectrum usage
LTE FDD and LTE TDD device support
Smartphone support example
UPDATE 2: April 22, 2015. Version 1.3: MCOT has agreed to return its unused 60 MHz of bandwidth out of 144 MHz on the 2600 MHz spectrum. The state-run broadcaster will receive THB 100 million in compensation.
UPDATED April 16, 2015 Version 1.2
The document discusses 5G RAN equipment evolution, including:
1) 5G standard progress and forecasts, with initial 5G focusing on eMBB and future enhancements for uRLLC and mMTC.
2) Diverse solutions for different coverage scenarios, including macro cells using sub-6GHz and mmWave bands, and small cells for indoor and hotspot coverage.
3) The 5G RAN roadmap showing the planned development and releases of macro cell and small cell products supporting sub-6GHz and mmWave bands between 2018-2021.
This document provides information on various topics related to communications including radio frequency spectrum bands, satellite classifications and orbits, digital signal hierarchies, sound measurements, fiber optics, wireless technologies, television standards, and integrated circuits. It contains tables summarizing key concepts such as frequency ranges, data rates, error margins, logic families, amplifier classes, coding schemes, and more.
This document summarizes key aspects of 802.11ac including:
- 802.11ac aims to support wireless speeds over 1Gbps for multi-station throughput and 500Mbps for single links.
- It utilizes wider 80/160MHz channels, more spatial streams up to 8, 256-QAM, and downlink multi-user MIMO.
- These new features and techniques are aimed at supporting bandwidth-intensive applications like wireless display and distribution of high-definition video content.
This document summarizes key aspects of 802.11ac including:
- 802.11ac aims to support wireless speeds over 1Gbps for multi-station throughput and 500Mbps for single links.
- It utilizes wider 80/160MHz channels, more spatial streams up to 8, 256-QAM, and downlink multi-user MIMO.
- These new features and techniques are aimed at supporting bandwidth-intensive applications like wireless display and distribution of high-definition video content.
A presentation / video looking at 5G spectrum auctions and allocations and how different types of spectrum is required for providing a perfect 5G coverage
All our slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
The document is a presentation on 802.11ac and Gigabit Wi-Fi. It discusses why a new 802.11 standard is needed, including to support wireless display and distribution of high-definition content. It covers key aspects of 802.11ac such as using wider channel widths up to 160MHz and supporting up to 8 spatial streams. Downlink multi-user MIMO is introduced which allows an access point to transmit simultaneously to multiple clients. Various modulation techniques used in 802.11n and 802.11ac like beamforming and spatial multiplexing are also summarized.
Tele2 operates mobile networks across Europe and Eurasia with over 16,000 GSM sites, 9,000 UMTS sites, and 700 LTE sites. Their frequency portfolio includes spectrum bands from 800MHz to 2.6GHz which they use for 2G, 3G, and 4G services. Data consumption on Tele2's networks is growing significantly, increasing over 5x for 2G and 6x for GSM traffic in just one year. Tele2 is evolving their mobile networks through improvements to 2G EDGE, continued evolution of 3G HSPA to higher speeds, and an ongoing transition to 4G LTE which offers improved customer experience, network scale and cost efficiencies.
1) Over 300 LTE networks have been commercially launched globally, with the majority using paired spectrum in the Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) mode. Time Division Duplex (TDD) networks are gaining traction, with around 1 in 8 LTE networks using TDD.
2) The 1800 MHz band is the most commonly used band for LTE deployment globally, being used in 43% of networks. 2600 MHz and 800 MHz bands are also widely used.
3) The mobile device ecosystem now includes over 1500 LTE devices from 158 manufacturers, with nearly all capable of falling back to 3G networks. The 1800 MHz and 2600 MHz bands have the largest number of compatible devices.
The document discusses various frequency bands and their available bandwidths for mobile networks in Nepal. It notes that:
- The 800 MHz band has a total bandwidth of 9 MHz allocated between Nepal Telecom (6 MHz) and United Telecom (3 MHz), which is limited and could be refarmed for LTE.
- It recommends shutting down CDMA networks and migrating users to LTE, as well as reallocating the 800 MHz band along with the 700 MHz band for a total of 2x15 MHz for Band 20 LTE.
- The existing CDMA allocations in the 800 MHz band could be converted to Band 5 LTE.
Business case for fixed wireless 4G/LTE using outdoor antennasAndre Fourie
LTE/4G networks business plans involve capex spend on radio access infrastructure to meet business objectives ito customer offerings ito bandwidth, data rates, bulk data and QoS. Assigning some Capex to CPE equipment with outdoor antennas can reduce Capex significantly for same capacity and considerably better reliability and QOS
VDSL uses discrete multi-tone modulation to transmit data over multiple subcarriers. Service providers are deploying VDSL to compete with cable companies and offer bundled services like IPTV. VDSL standards allow for higher speeds than ADSL by using a wider frequency band on existing copper loops. Dynamic spectrum management enables VDSL lines to dynamically optimize transmit power levels to maximize throughput while maintaining spectral compatibility with other DSL lines in the same binder.
5G/NR wireless communication technology overview, architecture and its operating modes SA and NSA. Also an introduction to VoNR and other services overview of 5G network.
The key technologies of 5G namely MIMO and Network slicing are also explained.
This document discusses re-farming 2G spectrum bands in ASEAN countries to increase spectrum efficiency and support the growth of 3G/4G mobile broadband. It provides background on mobile broadband adoption trends and the importance of harmonizing spectrum bands. Options for refarming 850MHz and 900MHz bands are presented, along with considerations around coexistence of different technologies in these bands. The status and ecosystem around other relevant bands such as 700MHz, 1800MHz, 2100MHz, 2300MHz and 2600MHz is also summarized. The importance of carrier aggregation across bands to further enhance broadband experience is highlighted.
Intends to discuss about new data centric environment challenges due tsunami data traffic in mobile broadband and how industry is being prepared to address all of these changes.
Spectrum refers to the range of electromagnetic radio frequencies used to transmit telecommunications signals. It is a scarce public resource governed by law and allocated by the government. Consolidation of PLDT and Digitel would result in an imbalance, with the merged company controlling 372 MHz of spectrum compared to Globe's 99 MHz, allowing PLDT-Digitel to more efficiently serve subscribers using existing technologies. Equitable distribution of spectrum is important for fair competition between telecommunications providers.
Teletraffic engineeringTeletraffic engineers use their knowledge (2).pptxMdSharifUddinShajib
Teletraffic engineers use their knowledge of statistics including queuing theory, the nature of traffic, their practical models, their measurements and simulations to make predictions and to plan telecommunication networks such as a telephone network or the Internet. These tools and knowledge help provide reliable service at lower cost.
Society’s increasing use of radio-based technologies, and the tremendous opportunities for social development that these technologies provide, highlight the importance of radio-frequency spectrum and national spectrum management processes.
Technological progress has continually opened doors to a variety of new spectrum applications that have spurred greater interest in, and demand for, the limited spectrum resource.
More Related Content
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The document discusses 5G spectrum and frequency bands. It explains that 5G will utilize spectrum between 450 MHz to 52.6 GHz, divided into two frequency ranges: FR1 from 450 MHz to 7.125 GHz and FR2 from 24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz. The most popular bands for 5G deployment include 700 MHz, 3.5 GHz, and 26/28 GHz. Mobile operators can refarm existing 4G bands like 600 MHz and 2.5 GHz for 5G use. A wide range of spectrum is needed to support the different use cases of 5G networks.
Broad Sky presents "the Path to 5G" this month discussing the evolution of 5G, Take a deep dive on where 5G fits in the carrier build out, when it will be available and its advantages. Find out what is available in 4G now with carrier aggregation, speeds and performance and why now is the time to deploy 4G wireless which will lead us to 5G.
The document provides an overview of RAN evolutions from a vendor's perspective. It discusses key market trends driving 1000x increases in network traffic and connections by 2020. It then summarizes technology advances like HSPA evolution, LTE speed increases up to 1000 Mbps, and the benefits of harmonized spectrum standards to facilitate global roaming. Carrier aggregation techniques are described to efficiently use fragmented spectrum and support wider channel bandwidths of up to 100 MHz for LTE Advanced.
UPDATE 8 version 2.4 Final (December, 2015)
Winners of 1800MHz and 900 MHz bidding
Thailand’s National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC) has finally been able to set a timetable for the country's 4G spectrum auctions, after the cabinet gave the green light to proceed with the auctions plans.
The NBTC expects to issue 4G licenses for the 1800 MHz spectrum and the 900 MHz spectrum.
UPDATE 7 version 2.2 (October, 2015)
MobileLTE may join the 900 MHz bidding
UPDATE 6 version 2.1 (September 22, 2015)
900 MHz auction timeline and minimum bidding price
UPDATE 5 Version 1.6 (June 24, 2015)
The telecom committee of NBTC approved adding a maximum spectrum cap of 60 MHz for each operator in Thailand on June 23, 2015. The cap applies to telecom frequencies including those either under concessions or the license system and covers frequencies ranging from 470 MHz - 2600 MHz
UPDATE 4 Version 1.5 (May 15 2015)
Agreement reached between CAT TELECOM and DTAC whereas 5 MHz unused bandwidth from DTAC could be added to the auction giving it a total of 30 MHz divided into two slots of 15 MHz. However the regulator has rejected that proposal.
UPDATE 3 Version 1.4 (24 April, 2015)
Most common frequencies used worldwide for 4G/LTE
International spectrum usage
LTE FDD and LTE TDD device support
Smartphone support example
UPDATE 2: April 22, 2015. Version 1.3: MCOT has agreed to return its unused 60 MHz of bandwidth out of 144 MHz on the 2600 MHz spectrum. The state-run broadcaster will receive THB 100 million in compensation.
UPDATED April 16, 2015 Version 1.2
The document discusses 5G RAN equipment evolution, including:
1) 5G standard progress and forecasts, with initial 5G focusing on eMBB and future enhancements for uRLLC and mMTC.
2) Diverse solutions for different coverage scenarios, including macro cells using sub-6GHz and mmWave bands, and small cells for indoor and hotspot coverage.
3) The 5G RAN roadmap showing the planned development and releases of macro cell and small cell products supporting sub-6GHz and mmWave bands between 2018-2021.
This document provides information on various topics related to communications including radio frequency spectrum bands, satellite classifications and orbits, digital signal hierarchies, sound measurements, fiber optics, wireless technologies, television standards, and integrated circuits. It contains tables summarizing key concepts such as frequency ranges, data rates, error margins, logic families, amplifier classes, coding schemes, and more.
This document summarizes key aspects of 802.11ac including:
- 802.11ac aims to support wireless speeds over 1Gbps for multi-station throughput and 500Mbps for single links.
- It utilizes wider 80/160MHz channels, more spatial streams up to 8, 256-QAM, and downlink multi-user MIMO.
- These new features and techniques are aimed at supporting bandwidth-intensive applications like wireless display and distribution of high-definition video content.
This document summarizes key aspects of 802.11ac including:
- 802.11ac aims to support wireless speeds over 1Gbps for multi-station throughput and 500Mbps for single links.
- It utilizes wider 80/160MHz channels, more spatial streams up to 8, 256-QAM, and downlink multi-user MIMO.
- These new features and techniques are aimed at supporting bandwidth-intensive applications like wireless display and distribution of high-definition video content.
A presentation / video looking at 5G spectrum auctions and allocations and how different types of spectrum is required for providing a perfect 5G coverage
All our slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
The document is a presentation on 802.11ac and Gigabit Wi-Fi. It discusses why a new 802.11 standard is needed, including to support wireless display and distribution of high-definition content. It covers key aspects of 802.11ac such as using wider channel widths up to 160MHz and supporting up to 8 spatial streams. Downlink multi-user MIMO is introduced which allows an access point to transmit simultaneously to multiple clients. Various modulation techniques used in 802.11n and 802.11ac like beamforming and spatial multiplexing are also summarized.
Tele2 operates mobile networks across Europe and Eurasia with over 16,000 GSM sites, 9,000 UMTS sites, and 700 LTE sites. Their frequency portfolio includes spectrum bands from 800MHz to 2.6GHz which they use for 2G, 3G, and 4G services. Data consumption on Tele2's networks is growing significantly, increasing over 5x for 2G and 6x for GSM traffic in just one year. Tele2 is evolving their mobile networks through improvements to 2G EDGE, continued evolution of 3G HSPA to higher speeds, and an ongoing transition to 4G LTE which offers improved customer experience, network scale and cost efficiencies.
1) Over 300 LTE networks have been commercially launched globally, with the majority using paired spectrum in the Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) mode. Time Division Duplex (TDD) networks are gaining traction, with around 1 in 8 LTE networks using TDD.
2) The 1800 MHz band is the most commonly used band for LTE deployment globally, being used in 43% of networks. 2600 MHz and 800 MHz bands are also widely used.
3) The mobile device ecosystem now includes over 1500 LTE devices from 158 manufacturers, with nearly all capable of falling back to 3G networks. The 1800 MHz and 2600 MHz bands have the largest number of compatible devices.
The document discusses various frequency bands and their available bandwidths for mobile networks in Nepal. It notes that:
- The 800 MHz band has a total bandwidth of 9 MHz allocated between Nepal Telecom (6 MHz) and United Telecom (3 MHz), which is limited and could be refarmed for LTE.
- It recommends shutting down CDMA networks and migrating users to LTE, as well as reallocating the 800 MHz band along with the 700 MHz band for a total of 2x15 MHz for Band 20 LTE.
- The existing CDMA allocations in the 800 MHz band could be converted to Band 5 LTE.
Business case for fixed wireless 4G/LTE using outdoor antennasAndre Fourie
LTE/4G networks business plans involve capex spend on radio access infrastructure to meet business objectives ito customer offerings ito bandwidth, data rates, bulk data and QoS. Assigning some Capex to CPE equipment with outdoor antennas can reduce Capex significantly for same capacity and considerably better reliability and QOS
VDSL uses discrete multi-tone modulation to transmit data over multiple subcarriers. Service providers are deploying VDSL to compete with cable companies and offer bundled services like IPTV. VDSL standards allow for higher speeds than ADSL by using a wider frequency band on existing copper loops. Dynamic spectrum management enables VDSL lines to dynamically optimize transmit power levels to maximize throughput while maintaining spectral compatibility with other DSL lines in the same binder.
5G/NR wireless communication technology overview, architecture and its operating modes SA and NSA. Also an introduction to VoNR and other services overview of 5G network.
The key technologies of 5G namely MIMO and Network slicing are also explained.
This document discusses re-farming 2G spectrum bands in ASEAN countries to increase spectrum efficiency and support the growth of 3G/4G mobile broadband. It provides background on mobile broadband adoption trends and the importance of harmonizing spectrum bands. Options for refarming 850MHz and 900MHz bands are presented, along with considerations around coexistence of different technologies in these bands. The status and ecosystem around other relevant bands such as 700MHz, 1800MHz, 2100MHz, 2300MHz and 2600MHz is also summarized. The importance of carrier aggregation across bands to further enhance broadband experience is highlighted.
Intends to discuss about new data centric environment challenges due tsunami data traffic in mobile broadband and how industry is being prepared to address all of these changes.
Spectrum refers to the range of electromagnetic radio frequencies used to transmit telecommunications signals. It is a scarce public resource governed by law and allocated by the government. Consolidation of PLDT and Digitel would result in an imbalance, with the merged company controlling 372 MHz of spectrum compared to Globe's 99 MHz, allowing PLDT-Digitel to more efficiently serve subscribers using existing technologies. Equitable distribution of spectrum is important for fair competition between telecommunications providers.
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Teletraffic engineers use their knowledge of statistics including queuing theory, the nature of traffic, their practical models, their measurements and simulations to make predictions and to plan telecommunication networks such as a telephone network or the Internet. These tools and knowledge help provide reliable service at lower cost.
Society’s increasing use of radio-based technologies, and the tremendous opportunities for social development that these technologies provide, highlight the importance of radio-frequency spectrum and national spectrum management processes.
Technological progress has continually opened doors to a variety of new spectrum applications that have spurred greater interest in, and demand for, the limited spectrum resource.
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Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
AI for Legal Research with applications, toolsmahaffeycheryld
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
2. Current Legal and Management Structure
• Spectrum Management Committee recommends to the Regulatory
Commission named BTRC for assigning frequency from different bands to
various organizations. Upon recommendations, the Commission has
assigned frequencies to mobile operators, PSTN operators, Broadband
Wireless Access service providers, satellite TV channels, Aeronautical and
Maritime communications, Private Mobile Radio (Walkie Talkie), Internet
Service Providers and Government organizations.
3. Organizations Using Spectrum
• Mobile operators (4 operators)
• PSTN operators (2 operators)
• BroadbandWireless Service operators
• ISP
• Satellite andTerrestrial TV channels
• Radio Broadcasting
• Security agencies
• Govt. organizations
• Private organizations
• Foreign missions
• Aeronautical services
• Maritime services
9. Sample of Spectrum Allocation in other countries
Bands Celcom Maxis DiGi
900MHz 2 x 10 2 x 10 2 x 5
1800MHz 2 x 20 2 x 20 2 x 20
2100MHz 2 x 15 2 x 15 2 x 15
2100MHz 5 5 5
2600MHz 2 x 10 2 x 10 2 x 10
Total 2 x 57.5 2 x 57.5 2 x 52.5
Malaysia
Bands Viettel
Vinaphon
e
Mobiphon
e
G-Tel HTC
450MHz 2 x 4.3
900MHz 2 x 8.2 2 x 8.4 2 x 8.2 2 x 10
1800MHz 2 x 20 2 x 20 2 x 20 2 x 15
2100MHz 2 x 15 2 x 15 2 x 15 2 x 15
Total 2 x 47.5 2 x 58.4 2 x 58.2 2 x 15 2 x 25
Vietnam
Bands Telefonica O2/ E-Plus
Vodafone
Germany
Deutsche
Telekom
700MHz 2 x 10 2 x 10 2 x 10
800 MHz 2 x 10 2 x 10 2 x 10
900MHz 2 x 10 2 x 10 2 x 15
1500MHz 20 20
1800MHz 2 x 20 2 x 25 2 x 30
2100MHz 2 x 34.65 2 x 14.85 2 x 9.9
2.6 GHz 2 x 30 2 x 20 2 x 20
2.6 GHz 20 25 5
Total 2 x 124.65 2 x 112.35 2 x 107.4
Australia
Bands
TMobile/Oran
ge
Vodafone
Telefonica
O2
H3G
800MHz 2 x 5 2 x 10 2 x 10 2 x 5
900MHz 2 x 17.4 2 x 17.4
1500MHz 20 20
1800MHz 2 x 50 2 x 5.8 2 x 5.8 2 x 10
1900MHz 10 5 5
2100MHz 2 x 20 2 x 15 2 x 10 2 x 15
2.6 GHz 2 x 35 2 x 20
2.6 GHz 20
Total 2 x 115 2 x 88.2 2 x 45.7 2 x 42.5
Bands Telstra Optus
Vodafone
Hutchison
TPG
700 MHz 2 x 20 2 x 10
850MHz 2 x 15 2 x 10
900MHz 2 x 8.4 2 x 8.4 2 x 8.4
1800MHz 2 x 20 2 x 15 2 x 30
2100MHz 2 x 15 2 x 20 2 x 25
2.3 GHz 67 98
2.6 GHz 2 x 40 2 x 20 2 x 10
Total 2 x 151.9 2 x 122.4 2 x 73.4 2 x 10
United Kingdom
Germany
10. Spectrum Allocation to different operators in Bangladesh
Band GP Ollo Teletalk BL Robi Qubee Banglalion Polytrade Citycell
World
Telecom
450 MHz
700 MHz
800MHz 2 x 10
850MHz 2 x 8.82
900MHz 2 x 7.4 2 x 5.2 2 x 5 2 x 9
1800MHz 2 x 14.6 2 x 10 2 x 10 2 x 17.4 2 x 7.5
2100MHz 2 x 10 2 x 10 2 x 5 2 x 10
2300MHz 35 18
2600MHz 2 x 20 35
3500 GHz 2x14
Total 2x32 2x44 2x25.2 2x20 2x36.4 2x17.5 2x17.5 2x9 2 x 8.82 2 x 7.5
Bangladesh: high population density but significantly low spectrum allocation per operator
Other Countries: low population density but high spectrum allocation per operator
This is leading to high effective spectrum load; more in urban areas
11. Infrastructure available for Spectrum
Monitoring
• Vehicle mounted Spectrum monitoring setup
• Hand held/ Shoulder mounted spectrum monitoring devices