Liberalisation , privataisation and globalisationAnjana P.V.Nair
The document discusses the rationale for India's economic reforms in 1991 that introduced Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization (LPG model). It provides background on the economic crisis India was facing in 1991 with high inflation, large fiscal deficit, and foreign exchange crisis. This led India to take loans from IMF and World Bank who mandated reforms like liberalizing and opening the economy. The 1991 New Economic Policy introduced reforms across industries, finance, trade, and more to boost growth. Key aspects of the reforms included liberalizing licenses, privatizing public sector units, and integrating India more into the global economy.
Interdependence of agriculture and industrygirishpoojary1
This document discusses how industry depends on agriculture in several ways. Agriculture provides raw materials to industries like cotton to textile and oilseeds to oil industries. It also serves as a source of demand for industrial goods as people working in agriculture need items beyond food. Agriculture is a source of labor for industry as workers move from agricultural to industrial jobs as countries develop. Finally, agriculture provides food to industrial workers and is a source of funds for industry through rural savings deposits.
Agricultural Pricing Policy of PakistanUltraspectra
About Us:
UltraSpectra is a full-service online company dedicated to providing the services of internet marketing and
IT solutions to professionals and businesses looking to fully leverage the internet.
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http://www.ultraspectra.net
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This particular ppt deals about the role of agriculture in indian economy.How agricultural marketing and green revolution had shown its impact.How organic farming might help in agricultural development.It also deals about different types of rural credit
Hicks slutsky income and substitution effectFaith Martin
The document discusses the decomposition of the total price effect of a good into substitution and income effects. It explains:
1) The substitution effect captures how consumers change their consumption in response to relative price changes, keeping purchasing power constant. The income effect is due to changes in real income from the price change.
2) Both the Hicksian and Slutsky methods are presented to isolate the substitution and income effects. The Hicksian method involves moving along and between indifference curves. The Slutsky method adjusts income to keep purchasing power constant.
3) For normal goods, the substitution and income effects reinforce each other when the good's own price falls. For inferior goods, they may oppose each
Liberlisation privatisation and globalisation - an apprraisalmadan kumar
The document summarizes India's economic reforms since 1991 known as the New Economic Policy (NEP). It describes the economic crisis prior to 1991 that necessitated reforms, including high fiscal and trade deficits. The NEP introduced liberalization, privatization, and globalization. Key reforms included reducing licensing, opening sectors to FDI, trade liberalization, and greater private sector participation. The goals were to stabilize and grow the economy. Impacts have included increased GDP growth across all sectors, higher FDI inflows, and larger foreign exchange reserves.
The Prospects and The Problems of Bangladesh .Wasif Mahi
The document discusses several prospects for Bangladesh's economy, including information technology, tourism, handicrafts, outsourcing, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and mobile banking. It notes that IT, tourism, and outsourcing in particular show strong growth potential and could boost Bangladesh's economy. However, it also mentions challenges such as outdated designs hampering the handicraft industry and the need for more skilled workers and involvement of technical experts.
GDP, or gross domestic product, is used to measure the size and health of a country's economy. It represents the total value of all goods and services produced within a country over a period of time, usually a year. There are three main approaches to calculating GDP: production, income, and expenditure. The production approach measures the total value of goods and services produced. The income approach sums various sources of incomes, such as wages, profits, and taxes. The expenditure approach sums consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. The document provides GDP data and growth rates for Pakistan from 1960 to 2014, showing periods of higher and lower economic growth. It also compares Pakistan's GDP growth to India's over recent decades.
Liberalisation , privataisation and globalisationAnjana P.V.Nair
The document discusses the rationale for India's economic reforms in 1991 that introduced Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization (LPG model). It provides background on the economic crisis India was facing in 1991 with high inflation, large fiscal deficit, and foreign exchange crisis. This led India to take loans from IMF and World Bank who mandated reforms like liberalizing and opening the economy. The 1991 New Economic Policy introduced reforms across industries, finance, trade, and more to boost growth. Key aspects of the reforms included liberalizing licenses, privatizing public sector units, and integrating India more into the global economy.
Interdependence of agriculture and industrygirishpoojary1
This document discusses how industry depends on agriculture in several ways. Agriculture provides raw materials to industries like cotton to textile and oilseeds to oil industries. It also serves as a source of demand for industrial goods as people working in agriculture need items beyond food. Agriculture is a source of labor for industry as workers move from agricultural to industrial jobs as countries develop. Finally, agriculture provides food to industrial workers and is a source of funds for industry through rural savings deposits.
Agricultural Pricing Policy of PakistanUltraspectra
About Us:
UltraSpectra is a full-service online company dedicated to providing the services of internet marketing and
IT solutions to professionals and businesses looking to fully leverage the internet.
http://www.ultraspectra.com
http://www.ultraspectra.net
Join Our Network:
facebook.com/ultraspectra
twitter.com/ultraspectra
youtube.com/user/ultraspecra
This particular ppt deals about the role of agriculture in indian economy.How agricultural marketing and green revolution had shown its impact.How organic farming might help in agricultural development.It also deals about different types of rural credit
Hicks slutsky income and substitution effectFaith Martin
The document discusses the decomposition of the total price effect of a good into substitution and income effects. It explains:
1) The substitution effect captures how consumers change their consumption in response to relative price changes, keeping purchasing power constant. The income effect is due to changes in real income from the price change.
2) Both the Hicksian and Slutsky methods are presented to isolate the substitution and income effects. The Hicksian method involves moving along and between indifference curves. The Slutsky method adjusts income to keep purchasing power constant.
3) For normal goods, the substitution and income effects reinforce each other when the good's own price falls. For inferior goods, they may oppose each
Liberlisation privatisation and globalisation - an apprraisalmadan kumar
The document summarizes India's economic reforms since 1991 known as the New Economic Policy (NEP). It describes the economic crisis prior to 1991 that necessitated reforms, including high fiscal and trade deficits. The NEP introduced liberalization, privatization, and globalization. Key reforms included reducing licensing, opening sectors to FDI, trade liberalization, and greater private sector participation. The goals were to stabilize and grow the economy. Impacts have included increased GDP growth across all sectors, higher FDI inflows, and larger foreign exchange reserves.
The Prospects and The Problems of Bangladesh .Wasif Mahi
The document discusses several prospects for Bangladesh's economy, including information technology, tourism, handicrafts, outsourcing, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and mobile banking. It notes that IT, tourism, and outsourcing in particular show strong growth potential and could boost Bangladesh's economy. However, it also mentions challenges such as outdated designs hampering the handicraft industry and the need for more skilled workers and involvement of technical experts.
GDP, or gross domestic product, is used to measure the size and health of a country's economy. It represents the total value of all goods and services produced within a country over a period of time, usually a year. There are three main approaches to calculating GDP: production, income, and expenditure. The production approach measures the total value of goods and services produced. The income approach sums various sources of incomes, such as wages, profits, and taxes. The expenditure approach sums consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. The document provides GDP data and growth rates for Pakistan from 1960 to 2014, showing periods of higher and lower economic growth. It also compares Pakistan's GDP growth to India's over recent decades.
This presentation elaborates the economic crisis in Sri Lanka. It explains the causes of economic instability in Sri Lanka and the factors worsening it. Such miserable economic situation is presenting valuable lessons for other sister asian countries to counter their economic instability. Pakistan, a sister country of Sri Lanka is facing severe political and economic instability these days. Pakistan is learning from the Sri Lankan economic situation and tending to improve its economy but the extreme political instability is hurdling and exacerbating the economic crisis. However, policies are underway to counter the economic crisis and more probably Pakistan will escape the Sri Lankan experience.
The LPG policy introduced in 1991 aimed to liberalize, privatize, and globalize India's economy to pull the country out of economic crisis and accelerate growth. Reasons for the policy included a rising fiscal deficit, interest liabilities consuming government expenditure, declining foreign exchange reserves, and an IMF bailout loan requiring reforms. Key features of the LPG policy included liberalizing controls on the economy, privatizing public sector enterprises, and promoting globalization through policies like increasing foreign investment limits and trade liberalization. The policy had positive impacts like increased growth rates, industrial production, and foreign investment, but also negative impacts such as neglect of agriculture and potential for economic colonialism.
Economic condition analysis of bangladeshNiloy Saha
This document provides a summary of the economic condition of Bangladesh in 2014 based on a study by the Centre for Policy Dialogue. It analyzes three key aspects: 1) Resetting benchmarks from 2013 data, 2) Early signals from Q1 2014, and 3) Exploring the political business cycle in Bangladesh. Some high-level findings are that economic growth slowed to 6% in 2013, private investment declined, exports grew robustly but imports also increased, and remittances growth fell. Political transitions in Bangladesh have historically correlated with declines in real GDP growth.
Fiscal policy refers to a government's taxing and spending policies and is used to influence macroeconomic conditions. The key instruments of fiscal policy are public expenditure, taxation, and public borrowing. The main objectives of fiscal policy are to mobilize resources, efficiently allocate financial resources, reduce income inequality, expand employment, maintain price stability and control inflation, and correct imbalances in the balance of payments.
The Lewis dual sector model of development describes an economy transitioning from subsistence agriculture to a more modern, urbanized structure. It consists of two sectors: a traditional subsistence sector with zero marginal productivity of labor, providing surplus labor; and a modern industrial sector where labor is transferred from the traditional sector, expanding output and employment through reinvested profits. However, the model is criticized for assuming profits are always reinvested when they could enable labor-saving investments or capital flight, and for assuming perfect competition in labor markets and unlimited surplus labor, which is inconsistent with historical evidence from developing countries.
Fiscal Deficit and FRBM Act Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act -...Nithin Kumar
The document discusses fiscal deficit in India. It defines fiscal deficit as the difference between total government expenditure and total revenue in a financial year. It explains how fiscal deficit is calculated and its components like government revenue and expenditure. It discusses the impact of fiscal deficit on the Indian economy like increasing interest rates, inflation, and crowding out private investment. It provides data on India's fiscal deficit trends from 2011-2022. It gives an overview of the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act in India, which aims to reduce fiscal deficit and bring fiscal discipline. Key features and objectives of the FRBM Act are highlighted.
The Bergson social welfare function was introduced to provide a scientifically normative study of welfare economics. It defines social welfare as a function of the welfare of each member of the community, depending on factors like their consumption and services. The function establishes a relation between social welfare (W) and the utility levels (U) of each individual (U1, U2, etc.), representing social welfare as an increasing function of individual utilities. It assumes social welfare depends on individual wealth/income and distribution of welfare, and allows for interpersonal comparisons of utility. However, the concept has been criticized for not applying to all governments, being difficult to construct, arbitrary, and not empirically significant or helpful for solving problems.
This document provides an overview of post-Keynesian economics. It defines post-Keynesian economics, outlines some of its key characteristics such as its focus on effective demand and historical dynamics. It also describes some of the different strands within post-Keynesian theory, including Michal Kalecki's emphasis on imperfect competition and class division. Additionally, it summarizes theories around post-Keynesian income distribution in corporate economies developed by Robinson, Kaldor and Pasinetti, and post-Keynesian employment analysis based on the principle of effective demand determining labor-hire decisions.
Export-Oriented Industrialization (EOI): Arguments For and Against What Have ...Dr.Choen Krainara
1. Export-Oriented Industrialization (EOI) involves countries promoting industrialization through exporting goods they have a comparative advantage in. Developing countries adopted EOI strategies in the 1960s to earn foreign exchange and reduce trade deficits.
2. EOI provides benefits like greater economies of scale, technological progress, employment growth, and learning effects. However, developing countries face constraints like limited export opportunities, high costs of export incentives, and lack of technological capabilities.
3. East Asian countries successfully used EOI strategies to drive long-term growth, while EOI has had mixed results in other developing regions. Only a few industries and firms in developing countries have been able to significantly expand exports
The presentation highlights the status of Bangladesh economy, its challenges and prospects in future. Current scenario of Bangladesh economy along with the investment perspective of the country has been highlighted in a well manner.
This document defines inflation and discusses its causes, effects, measurement, relationship to unemployment, and control measures. It outlines several theories of inflation including demand-pull, cost-push, and structural inflation. Causes of each type are described. The document also discusses measuring inflation through price indices, the difference between the WPI and CPI, core inflation, and reforms to the CPI. The effects of inflation on different groups like fixed income classes, borrowers, lenders, producers, and the government are analyzed. Fiscal and monetary policy measures to control inflation are outlined. India's inflation rates from 2012-2014 are reported.
This document defines and provides examples of key terms related to economic growth. It discusses:
- Economic growth is defined as an increase in a country's production of goods and services, and is positively associated with quality of life. It is measured in currency terms.
- Economic growth rate is the percentage change in real GDP from one period to the next.
- GDP per person divides a country's total GDP by its population to compare living standards between countries and over time.
- Population growth rate is the percentage change in a population from one period to the next.
- Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating growth rates of real GDP, population, and real GDP per person.
The document discusses India's New Economic Policy introduced in 1991. It liberalized the economy by reducing import tariffs and taxes, deregulating markets, and allowing greater foreign investment. Specific changes included liberalizing the economy, privatizing state-owned enterprises, and globalizing trade and investment. Proponents credit NEP for high growth in the 1990s-2000s, while opponents blame it for increased poverty and inequality.
This document outlines the terms and conditions for using and distributing books published by BOOKYARDS.com. It states that by using any book from BOOKYARDS, the user agrees to the conditions. The books are considered public domain in the USA and can be copied, exchanged, or distributed as long as it is not for commercial purposes. All formats and content of the books are the sole property of BOOKYARDS. BOOKYARDS is not responsible for any damages from using the books and users can contact them about errors.
This document analyzes Bangladesh's strategic position within the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). It provides demographic and economic data on Bangladesh, including a population of 154.7 million, GDP per capita of $1,044, and GDP growth rate of 6.5%. It also summarizes Bangladesh's involvement in establishing SAARC in 1985 and its emphasis on regional peace and cooperation. A SWOT analysis identifies strengths such as geographic location and growing industries, as well as weaknesses like low literacy and infrastructure challenges. Key opportunities for Bangladesh include diversifying exports and improving education.
This document discusses major problems facing the economy of Bangladesh, identifying 5 key barriers: population, natural calamities/environmental issues, political instability, inequality, and corruption. It focuses on population and natural disasters, explaining how overpopulation strains resources and how floods, cyclones and other natural disasters damage infrastructure and agriculture. To address these issues, it recommends increasing education to reduce population growth, promoting family planning, developing flood protections like dams, and addressing global warming and environmental degradation.
The document summarizes several key characteristics of the Indian economy:
1) It has a low per capita income of around $720 in 2005, with excessive dependence on agriculture and primary activities that engage a large proportion of the population.
2) It has a high rate of population growth that has led to chronic unemployment and underemployment problems.
3) It suffers from a poor rate of capital formation, low levels of technology, underutilization of natural resources, lack of infrastructure, and inadequate development of economic organizations.
Bangladesh has a population of over 160 million and has the 32nd largest economy in the world. Its key economic sectors include agriculture, textiles, manufacturing, and shipbuilding. Agriculture suffers from insufficient food production while textiles are the top export earner. The stock market grew rapidly from 2007-2010 but then crashed in 2011. Key economic indicators show GDP growth averaging 6.4% annually, inflation around 6.6%, unemployment around 4.3%, and a large budget deficit that increased over 40% in 2015-2016.
The Peacock-Wiseman Hypothesis proposes that government spending evolves in a step-like pattern coinciding with social upheavals like wars. It involves three related elements: 1) The displacement effect, where spending increases during disturbances, raising taxes and the budget. 2) The inspection effect, where increased spending leads to reviewing revenue needs. 3) The concentration effect, where spending and revenue stabilize at a new higher level until the next disturbance causes another displacement effect. Along with these effects, it explains the concept of a tolerance level of taxation that a population is willing to tolerate.
1. The document discusses general equilibrium theory (GET) and defines general equilibrium as a state where all markets and decision-making units are in simultaneous equilibrium.
2. It presents a simple two-sector general equilibrium model of an economy with two consumers, two goods, and two factors of production. Equations represent consumer demand, factor supply, factor demand, good supply, and market clearing for goods and factors.
3. With the number of equations equal to the number of unknowns, a general equilibrium solution exists in this Walrasian model under certain assumptions. GET provides a framework for understanding the complexity of economic systems through interdependent markets.
There is a high potentials of food processing industry in Bangladesh which is primarily derived from
the agriculture sector of the country. Food processing industry is divided into two segments such as, production
and distribution. Production segment refers to processing of meats and cheeses and the creating of soft drinks,
alcoholic beverages, packaged foods,
There is a high potentials of food processing industry in Bangladesh which is primarily derived from
the agriculture sector of the country. Food processing industry is divided into two segments such as, production
and distribution. Production segment refers to processing of meats and cheeses and the creating of soft drinks,
alcoholic beverages, packaged foods, and other modified foods. While the distribution includes transporting the
finished food products into the hands of consumers. The food processing industry is the fastest growing industry
of Bangladesh since 2000. Due to recent development in food processing industry, a good number of
entrepreneurs have been developed in this sector. This development can be attributed by the change of tastes
and preferences of Bangladeshi people. Now, people of Bangladesh prefer buying processed food items from the
grocery shops and departmental stores and prefer buying packaged food products. Hence, this study aims at
identifying the critical factors of food processing entrepreneurs in Bangladesh. This study used both the
qualitative and quantitative research methods. Respondent entrepreneurs were selected by simple random
sampling method from the food processing industry of Bangladesh. Factor analysis was carried out to find out
the critical factors of the entrepreneurs while multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify the
relationships between the critical factors and the overall development of food processing industry in
Bangladesh.Individual critical factors like use of information technology, family and friends support, and
capability to compete in the market are significant critical factors for the food processing entrepreneurs in
Bangladesh.
This presentation elaborates the economic crisis in Sri Lanka. It explains the causes of economic instability in Sri Lanka and the factors worsening it. Such miserable economic situation is presenting valuable lessons for other sister asian countries to counter their economic instability. Pakistan, a sister country of Sri Lanka is facing severe political and economic instability these days. Pakistan is learning from the Sri Lankan economic situation and tending to improve its economy but the extreme political instability is hurdling and exacerbating the economic crisis. However, policies are underway to counter the economic crisis and more probably Pakistan will escape the Sri Lankan experience.
The LPG policy introduced in 1991 aimed to liberalize, privatize, and globalize India's economy to pull the country out of economic crisis and accelerate growth. Reasons for the policy included a rising fiscal deficit, interest liabilities consuming government expenditure, declining foreign exchange reserves, and an IMF bailout loan requiring reforms. Key features of the LPG policy included liberalizing controls on the economy, privatizing public sector enterprises, and promoting globalization through policies like increasing foreign investment limits and trade liberalization. The policy had positive impacts like increased growth rates, industrial production, and foreign investment, but also negative impacts such as neglect of agriculture and potential for economic colonialism.
Economic condition analysis of bangladeshNiloy Saha
This document provides a summary of the economic condition of Bangladesh in 2014 based on a study by the Centre for Policy Dialogue. It analyzes three key aspects: 1) Resetting benchmarks from 2013 data, 2) Early signals from Q1 2014, and 3) Exploring the political business cycle in Bangladesh. Some high-level findings are that economic growth slowed to 6% in 2013, private investment declined, exports grew robustly but imports also increased, and remittances growth fell. Political transitions in Bangladesh have historically correlated with declines in real GDP growth.
Fiscal policy refers to a government's taxing and spending policies and is used to influence macroeconomic conditions. The key instruments of fiscal policy are public expenditure, taxation, and public borrowing. The main objectives of fiscal policy are to mobilize resources, efficiently allocate financial resources, reduce income inequality, expand employment, maintain price stability and control inflation, and correct imbalances in the balance of payments.
The Lewis dual sector model of development describes an economy transitioning from subsistence agriculture to a more modern, urbanized structure. It consists of two sectors: a traditional subsistence sector with zero marginal productivity of labor, providing surplus labor; and a modern industrial sector where labor is transferred from the traditional sector, expanding output and employment through reinvested profits. However, the model is criticized for assuming profits are always reinvested when they could enable labor-saving investments or capital flight, and for assuming perfect competition in labor markets and unlimited surplus labor, which is inconsistent with historical evidence from developing countries.
Fiscal Deficit and FRBM Act Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act -...Nithin Kumar
The document discusses fiscal deficit in India. It defines fiscal deficit as the difference between total government expenditure and total revenue in a financial year. It explains how fiscal deficit is calculated and its components like government revenue and expenditure. It discusses the impact of fiscal deficit on the Indian economy like increasing interest rates, inflation, and crowding out private investment. It provides data on India's fiscal deficit trends from 2011-2022. It gives an overview of the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act in India, which aims to reduce fiscal deficit and bring fiscal discipline. Key features and objectives of the FRBM Act are highlighted.
The Bergson social welfare function was introduced to provide a scientifically normative study of welfare economics. It defines social welfare as a function of the welfare of each member of the community, depending on factors like their consumption and services. The function establishes a relation between social welfare (W) and the utility levels (U) of each individual (U1, U2, etc.), representing social welfare as an increasing function of individual utilities. It assumes social welfare depends on individual wealth/income and distribution of welfare, and allows for interpersonal comparisons of utility. However, the concept has been criticized for not applying to all governments, being difficult to construct, arbitrary, and not empirically significant or helpful for solving problems.
This document provides an overview of post-Keynesian economics. It defines post-Keynesian economics, outlines some of its key characteristics such as its focus on effective demand and historical dynamics. It also describes some of the different strands within post-Keynesian theory, including Michal Kalecki's emphasis on imperfect competition and class division. Additionally, it summarizes theories around post-Keynesian income distribution in corporate economies developed by Robinson, Kaldor and Pasinetti, and post-Keynesian employment analysis based on the principle of effective demand determining labor-hire decisions.
Export-Oriented Industrialization (EOI): Arguments For and Against What Have ...Dr.Choen Krainara
1. Export-Oriented Industrialization (EOI) involves countries promoting industrialization through exporting goods they have a comparative advantage in. Developing countries adopted EOI strategies in the 1960s to earn foreign exchange and reduce trade deficits.
2. EOI provides benefits like greater economies of scale, technological progress, employment growth, and learning effects. However, developing countries face constraints like limited export opportunities, high costs of export incentives, and lack of technological capabilities.
3. East Asian countries successfully used EOI strategies to drive long-term growth, while EOI has had mixed results in other developing regions. Only a few industries and firms in developing countries have been able to significantly expand exports
The presentation highlights the status of Bangladesh economy, its challenges and prospects in future. Current scenario of Bangladesh economy along with the investment perspective of the country has been highlighted in a well manner.
This document defines inflation and discusses its causes, effects, measurement, relationship to unemployment, and control measures. It outlines several theories of inflation including demand-pull, cost-push, and structural inflation. Causes of each type are described. The document also discusses measuring inflation through price indices, the difference between the WPI and CPI, core inflation, and reforms to the CPI. The effects of inflation on different groups like fixed income classes, borrowers, lenders, producers, and the government are analyzed. Fiscal and monetary policy measures to control inflation are outlined. India's inflation rates from 2012-2014 are reported.
This document defines and provides examples of key terms related to economic growth. It discusses:
- Economic growth is defined as an increase in a country's production of goods and services, and is positively associated with quality of life. It is measured in currency terms.
- Economic growth rate is the percentage change in real GDP from one period to the next.
- GDP per person divides a country's total GDP by its population to compare living standards between countries and over time.
- Population growth rate is the percentage change in a population from one period to the next.
- Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating growth rates of real GDP, population, and real GDP per person.
The document discusses India's New Economic Policy introduced in 1991. It liberalized the economy by reducing import tariffs and taxes, deregulating markets, and allowing greater foreign investment. Specific changes included liberalizing the economy, privatizing state-owned enterprises, and globalizing trade and investment. Proponents credit NEP for high growth in the 1990s-2000s, while opponents blame it for increased poverty and inequality.
This document outlines the terms and conditions for using and distributing books published by BOOKYARDS.com. It states that by using any book from BOOKYARDS, the user agrees to the conditions. The books are considered public domain in the USA and can be copied, exchanged, or distributed as long as it is not for commercial purposes. All formats and content of the books are the sole property of BOOKYARDS. BOOKYARDS is not responsible for any damages from using the books and users can contact them about errors.
This document analyzes Bangladesh's strategic position within the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). It provides demographic and economic data on Bangladesh, including a population of 154.7 million, GDP per capita of $1,044, and GDP growth rate of 6.5%. It also summarizes Bangladesh's involvement in establishing SAARC in 1985 and its emphasis on regional peace and cooperation. A SWOT analysis identifies strengths such as geographic location and growing industries, as well as weaknesses like low literacy and infrastructure challenges. Key opportunities for Bangladesh include diversifying exports and improving education.
This document discusses major problems facing the economy of Bangladesh, identifying 5 key barriers: population, natural calamities/environmental issues, political instability, inequality, and corruption. It focuses on population and natural disasters, explaining how overpopulation strains resources and how floods, cyclones and other natural disasters damage infrastructure and agriculture. To address these issues, it recommends increasing education to reduce population growth, promoting family planning, developing flood protections like dams, and addressing global warming and environmental degradation.
The document summarizes several key characteristics of the Indian economy:
1) It has a low per capita income of around $720 in 2005, with excessive dependence on agriculture and primary activities that engage a large proportion of the population.
2) It has a high rate of population growth that has led to chronic unemployment and underemployment problems.
3) It suffers from a poor rate of capital formation, low levels of technology, underutilization of natural resources, lack of infrastructure, and inadequate development of economic organizations.
Bangladesh has a population of over 160 million and has the 32nd largest economy in the world. Its key economic sectors include agriculture, textiles, manufacturing, and shipbuilding. Agriculture suffers from insufficient food production while textiles are the top export earner. The stock market grew rapidly from 2007-2010 but then crashed in 2011. Key economic indicators show GDP growth averaging 6.4% annually, inflation around 6.6%, unemployment around 4.3%, and a large budget deficit that increased over 40% in 2015-2016.
The Peacock-Wiseman Hypothesis proposes that government spending evolves in a step-like pattern coinciding with social upheavals like wars. It involves three related elements: 1) The displacement effect, where spending increases during disturbances, raising taxes and the budget. 2) The inspection effect, where increased spending leads to reviewing revenue needs. 3) The concentration effect, where spending and revenue stabilize at a new higher level until the next disturbance causes another displacement effect. Along with these effects, it explains the concept of a tolerance level of taxation that a population is willing to tolerate.
1. The document discusses general equilibrium theory (GET) and defines general equilibrium as a state where all markets and decision-making units are in simultaneous equilibrium.
2. It presents a simple two-sector general equilibrium model of an economy with two consumers, two goods, and two factors of production. Equations represent consumer demand, factor supply, factor demand, good supply, and market clearing for goods and factors.
3. With the number of equations equal to the number of unknowns, a general equilibrium solution exists in this Walrasian model under certain assumptions. GET provides a framework for understanding the complexity of economic systems through interdependent markets.
There is a high potentials of food processing industry in Bangladesh which is primarily derived from
the agriculture sector of the country. Food processing industry is divided into two segments such as, production
and distribution. Production segment refers to processing of meats and cheeses and the creating of soft drinks,
alcoholic beverages, packaged foods,
There is a high potentials of food processing industry in Bangladesh which is primarily derived from
the agriculture sector of the country. Food processing industry is divided into two segments such as, production
and distribution. Production segment refers to processing of meats and cheeses and the creating of soft drinks,
alcoholic beverages, packaged foods, and other modified foods. While the distribution includes transporting the
finished food products into the hands of consumers. The food processing industry is the fastest growing industry
of Bangladesh since 2000. Due to recent development in food processing industry, a good number of
entrepreneurs have been developed in this sector. This development can be attributed by the change of tastes
and preferences of Bangladeshi people. Now, people of Bangladesh prefer buying processed food items from the
grocery shops and departmental stores and prefer buying packaged food products. Hence, this study aims at
identifying the critical factors of food processing entrepreneurs in Bangladesh. This study used both the
qualitative and quantitative research methods. Respondent entrepreneurs were selected by simple random
sampling method from the food processing industry of Bangladesh. Factor analysis was carried out to find out
the critical factors of the entrepreneurs while multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify the
relationships between the critical factors and the overall development of food processing industry in
Bangladesh.Individual critical factors like use of information technology, family and friends support, and
capability to compete in the market are significant critical factors for the food processing entrepreneurs in
Bangladesh.
Contribution of agricultuter to gdp-trends & policy implicationVIVEK KUMAR
Agriculture plays a vital role in India's economy, contributing to GDP and providing livelihoods for 58% of the population. India is a major global producer and exporter of agricultural goods such as spices, fruits, and vegetables. The agricultural GDP was USD244.74 billion in FY2016, growing at a CAGR of 6.64% from FY2007-FY2016. Agricultural exports have also increased significantly, with total exports reaching USD32.08 billion in FY2016. The government is undertaking initiatives to further support the agricultural sector through increased credit availability, e-NAM market platform, organic farming, and fertilizer production.
The document discusses the opportunities for food processing in Bihar, India. It notes that while Bihar has strong agricultural potential, only a small percentage of fruits and vegetables are currently processed. The strategy proposes identifying economic clusters in Bihar and providing infrastructure support to help clusters advance up the value chain. A Directorate of Food Processing would be created to oversee this work, along with a Program Management Agency to assist with implementation. Key short-term interventions include developing a food processing policy, identifying priority clusters, and establishing capacity building centers. The long-term vision is for Bihar's food processing industry to become more technologically advanced and a driver of economic growth.
Rural Development Issues in Bangladesh: focus on agriculture sectorRokonZaman14
Bangladesh has a population of 163 million and agriculture is an important sector, contributing 14.23% to GDP and employing 40% of the working population. 71.67% of Bangladeshis live in rural areas where 51.7% of employment is in agriculture. Rice is the major crop but wheat, maize, fruits and vegetables are also important. Cash crops include jute and tobacco. Key issues facing Bangladeshi agriculture include underemployment and labor shortages due to seasonality, price uncertainties and low returns, natural disasters from climate change, deteriorating soil quality, and a lack of quality seeds.
This document provides an overview of the Indian food and beverage industry. It discusses that the industry is large and growing rapidly, valued at $69.4 billion currently. The industry is fragmented with both public and private players. It also outlines several subsectors within food processing like dairy, grains, and consumer foods. Government policies aim to promote investment and growth in the industry through incentives and infrastructure development initiatives like food parks.
The document discusses strategies for doubling farmers' income in India by 2022. It notes that past strategies focused on increasing agricultural output but did not explicitly aim to raise farmers' incomes. Key sources of growth identified to meet the 10.4% annual growth target include improving productivity, diversifying crops, increasing processing levels, and strengthening market linkages. Various central government schemes are outlined that aim to boost production, post-harvest management, marketing, food processing, and provide training and financing support to help achieve the goal of doubling farmers' incomes.
This document summarizes the strategic plan to double farmer income in India by 2022. It outlines that the Prime Minister and Finance Minister have made doubling farmer income a priority. It will require annual growth of 14.86% over the next 5-6 years. The plan includes seven strategies focusing on irrigation, seeds, warehousing, food processing, markets, insurance, and ancillary activities. Past strategies focused on output, but did not consider income. Multiple sources will contribute to income growth, including productivity, diversification, and non-farm activities. National programs and stakeholder consultation are part of the approach. Current data shows average farmer income needs to double to meet the goal. Coordinated efforts across states and sectors are needed
The document discusses the growth of agro-based industries in Bangladesh. It notes that demand for high-value agricultural products is increasing, creating opportunities for industries that process foods like fruits, vegetables, and seafood. Agro-based industries are important as they can raise incomes in rural areas, diversify the economy, and generate export revenue. While the sector has grown, challenges remain such as small landholdings, seasonal production, and lack of infrastructure. The government is working to promote the industry through policies and incentives.
The agriculture sector is the dominant sector of the Indian economy, providing livelihood for about 65% of the population. Some key points about Indian agriculture:
- It has grown significantly since the Green Revolution but faces challenges of small landholdings, inadequate irrigation, depleted soils, and lack of storage and financing.
- Government policies aim to achieve over 4% annual growth through private sector participation, insurance, market access, and infrastructure development.
- The sector faces population pressure, resulting in small fragmented landholdings, as well as problems of irrigation, soil depletion, storage, and farm equipment.
- Recent developments include increased government expenditure on agriculture and a target of Rs. 575,000 crore
The agriculture sector is the mainstay of Punjab's economy, contributing 19.82% to GDP and employing 42.3% of the population. However, crop yields in Punjab lag behind comparable countries and have not improved significantly in recent years. The government provides substantial subsidies to lower input costs for farmers, but expected increases in productivity, yields, and value added have not materialized. Issues like low water pricing, inefficient flood irrigation, and overuse of groundwater contribute to water scarcity problems. Improving the performance and efficiency of Punjab's agriculture sector is important for rural development and national food security.
Food Processing Industries (A support system for Non Farm Activities in Rural...iosrjce
“The prosperity of India lies in the prosperity of Villages”--- Mahatma Gandhi
As there is a lot of change in the occupational structure of India since independence. But change in the overall
economy did not have a pronounced effect on rural economies as Indian population still depends largely on
agriculture sector. So, pressure on land should be reduced by giving priority to Rural Non-Farm
Activities(RNFA). Food Processing is one of the such Non-Farm Activity (NFA) which can play a crucial role in
reducing unemployment, poverty and enhances development activities in rural areas. This paper is an attempt to
explain about the significance and performance of important non-farm activity – The food processing industry
(FPI) in India. Further it highlights the major problems faced by FPI. At last it concludes with some remedial
measures for improving their performance
India's food processing industry is one of the largest in the world, with the market size expected to reach $535 billion by 2025-26. Major sectors include grains, sugar, edible oils, beverages, and dairy. The industry has seen average annual growth of 11.18% over the last five years. Veeta Day is a leading Indian brand of rice and bakery products with six manufacturing plants across Uttar Pradesh. Known for its rusks, the company pivoted its business model away from cookies to focus solely on rusks, which now generate an estimated $25 million in annual sales. Veeta Day uses a network of over 50,000 small retailers rather than large supermarket chains to distribute
1. Current Size of Dairy Industry - Locally
World population and per capita consumption of dairy products, 2005, 2008–2016
IMPORTANCE OF DAIRY INDUSTRY TO THE INDIAN ECONOMY
Government to strengthen dairy industry to improve farmer income
Thailand has a large and growing food industry, contributing roughly 23% of GDP. It is one of the world's largest exporters of many food products, including canned pineapple, rice, sugar, and canned tuna. The Thai government supports the food industry through initiatives like food-optimized industrial parks. Thailand has abundant agricultural resources and is a top global producer of crops like rice, cassava, and palm oil. It is also a major exporter and producer of processed foods like canned and frozen seafood, ready meals, and food ingredients. The food processing industry is expected to reach $102 billion in value in 2017.
Bangladesh’s Rice production is right on the equilibrium between demand and supply. However, this is a notable achievement for Bangladesh. Yet, in order to maintain this achievement and growing, Bangladesh has to immediately address the population issue, adopt policy to strict the conversion of arable land to non-arable activities, to have focused usage policy of natural gas adhered to agriculture, and moreover finding new technology for irrigation and replacing the usage of underground water. Unless, these issues are addressed in immediate effect, today’s Food Security in Bangladesh may not prevail for long.
The document provides an overview of India's food processing industry through various sections:
1) The executive summary highlights India's advantages such as being the largest producer of milk and second largest producer of fruits and vegetables.
2) Advantage India section outlines factors like strong demand growth, policy support, and increasing investments that are driving the industry.
3) Market overview and trends section describes the size and segments of the industry, contributions to GDP and employment, and notable trends in consumption, international presence and product innovation.
Opportunity in indonesian meat intermediate industryHaniwar Syarief
Beef consumption in Indonesia is low at around 2 kg per capita compared to neighboring countries where it is around 7 kg. Total beef consumption in Indonesia was around 500,000 tons in 2012, of which only 8% or 40,000 tons was processed. The meat processing industry in Indonesia presents opportunities for growth given rising incomes and an expanding middle class, yet faces constraints around adequate beef supply and skills/training. Closer cooperation between Indonesian and Australian industries could help address constraints and allow the meat processing industry to grow by 25-50% annually, increasing demand for Australian beef imports and opportunities for investment and technology transfers in areas like cold storage and processing equipment.
India has significant advantages in the food processing industry due to its large agricultural sector and diverse climatic conditions. It is the second largest producer of arable land globally and has a large livestock population. The food processing industry is growing rapidly due to rising incomes, urbanization, and changing consumer preferences. Exports of processed foods have also increased substantially in recent years due to India's strategic location and improvements in quality and packaging. The government is supporting the industry through various policies and infrastructure investments to take advantage of the strong domestic and global demand prospects in coming years.
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Presentation on role of technology for economic development in Bangladesh
1. ASRAF HOSSAIN
Role of technology for
economic development in
Bangladesh-food sectore
2. Economy of Bangladesh
Bangladesh has market-based economy and 46th
largest in the world in nominal terms
33rd largest by purchasing power parity
According to the IMF, Bangladesh's economy is the
second fastest growing major economy of 2016, with a
rate of 7.1%.
GDP (purchasing power parity) $628.4 billion (2016 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 7.1% (2016 est.)
Gross national saving 28.6% of GDP (2016 est.)
GDP - composition by sector Agriculture: 15.1%
industry: 28.6%
services: 56.3% (2016 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 5.6% (2016 est.)
Industrial production growth rate 8.4% (2016 est.)
3. Technology’s Role in Food Sector
New Processing/Intervention Techniques
Better Pathogen Testing Methods
Nanotechnology
Promoting local food
Access to recipes
4. Present Situation of Food Industry in Bangladesh
Food industry is a rapidly growing sector in Bangladesh
Employing 20% of the labor force in the country
Between 2004 and 2010, the food processing industry in Bangladesh
grew at an average 7.7 percent per annum
The sector accounts for over 22% of all manufacturing production
Major export markets of agro‐processed products are Asia, Middle East
and Africa.
Now about 100+ items of agro‐processed products are being exported to
140+ countries throughout the world
5. Forecasting about export earnings
The food processing industry is growing rapidly and opening up new
opportunities in terms of investment, technology and export
6. Main export food items and market share
Bangladesh only has around 0.1% of the world share in export
of processed foods.
In FY07-08 exports amounted to 515.48 mill USD
81% were shrimp products, 15% fish products and only 4%
agro based products
The export products of agro goods are mainly aromatic rice,
powdered spices, frozen snacks, puffed rice, mustard oil.
8. Contribution to GDP
The USD 2.2 billion food processing sector in Bangladesh
grew on average 7.7% per annum
The beverage industry more than doubled during the same
period to US $29 million
According to BAPA export of agro-processed products from
Bangladesh increased from USD 60 million in 2010-2011 to USD
224 million in 2014-2015.
Bangladesh has remained mostly static at around 2% of the
GDP since 2004-2005
10. THE PRODUCTION OF PROCESSED FOOD
There are nearly 700 processed food manufacturing enterprises
in Bangladesh including brands like Teer, Olympia, Milk Vita,
Fresh, 7Up, Bombay, Ahmed, Bengal, Pran, Isphahani and
Igloo,Kazi firm, AG food,CP,Partex group,Meghna group.
11. Government Role
• Emphasizes import substitution for certain crops and food
products
• Increased private sector participation and investments in
agribusiness
• Food security for all and raising people’s nutritional status
• Export12.5% cash incentives to export of frozen shrimp and
fish
• And 20% cash incentives to export of agro processed
products are given.