PALEO-ECOLOGY, LIFE HABITATS AND VARIOUS ECOSYSTEMS, ITS APPLICATION IN GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES

3. ECOLOGY
Life Habitat
Ecosystem
Application in Geological Sciences
Conclusion
References

4. WHAT IS ECOLOGY???
• ECOLOGY IS DEFINED AS THE STUDY OF
MUTUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
ORGANISMS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTS.
• IT MEANS STUDY OF ORGANISMS WHERE
THEY LIVE i.e THEIR HABITATION.

6. PALAEOECOLOGY
 PALAEO + ECOLOGY = PALAEOECOLOGY.
 THE STUDY OF INTERRELATIONS AND
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ANCIENT
ORGANISMS.

9. BRANCHES OF
PALAEOCOLOGY
◦ PALAEOAUTOECOLOGY-
 MAINLY CONCERNED WITH THE STUDY OF LIFE
HABITS OF ORGANISMS w.r.t THEIR HABITATION.
CONCENTRATES ON GROWTH AND SHAPE OF
ORGANISMS.
◦ PALAEOSYNECOLOGY-
MAINLY CONCERNED WITH THE STUDY OF ECOLOGY
OF FOSSIL COMMUNITIES.

10. WHY THE STUDY
OF
PALAEOECOLOG
Y IS
COMPLEX?????

11. DUE TO UNFAVOURABLE CONDITIONS ALL ORGANISMS
ARE NOT PRESEVED.
IF THE ORGANISMS ARE NOT PRESERVED IN THE
ORIGINAL ENVIRONMENT.
MOST OF THE SOFT PARTS HAVE BEEN LOST DURING
PRESERVATION PROCESS.

12. PROCEDURE FOR
PALAEOECOLOGIC
INTERPRETATION

13. PALAEOCOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION ARE BASED ON
A FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE IN GEOLOGY KNOWN
AS “PRINCIPLES OF ACTUALISM”.
THE STEPS OF PALAEOECOLOGY INTERPRETATION
ARE AS FOLLOWS-
PALAEONTOLOGIST FIRST TRIED TO CO-RELATE THE FOSSIL
ORGANISMS WITH THEIR LIVING COUNTERPARTS.
THEY HAVE TO STUDY THE ECOLOGYAND HABITATS OF
THESE LIVING ORGANISMS.
PALAEOCOLOGIST WILL LOOK FOR THE FOSSILS OF THAT
ORGANISMS PRESERVED IN THEIR ORIGINAL ENVIRONMENT.

14. LIMITING
FACTORS
TEMPERATURE
PRESSURE
LIGHT
OXYGEN
WATER DEPTH
SALINITY
SUBSTRATUM

15. Ecology
LIFE HABITAT
Ecosystem
Application in Geological Sciences
Conclusion
References

16. LIFE
HABITAT
THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH
ORGANISMS LIVE

17. MARINE
THEY ARE MAINLY OF
TWO TYPES-

18. TERRESTRIAL
FRESHWATER
ESTUARINE/BRACKISH
DESERT/SAND DWELLER
ARCTIC/TUNDRA
GRASSLAND
FOREST DWELLER

21. MARINE
INFAUNAL(ENDOBIONT)
EPIFAUNAL(EPIBIONT)
SESSILE
VAGILE(VRAGNANT)
BENTHONIC

22. MARINE
ABYSSOPELAGIC
NEKTONS
BATHYPELAGIC
NERITOPELAGIC
ZOOPLANKTONS
PHYTOPLANKTONS
PLANKTONS
PELAGIC

24. Ecology
Life Habitat
ECOSYSTEM
Application in Geological Sciences
Conclusion
References

25. ECOSYSTEM
• AN ECOSYSTEM IS A
COMMUNITY OF
LIVING ORGANISMS IN
CONJUCTION WITH
THE NON LIVING
COMPONENTS OF
THEIR ENVIRONMENT
AND THEIR
INTERRACTION.

26. THEY CONSIST OF TWO
COMPONENTS
BIOTIC ABIOTIC

28. BIOTIC COMPONENTS OF
ECOSYSTEM
THEY ARE DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS
BASED ON THEIR SOURCE OF FOOD:
1. AUTOTROPHS
2. HETEROTROPHS

29. AUTOTROPHS
ALSO CALLED PRODUCERS AS THEY
PRODUCE FOOD.
THEY ARE OF TWO TYPES:
PHOTOAUTOTROPHS.
CHEMOAUTOTROPHS

31. HETEROTROPHS
ALSO CALLED CONSUMERS AS THEY
CONSUME FOOD.
THEY ARE OF FIVE TYPES-
HERBIVORES.
CARNIVORES.
OMNIVORES.
DETRIVORES.
DECOMPOSERS.

33. AQUATIC TERRESTRIAL

34. AQUATIC
MARINE
FRESHWATER

37. TERRESTRIAL
ECOSYSTEM
FOREST
GRASSLAND
DESERT

42. Ecology
Life Habitat
Various Ecosystem
APPLICATION IN GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Conclusion
References

43. APPLICATION OF
PALAEOECOLOGY IN
GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES
THE STUDY OF PALAEOECOLOGY IS VERY
IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT MAINLY DEALS WITH
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY.
 IT HELPS IN OIL EXPLORATION
 IT HELPS IN COAL EXPLORATION
 IT HELPS IN MINERAL EXPLORATION
ALSO PALAEOECOLOGICAL STUDIES ARE USED TO
INFORM CONSERVATION, MANAGEMENT AND
RESTORATION EFFORTS.

44. CONCLUSION
 PALAEOECOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF INTERRACTION BETWEEN
ORGANISMS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTS IN WHICH THEY LIVE
ACROSS THE GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE.
 PALAEOECOLOGY DEPENDS ON VARIETY OF FIELDS INCLUDING
PALAEONTOLGY, ECOLOGY, CLIMATOLOGY AND BIOLOGY.
 PALAEOECOLOGY EMERGED FROM THE FIELD OF PALAEONTOGY IN
1950.
 PALAEOECOLOGY BEGAN WITH THE COMBINED EFFECT OF THE
INVESTIGATIVE APPROACH OF SEARCHING FOR FOSSILS WITH THE
THEORETICAL APPROACH OF CHARLES DARWIN AND ALEXANDER
VON HUMBOLDT.
 UNIFORMITARIANISM IS THE CONCEPT THAT IS USED AS A
METHODOLOGY BY PALAEOECOLOGIST, MAKE INFERENCES ABOUT
ANCIENT ORGANISM AND ENVIRONMENTS BASED ON ANALOGIES
THEY FIND IN THE PRESENT.

45. REFERENCE
 An Introduction To Palaeontology- Amal Das Gupta(World Press,2012)
 Fossils In Earth Scienes- Anis Kumar Ray(PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd,2008)
 An Introduction to Earth Science-Amal Das Gupta(World Press,2017)
 Principle Of Paleontology- David M. Raup And Steven M.
Stanley(W.H.Freeman & Co.,1971)
 Principle Of Palaeoecology- Derek V. Ager.(McGrew Hill Book
Company,1963)
 Internet Sources
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoecology
https://kids.britannica.com/students/assembly/view/235362