waste management

2. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY

3. THE CULTURAL NATURE OF
CONSERVATION BIOLOGY

4. •CONSERVATION BIOLOGISTS SEEK TO MAINTAIN THREE
IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF LIFE ON EARTH:
•THE NATURAL DIVERSITY FOUND IN LIVING SYSTEMS
(BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY);
•THE COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE, AND FUNCTION OF
THOSE SYSTEMS (ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY);
•AND THEIR RESILIENCY AND ABILITY TO ENDURE OVER
TIME (ECOLOGICAL HEALTH)

5. A. BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY:
•BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: REFERS TO VARIETY OF LIFE ON
EARTH AT ALL ITS LEVELS, FROM GENES TO ECOSYSTEMS, AND
CAN ENCOMPASS THE EVOLUTIONARY, ECOLOGICAL, AND
CULTURAL PROCESSES THAT SUSTAIN LIFE.

6. •1) ECONOMICS
•(2) ECOLOGICAL LIFE- SUPPORT
•(3) RECREATION
•(4) CULTURAL
•(5) SCIENTIFIC
•ANY LOSS OR DETERIORATION IN THE CONDITION OF
BIODIVERSITY CAN COMPROMISE ALL THE VALUES OUTLINED
ABOVE AND AFFECT HUMAN WELLBEING.

7. B. ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY
• ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY IS THE ABILITY OF AN ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM TO
SUPPORT AND MAINTAIN A COMMUNITY OF ORGANISMS THAT HAS
SPECIES COMPOSITION, DIVERSITY AD FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION
COMPARABLE TO THOSE OF NATURAL HABITAT WITHIN A REGION.

8. •(1) TO CONSERVE ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY WE MUST MANAGE
THE USE OF RENEWABLE RESOURCES SUCH AS WATER, SOIL,
FOREST PRODUCTS, AND MARINE LIFE IN WAYS THAT DO NOT
EXCEED RATES OF REGENERATION AND THAT PROTECT THE
HEALTH OF ECOSYSTEM.

9. •2. THE EFFECTS OF ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY INCLUDES
NATURAL DISTURBANCES PROCESSES SUCH AS FIRE, FLOOD,
DROUGHT/ GLOBAL WARMING.
•3. HUMAN USES OF THE LAND FOR DEVELOPMENT, RESOURCES
AND RECREATIONS THAT CAN CAUSE EXTINCTION WILDLIFE.
•4. THE SPREAD OF NEW DISEASES AND OUTBREAKS IN
INSECTS OR DISEASE.

10. C. ECOLOGICAL HEALTH:
•ECOLOGICAL HEALTH IS A TERM THAT HAS BEEN USED IN
RELATION TO BOTH HUMAN HEALTH AND THE CONDITION OF
THE ENVIRONMENT. ECOLOGICAL HEALTH HAS BEEN USED TO
REFER TO MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY, WHICH RESULTS
FROM EXPOSURE TO SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS IN THE
ENVIRONMENT.

11. •(1)ECOLOGICAL HEALTH ARE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT
COMPONENTS IN OUR ENVIRONMENT AS THE DRIVER OF
SERVICES WHICH PROVIDE US WITH BASIC HUMAN NEEDS
LIKE FOOD, CLEAN AIR, CLEAN WATER AND CLEAN SOILS,
ECONOMIC LIVELIHOOD, RECREATION, AND SUCH ECOSYSTEM
FUNCTIONS COULD ALSO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF DISEASE
THROUGH BIOLOGICAL CONTROL.
•IF THERE IS IMBALANCE IN OUR ECOSYSTEM IT CAN CAUSE
ANOTHER PANDEMIC.

12. • 2) DISEASE, INJURY AND NUTRITIONAL STRESS ARE NORMAL CAUSES OF
WILDLIFE MORTALITY, UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES, UNFAVORABLE
ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS LIKE POOR HABITAT QUALITY, OVER-
EXTRACTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES, CONTAMINATIONS CAN THREATEN
THE HEALTH OF WILDLIFE POPULATIONS THAT CAN CAUSES WILDLIFE
DISEASES AND EXTINCTION.
• EX. COLLECTING DIFFERENT VARIETY OF PLANTS FROM RAIN
FOREST/NATURAL HABITAT.

13. WHY SHOULD HUMAN CULTURES
CONSERVE BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY?

14. THE “WHO” OF CONSERVATION
BIOLOGY ACTION

15. THE CONCEPT OF CONSERVATION BIOLOGY WAS INTRODUCED BY
DASMANN (1968) AND EHRENFELD (1970). SOULÉ & WILCOX'S
(1980) CONTRIBUTION, CONSERVATION BIOLOGY: AN
EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE, SERVED AS AN IMPETUS
FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISCIPLINE. OVER THE NEXT SIX
YEARS, MANY SCIENTISTS BEGAN TO REFER TO THEMSELVES AS
CONSERVATION BIOLOGISTS. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY: THE
SCIENCE OF SCARCITY AND DIVERSITY WAS PUBLISHED, A SOCIETY
FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY FORMED, AND A JOURNAL WAS
ESTABLISHED (SOULÉ 1986).

16. RAYMOND F. DASMANN
FATHER OF ENVIRONMENTALISM
DASMANN COINED WHAT HE CALLED
THE FIRST LAW OF THE ENVIRONMENT.
“NO MATTER HOW BAD YOU THINK
THINGS ARE,” HE OFTEN SAID, “THE
TOTAL REALITY IS MUCH WORSE.”
R. DASMANN BEGAN EMPHASIZING THE
NEED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSERVATION IN THE 1950'S, AND HIS
1965 BOOK, ''THE DESTRUCTION OF
CALIFORNIA,'

17. RAYMOND F. DASMANN
HE PROMOTED THE IDEA OF
''ECODEVELOPMENT,'' IN WHICH A
COMMUNITY'S GROWTH IS NOT
DEPENDENT ON EXPLOITING ITS
NATURAL RESOURCES, AND HE INSISTED
THAT INDIGENOUS PEOPLE HAVE A
CENTRAL ROLE IN ECOLOGICAL
SOLUTIONS.

18. JOAN EHRENFELD WAS ONE OF THE PIONEERS OF URBAN
ECOLOGY WHOSE CONTRIBUTIONS HELPED SHAPE OUR
KNOWLEDGE OF URBAN ECOSYSTEMS. HER WORK SPANNED
MANY TAXA AND SYSTEMS, RANGING FROM NOVEL WORK ON
URBAN WETLANDS TO THE ROLE OF PEOPLE IN SHAPING URBAN
ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES

19. DR. JOAN EHRENFELD, AN EXPERT ON INVASIVE SPECIES,
WETLANDS ECOLOGY, AND URBAN ECOLOGY, DIED AT HER
HOME IN HIGHLAND PARK, NEW JERSEY, ON 25 JUNE 2011 AFTER
A YEARLONG BATTLE WITH ACUTE LEUKEMIA. SHE SPENT HER
35-YEAR CAREER AS A RUTGERS UNIVERSITY PROFESSOR OF
ECOLOGY, STUDYING PLANT COMMUNITIES IN BOTH NEW
JERSEY’S WILDEST AND MOST SETTLED PLACES, FROM THE PINE
BARRENS TO THE URBAN WETLANDS OF RAHWAY. SHE WAS
RECOGNIZED AROUND THE WORLD AS A LEADING VOICE ON
PLANT ECOLOGY.

20. PHILOSOPHIES OF CONSERVATION

21. PHILOSOPHIES OF CONSERVATION
FORMALIZED PHILOSOPHIES OF CONSERVATION BIOLOGY DEVELOPED INTO TWO
BRANCHES DURING THE LATE 19TH CENTURY AND EARLY 20TH CENTURY.
PRESERVATIONISTS WANTED PURE WILDERNESS BASED ON A SPIRITUAL
APPRECIATION FOR NATURE. CONSERVATIONISTS ADVOCATED A RESOURCE-BASED
APPROACH TO THE MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES. PRESERVATIONIST

22. PHILOSOPHIES OF CONSERVATION
GIFFORD PINCHOT (CONSERVATIONIST)
-BELIEVED THAT NATURAL RESOURCES SHOULD BE USED FOR THE BENEFIT OF
HUMANITY - “THE GREATEST GOOD OF THE GREATEST NUMBER [OF PEOPLE]
FOR THE LONGEST TIME.” FORMALIZED PHILOSOPHIES OF CONSERVATION BIOLOGY
DEVELOPED INTO TWO BRANCHES DURING THE LATE 19TH CENTURY AND EARLY 20TH
CENTURY.

23. GIFFORD PINCHOT
-ADVOCATED A RESOURCE-BASED
APPROACH TO THE MANAGEMENT OF
NATURAL RESOURCES (TERMED THE
RESOURCE CONSERVATION ETHIC) (PRIMACK
1998, KNIGHT 1999, WIKIPEDIA
CONTRIBUTORS 2006C).

25. • “CONSERVATION MEANS THE WISE USE OF THE
EARTH AND ITS RESOURCES FOR THE LASTING
GOOD OF MEN.”
• GIFFORD PINCHOT ESTABLISHED THE MODERN
DEFINITION OF CONSERVATION AS A “WISE USE”
APPROACH TO PUBLIC LAND. CONSERVATIONISTS
BELIEVE IN USING LAND SUSTAINABLY TO PRESERVE IT
FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS, RATHER THAN ALLOWING
IT TO BE EXPLOITED AND LOST FOREVER.
PINCHOT’S CONSERVATION THEORY HAS OFTEN BEEN
CONFLATED WITH JOHN MUIR’S IDEA OF
PRESERVATION. MUIR BELIEVED THAT HUMAN
ACTIONS COULD HARM OUR NATION’S LANDSCAPES
AND THEREFORE SHOULD BE AVOIDED, SHARPLY
RESTRICTING ACCESS TO THESE LANDS.

26. JOHN MUIR (THE PRESERVATIONISTS)
-WANTED PURE WILDERNESS BASED ON A
SPIRITUAL APPRECIATION FOR NATURE (TERMED THE
PRESERVATIONIST OR ROMANTIC – TRANSCENDENTAL
ETHIC) AND THE CONSERVATIONISTS (SUCH AS GIFFORD
PINCHOT - ADVOCATED A RESOURCE-BASED APPROACH
TO THE MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
(TERMED THE RESOURCE CONSERVATION ETHIC)
(PRIMACK 1998, KNIGHT 1999, WIKIPEDIA
CONTRIBUTORS 2006C).

27. JOHN MUIR (PRESERVATIONIST)
-FOLLOWED THE IDEAS OF RALPH WALDO
EMERSON AND HENRY DAVID THOREAU. HE
BELIEVED THAT THE SPIRITUAL BENEFITS OF
NATURE WERE SUPERIOR TO THE MATERIAL
BENEFITS GAINED BY EXPLOITING NATURE
(PRIMACK 1998). EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY
STUDIES HAVE FOUND CORRELATIONS LINKING
CONTACT WITH NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS TO
IMPROVED MENTAL HEALTH AND MORALITY
(WIKIPEDIA CONTRIBUTORS 2006A)

28. RECOVERY AND THREAT ABATEMENT
PLANNING FOR SPECIES AND
COMMUNITIES

29. Threat abatement plans
Making a decision to have a threat
abatement plan
Within 90 days of listing a key threatening process one must decide if a threat
abatement plan should be made or adopted.
This decision is based on whether having and implementing a plan is the most
'feasible, effective and efficient way to abate the process’. Consult a committee
and interested government agencies before making this decision.

30. Making or adopting a threat abatement plan
If a threat abatement plan is needed one will be developed in accordance with the
requirements
Having decided to have a plan, before making or adopting the plan one must consult
widely. Consultation includes advertising and inviting comment on the plan during a
specified period. In making a threat abatement plan regard must be had to the role
and interests of Indigenous people in the conservation of the biodiversity.

31. Reviewing the threat abatement plan
The purpose of a review of a threat abatement plan is to assess the actions that
have been undertaken to abate the threat from the disease as identified through
the actions, goals and objectives of the threat abatement plan. The review
should:
•Propose revised objectives and related actions, performance indicators and
milestones for the threat abatement plan appropriate to a second five year
period for the threat abatement plans, and consistent with the legislative
requirements for threat abatement plans;
•Identify any significant shortcomings or flaws in the content and coverage of
the threat abatement plans, and propose in general terms how these
shortcomings could be addressed; and
•Provide sound justification for the proposed changes.

32. Recovery plans set out the research and
management actions necessary to stop the
decline of, and support the recovery of,
listed threatened species or threatened
ecological communities. The aim of a
recovery plan is to maximize the long term
survival in the wild of a threatened species
or ecological community.
Recovery and threat abatement planning for
species and communities

33. Making or adopting a recovery plan
•consult with the appropriate individual in the
community or territory in which the species or
ecological community occurs
•consider advice from the a committee
•invite public comment on the proposed plan
•consider all comments received