This document provides an overview of a presentation on the demand for cigarettes. It begins with acknowledgements and introduces the group members. It then defines what a cigarette is and outlines several negative health effects of smoking cigarettes. The document discusses the law of demand and how cigarettes are an exception, remaining relatively inelastic. It lists 10 determinants of cigarette demand and explains movements along the demand curve. Finally, it defines elasticity and categorizes the price elasticity of demand for cigarettes as perfectly inelastic.
Cadbury Dairy Milk is a brand of chocolate made by British confectionery company Cadbury. It was introduced in the UK in 1905 and India in 1948. Dairy Milk holds a 30% value share of the Indian chocolate market and is Cadbury's best-selling product globally. The document discusses Cadbury's history with Dairy Milk, operations in India, product portfolio, competitors, consumer trends, marketing strategies including iconic ad campaigns, and the brand's market leadership position in India.
Porter’S Five Force Model Analysis For Indian Cigarette Industry @ tnmg4u.ComDr. Angshuman Ghosh
This document analyzes Porter's Five Forces model for the Indian cigarette industry. It finds that the threats of new entrants and bargaining power of suppliers are low due to high capital requirements, established players, and cigarette companies having direct access to distribution channels. The bargaining power of buyers is also low because customers are addicted and attached emotionally to smoking. Threats of substitute products are low as alternatives like herbal cigarettes did not become popular. Competitive rivalry in the industry is high as there are many competing players engaging in price competition and new product launches to replace prohibited television and radio advertisements.
This case study examines Coca-Cola's launch of New Coke in 1985. Due to declining market share against Pepsi in the 1970s and 1980s, Coca-Cola reformulated its 99-year old formula. Market research showed dissatisfaction with the new formula, but it was launched as New Coke anyway. New Coke was heavily promoted but failed to meet consumer expectations, tasting too similar to Pepsi. It was perceived as a "me-too" product and replaced by Coca-Cola Classic in July 1985. The rapid failure of New Coke and success of the return to Coca-Cola Classic has led some to believe the launch was deliberately engineered to boost sales of the original formula.
This document provides a history and overview of Cadbury, including:
- Cadbury was founded in 1824 in Birmingham, England and began as a grocery store selling tea and drinking chocolate.
- Cadbury began operations in India in 1948 by importing chocolates and has since expanded manufacturing facilities across India.
- Cadbury uses effective marketing strategies like celebrity endorsements and memorable advertisements to maintain its leadership position in the Indian chocolate market.
- Advertising plays a key role in Cadbury's success by creating relatable messages that increase brand awareness and match consumer needs and thinking patterns.
The document lists team members of an organization and provides information about Cadbury India. It details that Cadbury India is a fully owned subsidiary of Kraft Foods Inc. and is a powerhouse in snacks, confectionery and quick meals. It has over 11 brands with more than $1 billion in revenue and over 70 brands with more than $100 million in revenue. Cadbury India's annual revenues are approximately $50 billion. The document also outlines Cadbury's promotional programs, objectives, advertising strategies and campaigns.
The cola wars are a series of mutually-targeted television advertisements and marketing campaigns since the 1980s between two long-time rival soft drink producers, The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo. The battle between the two dominant brands in the United States intensified to such an extent that the term “Cola wars” was used to describe the feud.
In this presentation discussed regarding Rivalry between Cocacola and Pepsi
The document provides an overview of Cadbury India including the global and Indian chocolate markets, Cadbury's history and products in India, a SWOT analysis, and a proposed marketing plan targeting different age groups in India. Key points include that the Indian chocolate market is growing at 23% annually, Cadbury India has over 67% value market share led by Cadbury Dairy Milk, and the marketing plan proposes partnerships with schools and Facebook to target children and younger adults respectively.
Cadbury Dairy Milk is a brand of chocolate made by British confectionery company Cadbury. It was introduced in the UK in 1905 and India in 1948. Dairy Milk holds a 30% value share of the Indian chocolate market and is Cadbury's best-selling product globally. The document discusses Cadbury's history with Dairy Milk, operations in India, product portfolio, competitors, consumer trends, marketing strategies including iconic ad campaigns, and the brand's market leadership position in India.
Porter’S Five Force Model Analysis For Indian Cigarette Industry @ tnmg4u.ComDr. Angshuman Ghosh
This document analyzes Porter's Five Forces model for the Indian cigarette industry. It finds that the threats of new entrants and bargaining power of suppliers are low due to high capital requirements, established players, and cigarette companies having direct access to distribution channels. The bargaining power of buyers is also low because customers are addicted and attached emotionally to smoking. Threats of substitute products are low as alternatives like herbal cigarettes did not become popular. Competitive rivalry in the industry is high as there are many competing players engaging in price competition and new product launches to replace prohibited television and radio advertisements.
This case study examines Coca-Cola's launch of New Coke in 1985. Due to declining market share against Pepsi in the 1970s and 1980s, Coca-Cola reformulated its 99-year old formula. Market research showed dissatisfaction with the new formula, but it was launched as New Coke anyway. New Coke was heavily promoted but failed to meet consumer expectations, tasting too similar to Pepsi. It was perceived as a "me-too" product and replaced by Coca-Cola Classic in July 1985. The rapid failure of New Coke and success of the return to Coca-Cola Classic has led some to believe the launch was deliberately engineered to boost sales of the original formula.
This document provides a history and overview of Cadbury, including:
- Cadbury was founded in 1824 in Birmingham, England and began as a grocery store selling tea and drinking chocolate.
- Cadbury began operations in India in 1948 by importing chocolates and has since expanded manufacturing facilities across India.
- Cadbury uses effective marketing strategies like celebrity endorsements and memorable advertisements to maintain its leadership position in the Indian chocolate market.
- Advertising plays a key role in Cadbury's success by creating relatable messages that increase brand awareness and match consumer needs and thinking patterns.
The document lists team members of an organization and provides information about Cadbury India. It details that Cadbury India is a fully owned subsidiary of Kraft Foods Inc. and is a powerhouse in snacks, confectionery and quick meals. It has over 11 brands with more than $1 billion in revenue and over 70 brands with more than $100 million in revenue. Cadbury India's annual revenues are approximately $50 billion. The document also outlines Cadbury's promotional programs, objectives, advertising strategies and campaigns.
The cola wars are a series of mutually-targeted television advertisements and marketing campaigns since the 1980s between two long-time rival soft drink producers, The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo. The battle between the two dominant brands in the United States intensified to such an extent that the term “Cola wars” was used to describe the feud.
In this presentation discussed regarding Rivalry between Cocacola and Pepsi
The document provides an overview of Cadbury India including the global and Indian chocolate markets, Cadbury's history and products in India, a SWOT analysis, and a proposed marketing plan targeting different age groups in India. Key points include that the Indian chocolate market is growing at 23% annually, Cadbury India has over 67% value market share led by Cadbury Dairy Milk, and the marketing plan proposes partnerships with schools and Facebook to target children and younger adults respectively.
The document provides an overview and analysis of Starbucks using the PESTEL framework. It begins with milestones in Starbucks' history from 1971 to present. It then analyzes Starbucks using PESTEL, covering political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors. These include issues around stability, taxes, social goals, technology innovations, sustainability efforts, and employment law. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of marketing, corporate social responsibility, and brand image for Starbucks' future success.
This document provides an introduction and overview of Cadbury, the British confectionery company. It discusses how Cadbury started in 1824 when John Cadbury opened a shop in Birmingham selling tea, coffee and homemade drinking chocolate. By 1853, Cadbury became the confectioner to the British Crown. Today, Cadbury operates globally and is the third largest producer of soft drinks and fourth largest confectionery manufacturer in the world. The document outlines Cadbury's objectives, marketing department, popular products including Dairy Milk, Celebrations and more. It also discusses Cadbury's competitors, distribution network, promotions, and awards won for performance and quality.
COMPARISON BETWEEN CADBURY 5 STAR AND DAIRY MILKTEJASVI TYAGI
Dairy Milk and 5 Star are two popular chocolate brands in India. Dairy Milk is the oldest brand introduced in 1905 in the UK and is trusted for its shape and sweetness. 5 Star was introduced in 1969 and is popular among children for its chocolate and caramel combo. A comparison found that while Dairy Milk has higher nutrition values, 5 Star has more ingredients like nuts. Dairy Milk also has stronger brand recognition and popularity in surveys. The document concludes that Dairy Milk is the top chocolate brand in India.
Coca-Cola has been operating in India since the 1970s and re-entered the market in 1993. It has established itself as the leading soft drink company with various brands like Coca-Cola, Thums Up, Sprite, Fanta, Limca, and Maaza. Coca-Cola utilizes an extensive marketing strategy involving advertising, promotions, and establishing a wide distribution network. It sponsors various sporting events and uses celebrities as brand ambassadors to promote its products across India. However, with economic slowdown affecting consumer spending, Coca-Cola has introduced smaller pack sizes priced at Rs. 5-6 to make its beverages more accessible.
This document provides an overview of Starbucks' history and operations. It begins with the founding of Starbucks in 1971 and outlines its growth over time. The document then discusses Starbucks' mission statement from 1990 to 2008, its commitment to ethics, and a SWOT analysis. It also describes Starbucks' action plan and recommendations to further enhance its atmosphere, increase marketing, and promote healthy products. In closing, it highlights Starbucks' focus on ethical sourcing, social responsibility, corporate governance, community involvement, and satisfying employees.
Check a Metabical case study analysis sample and order your custom case study analysis at http://www.casestudyanalysis.net/
Personalized approach to every order is guaranteed.
The DS Group started in 1929 as a manufacturer of fragrances and diversified into tobacco products in the 1930s-1950s, becoming a leader in India with brands like Baba and Rajnigandha. In the 1980s they expanded into food and beverages by acquiring Hi-Tech Foods and launching products like Catch salt. The DS Group uses a customer-driven strategy of closely meeting customer needs through new product innovations, obtaining feedback, and building loyalty programs to gain customer referrals.
The document provides information about a case study on Coca-Cola including objectives, company overview, vision, mission, values, external environment analysis, industry analysis, company analysis, strategies, competitors, and strategic formulation. It discusses Coca-Cola's history, products, financials, growth strategies, and comparison to competitor Pepsi. The document analyzes Coca-Cola's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats and positions products in the BCG matrix.
This document summarizes the history and challenges faced by Starbucks Coffee Company. It discusses how Starbucks grew rapidly under Schultz's leadership in the 1990s and 2000s, popularizing specialty coffee drinks globally. However, under CEO Jim Donald in the mid-2000s, Starbucks lost its focus on quality and the third place experience. When the financial crisis hit in 2008, sales declined sharply. Schultz returned as CEO and launched several initiatives to return Starbucks to its roots, including closing underperforming stores, emphasizing quality coffee and service, and innovating new products. After difficult changes, Schultz helped lead Starbucks' resurgence.
Starbucks began in 1971 in Seattle as just a coffee shop but is now a global brand with over 20,000 stores in 61 countries. It has expanded rapidly across North America, Asia, Europe, and other regions. Starbucks promotes its brand through various channels like advertising, product placement in movies, social media, and direct marketing. It also promotes social causes like environmental sustainability, fair trade, and helping communities through initiatives like (Product) Red and disaster relief efforts. Starbucks has grown to become a globally successful company through adaptation and a future-oriented strategy.
The document provides information about Cadbury, a multinational confectionery company, and its operations in Pakistan. It discusses Cadbury's introduction globally in 1905 and its establishment in Pakistan in 1993. It details Cadbury Pakistan's products, which include Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate, and operations with a manufacturing plant in Hub, Baluchistan. The document also examines Cadbury Dairy Milk's market leadership in Pakistan and its high market share as the top confectionery brand.
4p's of marketing of Horlicks- A marketing management projectSunny Gandhi
This document provides information about the marketing strategy of Horlicks, a health drink brand, under the topics of product, price, place, and promotion.
For product, it discusses that Horlicks is a consumer good that falls under the convenience category. It is in the maturity stage of the product lifecycle. For price, it notes that Horlicks must consider competitors' prices when setting its own to remain competitive. For place, it recommends Horlicks use intensive distribution channels to ensure wide availability. For promotion, it suggests advertising the product's benefits over competitors and using promotions to encourage brand switching.
Business research on study on Sunfeast dark fantasy ParTh Dutta
This document summarizes a study on consumer behavior regarding Sunfeast Dark Fantasy biscuits. Key findings include:
1) All 50 respondents were familiar with Sunfeast Dark Fantasy biscuits. Most were familiar with 3 variants, and knew of the brand through advertisements.
2) 94% of respondents regularly purchase the product. The majority (58%) were satisfied, while packaging was the most important motivator for purchase (56%).
3) Promotional tools like advertisements and in-store promotions were found to significantly increase brand awareness and popularity according to 88% of respondents. Television commercials (38%) and in-store promotions (22%) were the most influential promotional factors.
4) Packaging
Case Study- STARBUCKS: JUST WHO IS THE STARBUCKS CUSTOMER?Rajib Mia
Starbucks initially targeted wealthier, better educated customers who sought the Starbucks experience of hanging out in their stores. As Starbucks rapidly expanded, opening many new stores, their traditional customers declined and were replaced by a new breed of less affluent customers who just wanted coffee on the go. Recognizing the problem, Starbucks cut back store openings and reevaluated their customer segmentation using variables like age, gender, lifestyle, and location. They worked to regain their traditional customers and restore the Starbucks experience. Starbucks is now targeting new customer segments both in the US and abroad, and their profit growth has rebounded as a result of their new segmentation and targeting strategy.
Here are the steps to find the median age from the given data:
1. Write down the ages in numerical order: 29, 41, 42, 43, 50, 55, 71
2. The total number of ages is 7. Since 7 is an odd number, the median will be the middle term when the data is arranged in ascending order.
3. The middle term is 43.
Therefore, the median age is 43 years.
Starbucks is an American global coffee company and coffeehouse chain. It has over 20,000 stores worldwide and places an emphasis on ethical sourcing and diversity. The company was founded in 1971 and has experienced rapid expansion, going public in 1992. Starbucks' mission is to inspire and nurture the human spirit through high-quality coffee and a positive in-store experience. It aims to source coffee ethically and be environmentally responsible. The company refers to its employees as "partners" to emphasize their important role. Starbucks faces challenges in the Indian market around blending with local culture, price sensitivity of customers, and competitive rivalry.
Team Member’s lists various team members including Varun Aggarwal, Shashank Rana, and Preeti Kumari. Coca-Cola is introduced as a sweetened, carbonated drink originally made with coca leaves and cola nuts that was invented in 1886 and sold in nearly 200 countries by 2000. The launch of New Coke in 1985 turned out to be a failure for Coca-Cola, lasting only 79 days as one of the greatest marketing failures in America. Coca-Cola quickly reintroduced "old" Coke, renamed Coke Classic, after realizing falling market share from the public outcry over the removal of the original formula.
This document provides an overview of Cadbury India and its leading chocolate brand Cadbury Dairy Milk. Some key points:
- Cadbury India controls over 67% of the Indian chocolate market and Dairy Milk is considered the "gold standard" chocolate brand.
- Cadbury began operations in India in 1948 and today has six manufacturing facilities and four sales offices. Its signature purple logo and packaging are highly recognizable.
- The Indian chocolate market is growing rapidly at 15-23% annually and is projected to reach 341,609 tons by 2018. However, per capita consumption remains low at 165 grams compared to other countries.
- Cadbury dominates various chocolate segments in India such as bars, count
Cadbury faced a crisis when worms were found in some of its Dairy Milk chocolate bars in India, leading to plummeting sales. To address the crisis, Cadbury launched Project Vishwas, which involved advertising featuring Amitabh Bachchan, revamped packaging, and retail monitoring. Through transparent communication and quick action, Cadbury was able to restore stakeholder confidence and increase sales back to pre-crisis levels within 8 weeks.
The Coca-Cola Company is one of the largest beverage companies in the world. It has a market share of around 26% globally and operates in over 200 countries. In 2013, it reported revenues of $46.85 billion and profits of $9.01 billion with 146,200 employees. Some of its main competitors include PepsiCo, Dr Pepper Snapple Group, and Nestle. Coca-Cola has maintained its position as the largest beverage company through strong marketing, a vast distribution network, and high customer loyalty to its brands. However, it also faces challenges from changing consumer preferences toward healthier options and increasing competition.
This document discusses the prevalence of smoking among different ethnic groups in the US. It notes that American Indian/Alaskan Native adults have the highest smoking rates, while Asian Americans have the lowest. The document outlines the many harmful chemicals found in cigarette smoke and their negative health effects. It also discusses how smoking aims to target youth and minorities through tactics like increasing nicotine levels. The document urges readers to quit smoking due to the significant health benefits within 20 minutes to 15 years of stopping.
In the current write up, Supervisor Support has been used as one o.docxbradburgess22840
In the current write up, Supervisor Support has been used as one of the independent variable to explain OCB. But now Supervisor Support is used as mediator to explain OCB. The write up has captured almost everything and need to add few more paragraphs only how two independent variables (Leaders Moderation Orientation and People Orientation) lead to Supervisor Support that lead to OCB. Hence, the following changes are required as mentioned below:
1. Arguments to be developed for supervisor support as mediating variable under introduction, background, problem statement, objectives and research questions with relevant referencing. I have developed the research question and is highlighted in green for your reference in the attached document.
2. Under conceptual framework, it is required to write up the arguments showing the relationship between each independent variables (Leaders Moderation Orientation & People Orientation) with Supervisor Support with relevant referencing. The new diagram is attached and need to follow the diagram while making arguments.
3. Need to make changes in Methodology (chapter 3) as corrected.
I have attached the lists of tables and articles to help for the write up. Whatever corrections are made please highlight with green and no plagiarism
405
The Use and Abuse
of Tobacco
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing the study of this concept, you will be able to:
▶ Identify the most widely used forms of tobacco and the contents of tobacco
products that contribute to negative health outcomes.
▶ Describe the negative health and economic costs of cigarette and cigar smoking
and smokeless tobacco use.
▶ Describe secondhand smoke and identify the negative health consequences of
secondhand smoke exposure.
▶ Understand trends in the prevalence of tobacco use.
▶ Identify important factors contributing to recent reductions in tobacco use in the
United States.
▶ Describe efforts by the tobacco industry to maintain higher rates of smoking.
▶ Identify effective prevention and intervention approaches designed to reduce rates
of tobacco use.
C
o
n
c
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p
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8
Avoiding Destructive Behaviors ▶ Section VII
Tobacco use is the number one
cause of preventable disease and is
associated with the leading causes of
death in our culture.
cor22568_ch18_405-416.indd 405 9/21/12 7:32 PM
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406 Section 7 ▶ Avoiding Destructive Behaviors
Smokeless chewing tobacco is as addictive (and
maybe more so) as smoking and produces the
same kind of withdrawal symptoms. Chewing
tobacco comes in a variety of forms, including loose leaf,
twist, and plug forms. Rather than being smoked, the
dip, chew, or chaw stays in the mouth for several hours,
where it mixes well with saliva and is absorbed into the
bloodstream. Smokeless tobacco contains about seven
times more nicotine than cigarettes, and more of it is
absorbed because of the length .
The document provides an overview and analysis of Starbucks using the PESTEL framework. It begins with milestones in Starbucks' history from 1971 to present. It then analyzes Starbucks using PESTEL, covering political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors. These include issues around stability, taxes, social goals, technology innovations, sustainability efforts, and employment law. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of marketing, corporate social responsibility, and brand image for Starbucks' future success.
This document provides an introduction and overview of Cadbury, the British confectionery company. It discusses how Cadbury started in 1824 when John Cadbury opened a shop in Birmingham selling tea, coffee and homemade drinking chocolate. By 1853, Cadbury became the confectioner to the British Crown. Today, Cadbury operates globally and is the third largest producer of soft drinks and fourth largest confectionery manufacturer in the world. The document outlines Cadbury's objectives, marketing department, popular products including Dairy Milk, Celebrations and more. It also discusses Cadbury's competitors, distribution network, promotions, and awards won for performance and quality.
COMPARISON BETWEEN CADBURY 5 STAR AND DAIRY MILKTEJASVI TYAGI
Dairy Milk and 5 Star are two popular chocolate brands in India. Dairy Milk is the oldest brand introduced in 1905 in the UK and is trusted for its shape and sweetness. 5 Star was introduced in 1969 and is popular among children for its chocolate and caramel combo. A comparison found that while Dairy Milk has higher nutrition values, 5 Star has more ingredients like nuts. Dairy Milk also has stronger brand recognition and popularity in surveys. The document concludes that Dairy Milk is the top chocolate brand in India.
Coca-Cola has been operating in India since the 1970s and re-entered the market in 1993. It has established itself as the leading soft drink company with various brands like Coca-Cola, Thums Up, Sprite, Fanta, Limca, and Maaza. Coca-Cola utilizes an extensive marketing strategy involving advertising, promotions, and establishing a wide distribution network. It sponsors various sporting events and uses celebrities as brand ambassadors to promote its products across India. However, with economic slowdown affecting consumer spending, Coca-Cola has introduced smaller pack sizes priced at Rs. 5-6 to make its beverages more accessible.
This document provides an overview of Starbucks' history and operations. It begins with the founding of Starbucks in 1971 and outlines its growth over time. The document then discusses Starbucks' mission statement from 1990 to 2008, its commitment to ethics, and a SWOT analysis. It also describes Starbucks' action plan and recommendations to further enhance its atmosphere, increase marketing, and promote healthy products. In closing, it highlights Starbucks' focus on ethical sourcing, social responsibility, corporate governance, community involvement, and satisfying employees.
Check a Metabical case study analysis sample and order your custom case study analysis at http://www.casestudyanalysis.net/
Personalized approach to every order is guaranteed.
The DS Group started in 1929 as a manufacturer of fragrances and diversified into tobacco products in the 1930s-1950s, becoming a leader in India with brands like Baba and Rajnigandha. In the 1980s they expanded into food and beverages by acquiring Hi-Tech Foods and launching products like Catch salt. The DS Group uses a customer-driven strategy of closely meeting customer needs through new product innovations, obtaining feedback, and building loyalty programs to gain customer referrals.
The document provides information about a case study on Coca-Cola including objectives, company overview, vision, mission, values, external environment analysis, industry analysis, company analysis, strategies, competitors, and strategic formulation. It discusses Coca-Cola's history, products, financials, growth strategies, and comparison to competitor Pepsi. The document analyzes Coca-Cola's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats and positions products in the BCG matrix.
This document summarizes the history and challenges faced by Starbucks Coffee Company. It discusses how Starbucks grew rapidly under Schultz's leadership in the 1990s and 2000s, popularizing specialty coffee drinks globally. However, under CEO Jim Donald in the mid-2000s, Starbucks lost its focus on quality and the third place experience. When the financial crisis hit in 2008, sales declined sharply. Schultz returned as CEO and launched several initiatives to return Starbucks to its roots, including closing underperforming stores, emphasizing quality coffee and service, and innovating new products. After difficult changes, Schultz helped lead Starbucks' resurgence.
Starbucks began in 1971 in Seattle as just a coffee shop but is now a global brand with over 20,000 stores in 61 countries. It has expanded rapidly across North America, Asia, Europe, and other regions. Starbucks promotes its brand through various channels like advertising, product placement in movies, social media, and direct marketing. It also promotes social causes like environmental sustainability, fair trade, and helping communities through initiatives like (Product) Red and disaster relief efforts. Starbucks has grown to become a globally successful company through adaptation and a future-oriented strategy.
The document provides information about Cadbury, a multinational confectionery company, and its operations in Pakistan. It discusses Cadbury's introduction globally in 1905 and its establishment in Pakistan in 1993. It details Cadbury Pakistan's products, which include Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate, and operations with a manufacturing plant in Hub, Baluchistan. The document also examines Cadbury Dairy Milk's market leadership in Pakistan and its high market share as the top confectionery brand.
4p's of marketing of Horlicks- A marketing management projectSunny Gandhi
This document provides information about the marketing strategy of Horlicks, a health drink brand, under the topics of product, price, place, and promotion.
For product, it discusses that Horlicks is a consumer good that falls under the convenience category. It is in the maturity stage of the product lifecycle. For price, it notes that Horlicks must consider competitors' prices when setting its own to remain competitive. For place, it recommends Horlicks use intensive distribution channels to ensure wide availability. For promotion, it suggests advertising the product's benefits over competitors and using promotions to encourage brand switching.
Business research on study on Sunfeast dark fantasy ParTh Dutta
This document summarizes a study on consumer behavior regarding Sunfeast Dark Fantasy biscuits. Key findings include:
1) All 50 respondents were familiar with Sunfeast Dark Fantasy biscuits. Most were familiar with 3 variants, and knew of the brand through advertisements.
2) 94% of respondents regularly purchase the product. The majority (58%) were satisfied, while packaging was the most important motivator for purchase (56%).
3) Promotional tools like advertisements and in-store promotions were found to significantly increase brand awareness and popularity according to 88% of respondents. Television commercials (38%) and in-store promotions (22%) were the most influential promotional factors.
4) Packaging
Case Study- STARBUCKS: JUST WHO IS THE STARBUCKS CUSTOMER?Rajib Mia
Starbucks initially targeted wealthier, better educated customers who sought the Starbucks experience of hanging out in their stores. As Starbucks rapidly expanded, opening many new stores, their traditional customers declined and were replaced by a new breed of less affluent customers who just wanted coffee on the go. Recognizing the problem, Starbucks cut back store openings and reevaluated their customer segmentation using variables like age, gender, lifestyle, and location. They worked to regain their traditional customers and restore the Starbucks experience. Starbucks is now targeting new customer segments both in the US and abroad, and their profit growth has rebounded as a result of their new segmentation and targeting strategy.
Here are the steps to find the median age from the given data:
1. Write down the ages in numerical order: 29, 41, 42, 43, 50, 55, 71
2. The total number of ages is 7. Since 7 is an odd number, the median will be the middle term when the data is arranged in ascending order.
3. The middle term is 43.
Therefore, the median age is 43 years.
Starbucks is an American global coffee company and coffeehouse chain. It has over 20,000 stores worldwide and places an emphasis on ethical sourcing and diversity. The company was founded in 1971 and has experienced rapid expansion, going public in 1992. Starbucks' mission is to inspire and nurture the human spirit through high-quality coffee and a positive in-store experience. It aims to source coffee ethically and be environmentally responsible. The company refers to its employees as "partners" to emphasize their important role. Starbucks faces challenges in the Indian market around blending with local culture, price sensitivity of customers, and competitive rivalry.
Team Member’s lists various team members including Varun Aggarwal, Shashank Rana, and Preeti Kumari. Coca-Cola is introduced as a sweetened, carbonated drink originally made with coca leaves and cola nuts that was invented in 1886 and sold in nearly 200 countries by 2000. The launch of New Coke in 1985 turned out to be a failure for Coca-Cola, lasting only 79 days as one of the greatest marketing failures in America. Coca-Cola quickly reintroduced "old" Coke, renamed Coke Classic, after realizing falling market share from the public outcry over the removal of the original formula.
This document provides an overview of Cadbury India and its leading chocolate brand Cadbury Dairy Milk. Some key points:
- Cadbury India controls over 67% of the Indian chocolate market and Dairy Milk is considered the "gold standard" chocolate brand.
- Cadbury began operations in India in 1948 and today has six manufacturing facilities and four sales offices. Its signature purple logo and packaging are highly recognizable.
- The Indian chocolate market is growing rapidly at 15-23% annually and is projected to reach 341,609 tons by 2018. However, per capita consumption remains low at 165 grams compared to other countries.
- Cadbury dominates various chocolate segments in India such as bars, count
Cadbury faced a crisis when worms were found in some of its Dairy Milk chocolate bars in India, leading to plummeting sales. To address the crisis, Cadbury launched Project Vishwas, which involved advertising featuring Amitabh Bachchan, revamped packaging, and retail monitoring. Through transparent communication and quick action, Cadbury was able to restore stakeholder confidence and increase sales back to pre-crisis levels within 8 weeks.
The Coca-Cola Company is one of the largest beverage companies in the world. It has a market share of around 26% globally and operates in over 200 countries. In 2013, it reported revenues of $46.85 billion and profits of $9.01 billion with 146,200 employees. Some of its main competitors include PepsiCo, Dr Pepper Snapple Group, and Nestle. Coca-Cola has maintained its position as the largest beverage company through strong marketing, a vast distribution network, and high customer loyalty to its brands. However, it also faces challenges from changing consumer preferences toward healthier options and increasing competition.
This document discusses the prevalence of smoking among different ethnic groups in the US. It notes that American Indian/Alaskan Native adults have the highest smoking rates, while Asian Americans have the lowest. The document outlines the many harmful chemicals found in cigarette smoke and their negative health effects. It also discusses how smoking aims to target youth and minorities through tactics like increasing nicotine levels. The document urges readers to quit smoking due to the significant health benefits within 20 minutes to 15 years of stopping.
In the current write up, Supervisor Support has been used as one o.docxbradburgess22840
In the current write up, Supervisor Support has been used as one of the independent variable to explain OCB. But now Supervisor Support is used as mediator to explain OCB. The write up has captured almost everything and need to add few more paragraphs only how two independent variables (Leaders Moderation Orientation and People Orientation) lead to Supervisor Support that lead to OCB. Hence, the following changes are required as mentioned below:
1. Arguments to be developed for supervisor support as mediating variable under introduction, background, problem statement, objectives and research questions with relevant referencing. I have developed the research question and is highlighted in green for your reference in the attached document.
2. Under conceptual framework, it is required to write up the arguments showing the relationship between each independent variables (Leaders Moderation Orientation & People Orientation) with Supervisor Support with relevant referencing. The new diagram is attached and need to follow the diagram while making arguments.
3. Need to make changes in Methodology (chapter 3) as corrected.
I have attached the lists of tables and articles to help for the write up. Whatever corrections are made please highlight with green and no plagiarism
405
The Use and Abuse
of Tobacco
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing the study of this concept, you will be able to:
▶ Identify the most widely used forms of tobacco and the contents of tobacco
products that contribute to negative health outcomes.
▶ Describe the negative health and economic costs of cigarette and cigar smoking
and smokeless tobacco use.
▶ Describe secondhand smoke and identify the negative health consequences of
secondhand smoke exposure.
▶ Understand trends in the prevalence of tobacco use.
▶ Identify important factors contributing to recent reductions in tobacco use in the
United States.
▶ Describe efforts by the tobacco industry to maintain higher rates of smoking.
▶ Identify effective prevention and intervention approaches designed to reduce rates
of tobacco use.
C
o
n
c
e
p
t 1
8
Avoiding Destructive Behaviors ▶ Section VII
Tobacco use is the number one
cause of preventable disease and is
associated with the leading causes of
death in our culture.
cor22568_ch18_405-416.indd 405 9/21/12 7:32 PM
F
O
S
T
E
R
,
C
E
D
R
I
C
1
6
9
2
T
S
406 Section 7 ▶ Avoiding Destructive Behaviors
Smokeless chewing tobacco is as addictive (and
maybe more so) as smoking and produces the
same kind of withdrawal symptoms. Chewing
tobacco comes in a variety of forms, including loose leaf,
twist, and plug forms. Rather than being smoked, the
dip, chew, or chaw stays in the mouth for several hours,
where it mixes well with saliva and is absorbed into the
bloodstream. Smokeless tobacco contains about seven
times more nicotine than cigarettes, and more of it is
absorbed because of the length .
This document summarizes a study that investigated motivations for smoking cessation, reasons for relapse, and methods of quitting smoking. The study involved focus groups and interviews with current and former smokers in Poland. Key findings included: (1) the main motivations for quitting were smoking bans and high cigarette costs, (2) the most common reason for relapse was stress, and (3) the most frequent method of quitting was a spontaneous decision triggered by a specific event. The study provided insights into factors that influence smoking behaviors and cessation attempts.
1. The document discusses the concept of elasticity in economics, including definitions and calculations of price elasticity of demand and supply.
2. It explains that price elasticity measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded or supplied to a change in price. Demand is more elastic for teenagers compared to adults regarding cigarettes.
3. The determinants of elasticity, like availability of substitutes and necessity, are outlined. Price elasticity is used to determine how changes in price affect total revenue and whether demand is elastic or inelastic.
1. The document discusses the potential for e-cigarettes and other reduced risk nicotine products to significantly reduce smoking-related harm and death on a global scale. It outlines scenarios where low-risk nicotine products could drive down the number of smokers from over 1 billion currently to just 5% of the global adult population by 2050.
2. However, it notes that an over-regulated environment that reduces product appeal and diversity could limit the public health benefits by decreasing the number of smokers who switch to less harmful alternatives. The document argues for a balanced, evidence-based approach that recognizes both the massive potential gains and relatively minor risks of low-risk nicotine products.
3. In conclusion, it advocates that
E-cigarettes were invented in 2003 as a less harmful alternative to traditional cigarettes. They work by heating a liquid that contains nicotine and flavorings to produce an aerosol that is inhaled. While e-cigarettes may be less risky than smoking, they are not completely safe. Their long-term health impacts are still unknown, and some studies have found links between the particles in e-cigarette aerosol and cardiovascular problems. India has banned e-cigarettes due to concerns about rising youth addiction and unknown health risks. Violators of the ban can face imprisonment and fines.
E-cigarettes were invented in 2003 as a less harmful alternative to traditional cigarettes. They work by heating a liquid that contains nicotine and flavorings to produce an aerosol that is inhaled. While e-cigarettes may be less risky than smoking, they are not completely safe. Their long-term health impacts are still unknown, and some studies have found links between the particles in e-cigarette aerosol and cardiovascular problems. India has banned e-cigarettes due to concerns about rising youth addiction and unknown health risks. Violators of the ban can face imprisonment and fines.
The document contains an essay arguing that tobacco should not be made illegal but should be regulated. It presents three main points in the body paragraphs: 1) while tobacco and drugs can have harmful health effects, prohibiting them creates organized crime and costs society more than regulation; 2) the government can control tobacco production and sales through regulation rather than banning it; and 3) tobacco is a source of tax revenue for many governments and education is better than prohibition for reducing tobacco use. The conclusion restates that banning tobacco is not a good solution and regulation is preferable to prohibition.
E-cigarette marketing analysis based on European Lawmakers reject tight restrictions on e-cigarettes and the e-cigarette industry waiting to exhale by The New York Times.
The document discusses tobacco taxation in India. It analyzes data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey from 2009-2010 which shows that 34.6% of Indian adults consume tobacco in some form. Tobacco consumption prevalence is higher in rural areas compared to urban areas. The document estimates the number of smokers of different tobacco products and finds that there are over 274 million tobacco users in India. It analyzes own-price elasticities of tobacco products estimated in previous studies. A 10% price increase resulting from taxes is estimated to decrease bidi consumption more than cigarette consumption based on the relative elasticities of demand. Higher taxes could thus potentially reduce tobacco use and related health impacts while also increasing government revenue.
The document discusses tobacco taxation in India. It analyzes data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey from 2009-2010 which shows that 34.6% of Indian adults consume tobacco in some form. Tobacco consumption prevalence is higher in rural areas compared to urban areas. The document estimates the number of adults who currently smoke cigarettes, bidis, and use smokeless tobacco. It also provides estimates of own-price elasticities of demand for different tobacco products. Using these elasticities, it analyzes how a 10% increase in tobacco prices resulting from taxation would impact tobacco consumption levels and government revenues.
1. What is Creative Destruction?
a. Creative Destruction and Marxism
b. Creative Destruction and Schumpeter
c. Creative Destruction and Laissez-Faire Economics
2. Cases of Creative Destruction
3. Problems of Creative Destruction
4. Creative Destruction vs Economic Destruction
1. Rewards Management
2. Types of Rewards
3. Incentives at Google, Wegmans, BCG
4. Reward System of Sanima Bank
5. Total Rewards Model
6. Organizational Justice
7. Organizational Entry, Violations of policies/Discipline, 8. Grievances and Grounds of Termination
9. Ethics Program, Organizational Entry, Ongoing Relationship, Discipline, Grievance Handling, Exit and Termination in Sanima Bank
Nepal: Company Perspectives - International Trade Centre (ITC) Series on Non-...Dipesh Pandey
Non-tariff Measures (NTMs)
About the Survey
Profiles of Interviewed Companies
Results of the Survey
Why exporters find NTMs Burdensome?
Burdensome NTMs and other Obstacles Faced by Exporters
Challenges for Nepalese Cargo and Logistic Companies
Trade Related Business Environment (TBE)
Recommendations
Study of International Business Prospects for MerorugDipesh Pandey
This document summarizes a study conducted by Kathmandu University School of Management on the prospects of expanding exports of handmade carpets produced by Mero Rug to Australia. It provides background on Nepal's carpet industry and Mero Rug. A SWOT analysis and cultural analysis of Australia identifies opportunities for growth. Export potential is analyzed using trade maps and standards. The document recommends Mero Rug utilize indirect exporting and a multi-domestic strategy to enter Australia, focusing on marketing, employee retention and training to capitalize on the opportunity.
MRP System Structure (Input and Output)
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Bill of Material (BOM)
Inventory Records File
MRP Terminology
MRP Explosion Process
MRP Management
MRP and JIT
Introduction
Portfolio Status
Stock Investments
Arambha Micro-finance Bittiya Sanstha Ltd.
National Life Insurance Company
NMB Micro-finance Bittiya Sanstha Ltd.
Support Micro-finance Bittiya Sanstha Ltd.
Nepal Bank Limited
NIC Asia Bank Limited
Findings and Learnings
Business Environment Analysis of Saral Pvt. Ltd.Dipesh Pandey
Company Introduction, Business Environment Analysis, Technological Environment, Legal Environment, Regulatory Environment, Political Environment, Socio-Cultural Environment, Socio-Economic Environment, Globalization and International Laws, Conclusion.
Financial Factors, Qualitative Factors and Investment PracticesDipesh Pandey
Qualitative Factors, Models of Project Appraisal, Analytic Hierarchy Process, Strategic Index Method, Capital Investment Decisions, Problems of Capital Rationing, Working Capital Management, Investment Practices of Insurance Companies.
Bond Valuation, Bond Types, Bond Characteristics, Reasons for issuing Bonds, Bond Risks, Bond Measuring Yield, Bond Pricing Theorems, Factors that Influence Bond Prices, Primary Bond Market, Secondary Bond Market, Bonds in Nepal.
This document discusses different types of costing methods including job costing, batch costing, process costing, and joint and by-product costing. It explains key features of each method such as how costs are collected and allocated for individual jobs or batches in job costing. The document also covers concepts in process costing including normal and abnormal losses as well as how joint products and by-products are treated.
CVP Analysis for Multi-Product Firms and Limitations of CVP AnalysisDipesh Pandey
This document discusses using CVP (Cost-Volume-Profit) analysis for companies that produce multiple products. It provides an example of how to calculate a weighted average contribution margin per unit and break-even point for a biscuit company that produces 3 products. It also notes some limitations of CVP analysis, including that not all costs are perfectly fixed or variable, selling prices may not remain constant, and it assumes a single or constant product mix over a short time horizon.
A Comparative Financial Performance Analysis of Insurance and Hospitality Sec...Dipesh Pandey
List of Companies:
1. Crowne Plaza - Soaltee Hotel and Resorts
2. Hyatt Regency
3. MetLife Insurance Company
4. Himalayan General Insurance Co. Ltd.
In the presentation:
Objectives of the Study, Profitability Analysis, Liquidity Analysis, Solvency Analysis, Shareholder Analysis, Conclusions and Recommendations.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
1. Presentation on Demand of
Cigarettes
Group Members:
Alberto Gurung
Anshaj Shrestha
Bipin Gurung
Dipesh Raj Pandey
Mahotav Ansari
Pravash Dhar Sharma
Sushant Singh Bhandari
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, we would like to express our gratitude and thanks
to Ace Institute of Management and specially our
Economics teacher, Mr. Roshan Bardewa for providing us
this golden opportunity to speak in front of you all and
give this presentation. Through this presentation, we
were able to improve our presenting skills and convert
our bookish knowledge into practicality. We would also
like to thank all those people who helped us thoroughly
during the course of presentation by sharing their ideas,
thoughts and experiences .
3. What is cigarette?
• A cigarette (from the French for "small cigar”) is a small
cylinder of finely cut tobacco leaves rolled in thin paper
for smoking. The cigarette is ignited at one end and allowed to
smoulder; its smoke is inhaled from the other end, which is
held in or to the mouth and in some cases a cigarette holder
may be used as well. Most modern manufactured cigarettes
are filtered and include reconstituted tobacco and
other additives. The demand for cigarettes is gradually
decreasing in developed countries but increasing in
developing countries like Nepal.
4. EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING
• The effects of smoking on human health are serious and in
many cases, deadly. There are approximately 4000 chemicals
in cigarette, hundreds of which are toxic. The ingredients in
cigarettes affect everything from the internal functioning of
organs to the efficiency of the body's immune system. The
effects of cigarette smoking are destructive and widespread.
5. EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING
• Toxic ingredients in cigarette smoke travel throughout the
body, causing damage in several different ways.
• Nicotine reaches the brain within 10 seconds after smoke is
inhaled. It has been found in every part of the body and in
breast milk.
• Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells,
preventing affected cells from carrying a full load of oxygen.
• Cancer-causing agents (carcinogens) in tobacco smoke
damage important genes that control the growth of cells,
causing them to grow abnormally or to reproduce too rapidly.
• The carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene binds to cells in the airways
and major organs of smokers.
6. EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING
• Smoking affects the function of the immune system and may
increase the risk for respiratory and other infections.
• There are several likely ways that cigarette smoke does its
damage. One is oxidative stress that mutates DNA,
promotes atherosclerosis, and leads to chronic lung injury.
Oxidative stress is thought to be the general mechanism
behind the aging process, contributing to the development of
cancer, cardiovascular disease, and COPD(Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease).
• The body produces antioxidants to help repair damaged cells.
Smokers have lower levels of antioxidants in their blood than
do nonsmokers.
• Smoking is associated with higher levels of chronic
inflammation, another damaging process that may result in
oxidative stress.
7. Definition of 'Law Of Demand'
A microeconomic law that states
that, all other factors being equal,
as the price of a good or service
increases, consumer demand for
the good or service will decrease
and vice versa.
8.
9.
10.
11. IN CASE OF LAW OF DEMAND OF
Cigarettes
• As the price of Cigarettes increase, the quantity demanded for
Cigarettes is not effected vastly and vice-versa. It remains
constant due to various factors like satisfaction , brand
consciousness, peer pressure and other determinants of
demand of cigarette which will be explained later. So cigarette
is an exception to the law of demand.
12. DETERMINANTS OF DEMAND OF
CIGARETTE
1. Price of related goods:
The demand for a commodity and the price of related goods
has two types of relationship:
• If the fall on the price of one good leads to fall in the demand
of another good, those goods are called substitute goods.
For example: Pan, Supari, and Parag
• Whereas if the fall in prices of a commodity leads to the rise
in demand for other commodity, those commodities are
called complementary goods.
For example: Chewing gum, mint and chocolates
13. DETERMINANTS OF DEMAND OF
CIGARETTE
2. Income:
A rise in a person’s income will lead to an increase in demand
of cigarette(shift demand curve to the right), a fall will lead to
a decrease in demand for cigarette.
14. DETERMINANTS OF DEMAND OF
CIGARETTE
3.Taste and preference:
Taste and preference of the consumer changes from time to
time. Taste and preference of consumer changes in the flavor
of cigarette,the demand for cigarette increases whereas when
taste and preference of consumers changes and doesn’t favor
cigarette, the demand for cigarettes decreases.
15. DETERMINANTS OF DEMAND OF
CIGARETTE
4. Advertisement:
It is one of the factor which helps to increase the
consumption of cigarette. Eye catching and exiting
advertisements attract people towards a product.
Advertisement basically attracts teenagers by showing that
they can get satisfaction, luxury, and good name among their
friends by consuming such products which increase the
demand of the product.
16. DETERMINANTS OF DEMAND OF
CIGARETTE
5.Technological progress:
New commodities produced due to technological progress
reduces the demand of other own commodities. When a new
cigarette brand is made from new and improved technology,
the more people will try to consume it due to which the
demand of that particular cigarette increases.
17. DETERMINANTS OF DEMAND OF
CIGARETTE
6.Fashion:
A cigarette in a hand makes someone a real man has started to
become a fashion statement among the teenagers to show
other people and consume cigarette. The perception of people
to maintain their status among peers also affect the demand of
cigarettes.
18. DETERMINANTS OF DEMAND OF
CIGARETTE
7.Change in distribution of income:
When the distribution of income favors the poor people, the
demand of many things increase whereas, when the
distribution of income is concentrated on rich people,
demand for luxury goods will only be high. In this case when
income of poor people increases the demand for cigarette will
drastically increase as rich and poor people both could afford
to buy it easily.
19. DETERMINANTS OF DEMAND OF
CIGARETTE
8.Consumer’s expectation:
If people feel future shortage of commodity or rise in price
the demand of that commodity increases. This factor also
affects the demand of cigarette.
20. DETERMINANTS OF DEMAND OF
CIGARETTE
9.Films and television:
Films and television has total influence on people.
Seeing different scenes on films performed by actors, people
tend to copy them. They can copy the bad habits as well
such as smoking cigarette which may increase the cigarette
demand.
21. DETERMINANTS OF DEMAND OF
CIGARETTE
10. When other different international brands of cigarettes
are imputed from other countries, the total demand for the
local brand decreases.
22. Movement along a demand curve or change in
quantity demanded:
Other things being equal, if the quantity
demanded increases or decreases due to fall or
rise in price of a commodity alone, it is known as
movement along a demand curve or change in
quantity demanded.
Downward movement along the demand curve is
called extension in demand while the upward
movement is called contraction in demand.
23. MOVEMENT IN DEMAND CURVE OF
CIGARETTE
Contraction in
demand
Extension in
DemandA
B
C
24. Shift in demand curve or change in demand:
If more or less quantity of a commodity is demanded at the
same price due to change in factors other than the price of
the commodity concerned(such as change in income, taste, or
prices of other related goods, etc.),it is called shift in demand
curve.
It is shown by upward or downward shift in demand curve.
Rightward shift in the demand curve indicates increase in
demand while the leftward shift indicates decrease in
demand.
26. ELASTICITY OF CIGARETTE
• Elasticity
Elasticity is simply a way of quantifying cause and effect
relationship. It is defined generally as a numerical measure of
the responsiveness of one economic variable (the dependent
variable) following a change in another influencing variable
(the independent variable), ceteris paribus. Where
relationships are elastic (responsive), a small change in the
cause or the independent variable has a big effect on the
other dependent variable. Where relationships are inelastic ,
large change in the cause or independent variable has limited
effects on the dependent variable.
27. ELASTICITY OF CIGARETTE
• Price Elasticity of demand For Cigarette (PEDc)
• A numerical measure of the responsiveness of demand
for a cigarette following a change in the price of that cigarette
alone is called price elasticity of demand for cigarette .
• PED =%change in quantity demanded of a cigarette/ %change
in price of that cigarette
• = - {(Q1-Q)/Q}/{(P1-P)/P}
• (Negative sign shows that there is an inverse relationship
between price and quantity demanded.)
• Where , Q1= final quantity, Q= initial quantity, P1=final price,
P=initial price.
28. ELASTICITY OF CIGARETTE
TYPES OF PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
1.Perfectly Elastic Demand (Ep=infinity.)
2.Relatively Elastic Demand (Ep>1.)
3.Unitary Elastic Demand (Ep=1.)
4.Relatively Inelastic Demand (Ep<1)
5.Perfectly Inelastic Demand (Ep=0.)
Among all the price elasticity of demand, price elasticity of
demand for cigarette is based on perfectly inelastic demand
or zero inelastic demand.
29. ELASTICITY OF CIGARETTE
• PERFECTLY INELASTIC DEMAND(Ep=0.)
• If there is no response in the quantity demanded due
to the change in its price, it is said to be perfectly
inelastic demand. It refers to a situation that a change
in price causes no change in quantity demanded. It is a
situation where even substantial changes in price leave
the demand unaffected.
• Similarly, in the case of a cigarette, quantity demanded
for a cigarette remains constant with the change in its
price. In other words, whatever the price is quantity
demanded for cigarette remains same.
30. ELASTICITY OF CIGARETTE
• Income Elasticity Of Demand For A Cigarette (YED)
• Income elasticity of demand for a cigeratte is defined as a
numerical measure of the responsiveness of demand for a
cigarette following a change in income alone .
• YED=%change in quantity demanded for a cigarette/ % change
in income
• =± {(Q1-Q)/Q}/{(Y1-Y)/Y}
• Where , Q1=final quantity, Q=initial quantity,Y1=final income,
Y=initial income.
• (+ve sing represents for normal goods , -ve sign represents for
inferior goods.
31. ELASTICITY OF CIGARETTE
Types Of Income Elasticity Of Demand
• 1.Positive Income Elasticity Of Demand (Ey=+ve)
If the quantity demanded for a product varies positively with
income, income elasticity of demand will be positive.
• 2.Negative Income Elasticity Of Demand (Ey=-ve)
If the quantity demanded for a product varies inversely with
income, income elasticity will be negative.
• 3.Zero Income Elasticity Of Demand (Ey=0)
If there is any response in quantity demanded due to the
change in income, income elasticity will be zero.
32. ELASTICITY OF CIGARETTE
Cigarette is an inferior good because it has negative income
elasticity of demand meaning that demand falls as the income
rises. Typically inferior goods or services exist where superior
goods are available to the consumer. The superior good for
cigarette is cigar, liquor, etc. Cigars are usually bigger and
thicker than cigarettes, last longer when smoked, contain
more tobacco and are more expensive.
33. ELASTICITY OF CIGARETTE
• Cross Elasticity of Demand
• Cross elasticity of demand refers to change in demand for a commodity as a result
of the change in the price of another commodity. It may be defined as the ratio of
proportionate change in the quantity demanded of commodity x to a given
proportionate change in the price of the related commodity y. Thus,
• Cross Elasticity of demand (Exy)
= %change in quantity demanded for X commodity
%change in price of Y commodity
Change in demand for X commodity
= Original demand for X commodity
Change in price of Y commodity
Original price of Y commodity
qx
= qx
py
py
= qx *py
py qx
This type of elasticity is concerned with substitute and complementary goods.
34. ELASTICITY OF CIGARETTE
• Types of Cross Elasticity of Demand(For Cigarettes)
1. Positive Cross Elasticity of Demand(Exy>0):
When a rise in price of one commodity, say y, will raise the
demand for another commodity, the condition is known as
positive cross elasticity. In this case price of commodity y and
demand for commodity x, move in the same direction.
Substitute goods for cigarette are cigar, liquor, wine, etc
35. ELASTICITY OF CIGARETTE
2. Negative cross elasticity of demand(Exy<0):
When a rise in price of one commodity, y will lead to fall in
demand for commodity x, the condition is known as negative
cross elasticity of demand. In this case commodity y and
demand for commodity x move in opposite direction.
Complementary goods for cigarette are tea, recreational
drugs, cigarette lighters, ashtrays, etc.
36. ELASTICITY OF CIGARETTE
3. Zero cross elasticity of demand(Exy=0):
When the demand for x does not respond to the rise and fall
in price of y, the condition is known as zero cross elasticity of
demand.
This concept is applied in independent goods like cigarette
and shoes, cigarette and butter, etc.