It is a form of road pricing typically implemented to help recuperate the cost of road construction and maintenance, which (on public roads) amounts to a form of taxation.
This document provides an overview of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). It discusses the necessity of ITS in India due to rapid economic growth and increasing traffic. The main components of ITS include transportation infrastructure, vehicles, and traffic management. ITS aims to provide innovative services to different modes of transportation. Some applications of ITS mentioned are electronic toll collection, GPS, advanced traveler information systems, and automatic passenger counters. While ITS can improve safety, traffic flow and reduce costs and pollution, challenges include high equipment costs and potential hacking of control systems.
This document discusses congestion pricing, including its history, objectives, classification, determinations, acceptability, advantages, disadvantages, and case studies. Congestion pricing aims to reduce congestion by charging fees, typically varying by time of day or congestion levels, for vehicles using certain roads or entering designated zones. While it provides benefits like reduced travel times and emissions, challenges include public resistance, impacts on surrounding roads, and upfront investment needs for alternative transit options. Case studies show it has worked to decrease traffic in places like Singapore, London, and Stockholm.
This document discusses Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and their application in public transport. ITS aims to provide innovative services to different modes of transportation through advanced applications to help users make safer and smarter use of transport networks. Some key uses of ITS in public transport mentioned are active traffic management, driver information through GPS, telematics, and rail management. The core of a public transport ITS infrastructure is an Intermodal Transport Control System (ITCS) which allows real-time communication between vehicles and control centers and provides real-time passenger information. The document discusses ITCS implementations in South Africa, including in Johannesburg, Cape Town, and Tshwane. It also outlines ITS activities and user services in
The document discusses traffic stream characteristics and parameters. There are five key points:
1. There are macroscopic and microscopic parameters that describe traffic streams. Macroscopic parameters include flow, speed, and density, which describe the overall traffic stream. Microscopic parameters describe individual vehicles, such as time and space headways.
2. Flow is the number of vehicles passing per unit of time. Speed can be measured as time mean speed or space mean speed. Density is the number of vehicles per length of road.
3. The relationships between flow, speed, and density can be represented with fundamental diagrams - the flow-density curve shows the parabolic relationship between flow and density, with maximum flow occurring at a critical
This document defines microscopic traffic stream parameters such as speed, density, flow, time headway, space headway, and spacing. It establishes the relationships between these parameters and provides the basic traffic flow equation relating flow, density, and speed. Examples are also given to demonstrate calculating traffic flow parameters from given data.
The document discusses three different urban traffic management systems: MAXBAND, SCATS, and SCOOT. MAXBAND uses optimization algorithms to determine signal timing parameters but requires significant computer resources. SCATS is an adaptive system used in over 250 cities worldwide that adjusts signal timing in real-time based on vehicle detection. It aims to minimize stops and delays. SCOOT similarly uses detection data to optimize cycle lengths, splits, and offsets every few minutes to reduce congestion and emissions.
Public transport systems can be improved by focusing on customer needs rather than technology or existing operators. The most effective systems prioritize public transport, integrate different modes, and plan frequent services on a full network. While metro and heavy rail require large subsidies, bus rapid transit (BRT) provides high capacity at a fraction of the cost, constructing over 400km of BRT for the price of 7km of subway. BRT is also faster to implement, requiring under 18 months compared to over 5 years for metros.
This document provides an overview of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). It discusses the necessity of ITS in India due to rapid economic growth and increasing traffic. The main components of ITS include transportation infrastructure, vehicles, and traffic management. ITS aims to provide innovative services to different modes of transportation. Some applications of ITS mentioned are electronic toll collection, GPS, advanced traveler information systems, and automatic passenger counters. While ITS can improve safety, traffic flow and reduce costs and pollution, challenges include high equipment costs and potential hacking of control systems.
This document discusses congestion pricing, including its history, objectives, classification, determinations, acceptability, advantages, disadvantages, and case studies. Congestion pricing aims to reduce congestion by charging fees, typically varying by time of day or congestion levels, for vehicles using certain roads or entering designated zones. While it provides benefits like reduced travel times and emissions, challenges include public resistance, impacts on surrounding roads, and upfront investment needs for alternative transit options. Case studies show it has worked to decrease traffic in places like Singapore, London, and Stockholm.
This document discusses Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and their application in public transport. ITS aims to provide innovative services to different modes of transportation through advanced applications to help users make safer and smarter use of transport networks. Some key uses of ITS in public transport mentioned are active traffic management, driver information through GPS, telematics, and rail management. The core of a public transport ITS infrastructure is an Intermodal Transport Control System (ITCS) which allows real-time communication between vehicles and control centers and provides real-time passenger information. The document discusses ITCS implementations in South Africa, including in Johannesburg, Cape Town, and Tshwane. It also outlines ITS activities and user services in
The document discusses traffic stream characteristics and parameters. There are five key points:
1. There are macroscopic and microscopic parameters that describe traffic streams. Macroscopic parameters include flow, speed, and density, which describe the overall traffic stream. Microscopic parameters describe individual vehicles, such as time and space headways.
2. Flow is the number of vehicles passing per unit of time. Speed can be measured as time mean speed or space mean speed. Density is the number of vehicles per length of road.
3. The relationships between flow, speed, and density can be represented with fundamental diagrams - the flow-density curve shows the parabolic relationship between flow and density, with maximum flow occurring at a critical
This document defines microscopic traffic stream parameters such as speed, density, flow, time headway, space headway, and spacing. It establishes the relationships between these parameters and provides the basic traffic flow equation relating flow, density, and speed. Examples are also given to demonstrate calculating traffic flow parameters from given data.
The document discusses three different urban traffic management systems: MAXBAND, SCATS, and SCOOT. MAXBAND uses optimization algorithms to determine signal timing parameters but requires significant computer resources. SCATS is an adaptive system used in over 250 cities worldwide that adjusts signal timing in real-time based on vehicle detection. It aims to minimize stops and delays. SCOOT similarly uses detection data to optimize cycle lengths, splits, and offsets every few minutes to reduce congestion and emissions.
Public transport systems can be improved by focusing on customer needs rather than technology or existing operators. The most effective systems prioritize public transport, integrate different modes, and plan frequent services on a full network. While metro and heavy rail require large subsidies, bus rapid transit (BRT) provides high capacity at a fraction of the cost, constructing over 400km of BRT for the price of 7km of subway. BRT is also faster to implement, requiring under 18 months compared to over 5 years for metros.
Automatic vehicle location (AVL) systems track and report vehicle locations accurately to help supervise, control, and communicate with vehicles. This helps monitor vehicle status and prevent illegal activities or problems. AVL systems collect data, preprocess it, analyze it, and apply the results. They inform supervisors of vehicle locations and routes, detect accidents, and monitor driver behavior like speeding or taking long breaks. AVL is useful for managing large fleets in industries like shipping, banking, and oil, helping increase profitability. While expensive to install, AVL provides long-term benefits to businesses by keeping track of vehicle conditions and driver actions.
Intelligent Transportation Systems (Transportation Engineering)Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses intelligent transportation systems (ITS) as a way to more efficiently utilize existing transportation infrastructure. It outlines the main components of ITS, including advanced traffic management systems which use technologies like traffic cameras and variable message signs to monitor and manage traffic flow. Advanced traveler information systems provide real-time traffic and road condition information to drivers. The document also discusses advanced public transportation systems and commercial vehicle operations that use technologies to improve transportation system performance and safety. In summary, the document introduces intelligent transportation systems as an alternative to costly new construction that uses technologies to maximize existing infrastructure capacity.
The document discusses Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). ITS uses information and communication technologies to improve transportation outcomes like safety, productivity, travel reliability and more. Key ITS technologies discussed include wireless communications, computational technologies, floating car data collection, inductive loop detection, and video vehicle detection. Example ITS applications mentioned are emergency vehicle notification, automatic road enforcement, variable speed limits, collision avoidance systems, and dynamic traffic light sequencing.
The document provides details about the development of railway transportation in Nepal. It discusses Nepal's first railway line that was established in 1927 and linked two cities. Future plans for expanding railway networks across Nepal and between Nepal and India are outlined, including various ongoing projects like the East-West Electric Railway and Kathmandu Metrorail Project. The railway is positioned as an important mode of transportation that can help develop Nepal's economy and connectivity both internally and with neighboring countries.
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) apply information and communication technologies to transportation infrastructure and vehicles to improve safety, productivity, reliability, and other outcomes. ITS technologies are classified as advanced public transport systems, advanced traveler information systems, advanced traffic management systems, automated highway systems, incident management systems, electronic toll collection systems, and advanced warning systems. While ITS offers benefits like speed and travel time improvements and capacity management, it also faces disadvantages such as high costs and difficulties in mixed traffic environments. ITS has potential to help develop efficient transportation in India but widespread adoption remains a challenge.
Lec 07 Intersection Design (Transportation Engineering Dr.Lina Shbeeb)Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses different types of intersections and how they are designed. There are three main categories of intersections: grade separated without ramps, grade separated with ramps, and at-grade. At-grade intersections are further broken down into T-intersections, four-leg intersections, and multi-leg intersections with five or more approaches. Proper channelization of intersections is important to increase capacity and safety by separating conflicting traffic movements. Traffic islands can be used to control and direct traffic, divide opposing flows, or provide pedestrian refuge.
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) uses information and communication technologies to improve transportation safety, mobility, and efficiency. ITS applications include traffic management, emergency response, electronic toll collection, and vehicle-to-vehicle communication. Key technologies enabling ITS are vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), which allow vehicles to communicate, and wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which can monitor road conditions. Open research challenges include reliable communication in dense traffic and leveraging cloud computing with VANETs and vehicle resources.
The document discusses Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). ITS uses advanced technologies like electronics, computers, communications and sensors to improve transportation safety and efficiency. It describes several ITS technologies like wireless communications, computational technologies, and sensing technologies. It also discusses ITS applications such as electronic toll collection, emergency notification, congestion pricing, automatic enforcement, collision avoidance and traveler information. Finally, it outlines benefits of ITS such as time savings, improved safety, reduced costs and emissions.
transportation is the back bone of countries economical development. providing good and effective transportation facility will help in developing countries economy. transportation will save time, money, and work can be done easily. intelligent transportation system provides more benefits to the nation.
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is the modern technique implemented in many developed countries and is under implementation in developing countries like india.This presentation gives a brief idea about ITS.
Presentation on INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEM by jaswinder singhJaswinder Singh
This document provides an overview of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). It defines ITS as using information and communication technologies to improve transportation outcomes like safety, productivity, travel reliability and choices. ITS aims to address issues caused by increasing traffic congestion. It discusses various intelligent transport technologies like sensors, wireless communication and computational tools. It also describes ITS applications for emergency notification, road enforcement, variable speed limits and collision avoidance. Finally, it provides examples of planned ITS implementations in Chandigarh, India involving GPS vehicle tracking and a passenger information display system.
Pedestrian level of service for crosswalks at urban intersectionsTHOTA AKHIL
Pedestrians form the largest road user group.
As walking is the primary means of human locomotion, they are the most unguarded road users at intersections.
Pedestrians are allowed to pass only on the crosswalks, walkways which are provided for them.
In urban centers, pedestrian flows can be significant, they must be accommodated in planning & design of traffic facilities and controls.
Most of the potential pedestrian conflicts exist at the intersections.
Civil engineering in indian railways spceirkportal
The document discusses various aspects of railway track design and maintenance. It describes the different railway track gauges used worldwide and in India. It then covers classification of railway lines in India based on speed potential. The major areas of responsibility for civil engineers are listed as permanent way, works, and bridges. Key features of permanent way such as rails, sleepers, ballast and their functions are explained. Track maintenance methods like packing and geometry measurement are outlined. Finally, factors influencing alignment, curvature, super elevation and gradients are summarized.
The document discusses integrated transport services and cashless transactions using smart cards. It describes how public transport is moving from fragmented systems with different fares to integrated networks. Smart cards and contactless payments are highlighted as ways to facilitate cashless travel on public transport. Examples of integrated smart card systems in cities like Hong Kong, London, and Singapore are provided. The benefits of integrated e-ticketing include easier travel across modes and collection of travel data. Challenges to implementing such a system in India are also outlined.
This document discusses various aspects of traditional ballasted railway track, including:
- The important functions of ballast in distributing load and providing stability, drainage, and track maintenance.
- The standard ballast profile and advantages/disadvantages of traditional ballasted track compared to ballastless track.
- Key components of permanent way including rails, sleepers, fishplates, and various types of fastenings. Elastic fastenings help absorb vibrations.
- Rubber pads between rails and sleepers are important for damping vibrations and preventing gaps in the track. Proper toe load from fastenings also provides stability and resistance to movement.
Traffic study project for final year CIVIL engineeringMohammadOsamaJafry
A traffic study was conducted in Bihta, Patna by a group of 6 students from the Department of Civil Engineering at Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology. The study involved collecting data on vehicle volumes and types at 4 congestion points in Bihta over 1 hour time periods using manual counting methods. The results of the first day of data collection are presented, showing the number of different vehicle types passing in both the up and down directions at two locations: Ara Mor and the Dominia Overbridge. Vehicle types included cars, buses, trucks, motorcycles, animal-drawn vehicles, and cycles. Total traffic volumes for the hour were also calculated. The data will be used to analyze traffic characteristics and identify solutions to improve congest
Traffic studies are carried out to analyze traffic characteristics and help decide geometric design and traffic control measures. The main traffic studies include traffic volume, speed, origin-destination, traffic flow characteristics, capacity, and accident studies. Traffic volume studies measure the number of vehicles on a road section over time and are used for planning, operations, and analysis. Speed studies measure the speeds of vehicles using methods like short-distance timing or radar guns.
Rotaries are intersections where traffic moves in one direction around a central island. They convert severe conflicts into milder merging and diverging movements. Some advantages are lower speeds, fewer accidents, and self-regulation without signals. Rotaries are suitable for moderate traffic volumes up to 3000 vehicles/hour and work best when traffic from all approaches is balanced. Their capacity depends on entry/exit widths, weaving width and length, and proportion of weaving traffic.
Traffic congestion have a big impact on our personal life, career, future and even our safety. it causes stress, annoy and frustrate us. the traffic jams burns fuel at a higher rate .
The high fuel consumption hiked fares for public means and it also contributes greatly to the amount of emissions of greenhouse gases that create air pollution and eventually global warming.
we trying here partially to solve this problem in critical segments such as bridge, viaduct or tunnel etc. by using Excel simulation for Flow – Density relationship.
Sustaining Surface Transportation: Overview of the Highway Trust Fund and Ide...Mercatus Center
This document summarizes a presentation about reforming the federal highway transportation funding system. It outlines that the presentation covers:
1) The basics of the current federal Highway Trust Fund and issues with disconnect between revenues and system performance.
2) Areas for improvement like strategies to reduce congestion being inadequate and more efficient allocation of funds.
3) Options for reform like tolls, public-private partnerships, and charging drivers for vehicle miles traveled with considerations for implementing VMT charges.
Automatic vehicle location (AVL) systems track and report vehicle locations accurately to help supervise, control, and communicate with vehicles. This helps monitor vehicle status and prevent illegal activities or problems. AVL systems collect data, preprocess it, analyze it, and apply the results. They inform supervisors of vehicle locations and routes, detect accidents, and monitor driver behavior like speeding or taking long breaks. AVL is useful for managing large fleets in industries like shipping, banking, and oil, helping increase profitability. While expensive to install, AVL provides long-term benefits to businesses by keeping track of vehicle conditions and driver actions.
Intelligent Transportation Systems (Transportation Engineering)Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses intelligent transportation systems (ITS) as a way to more efficiently utilize existing transportation infrastructure. It outlines the main components of ITS, including advanced traffic management systems which use technologies like traffic cameras and variable message signs to monitor and manage traffic flow. Advanced traveler information systems provide real-time traffic and road condition information to drivers. The document also discusses advanced public transportation systems and commercial vehicle operations that use technologies to improve transportation system performance and safety. In summary, the document introduces intelligent transportation systems as an alternative to costly new construction that uses technologies to maximize existing infrastructure capacity.
The document discusses Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). ITS uses information and communication technologies to improve transportation outcomes like safety, productivity, travel reliability and more. Key ITS technologies discussed include wireless communications, computational technologies, floating car data collection, inductive loop detection, and video vehicle detection. Example ITS applications mentioned are emergency vehicle notification, automatic road enforcement, variable speed limits, collision avoidance systems, and dynamic traffic light sequencing.
The document provides details about the development of railway transportation in Nepal. It discusses Nepal's first railway line that was established in 1927 and linked two cities. Future plans for expanding railway networks across Nepal and between Nepal and India are outlined, including various ongoing projects like the East-West Electric Railway and Kathmandu Metrorail Project. The railway is positioned as an important mode of transportation that can help develop Nepal's economy and connectivity both internally and with neighboring countries.
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) apply information and communication technologies to transportation infrastructure and vehicles to improve safety, productivity, reliability, and other outcomes. ITS technologies are classified as advanced public transport systems, advanced traveler information systems, advanced traffic management systems, automated highway systems, incident management systems, electronic toll collection systems, and advanced warning systems. While ITS offers benefits like speed and travel time improvements and capacity management, it also faces disadvantages such as high costs and difficulties in mixed traffic environments. ITS has potential to help develop efficient transportation in India but widespread adoption remains a challenge.
Lec 07 Intersection Design (Transportation Engineering Dr.Lina Shbeeb)Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses different types of intersections and how they are designed. There are three main categories of intersections: grade separated without ramps, grade separated with ramps, and at-grade. At-grade intersections are further broken down into T-intersections, four-leg intersections, and multi-leg intersections with five or more approaches. Proper channelization of intersections is important to increase capacity and safety by separating conflicting traffic movements. Traffic islands can be used to control and direct traffic, divide opposing flows, or provide pedestrian refuge.
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) uses information and communication technologies to improve transportation safety, mobility, and efficiency. ITS applications include traffic management, emergency response, electronic toll collection, and vehicle-to-vehicle communication. Key technologies enabling ITS are vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), which allow vehicles to communicate, and wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which can monitor road conditions. Open research challenges include reliable communication in dense traffic and leveraging cloud computing with VANETs and vehicle resources.
The document discusses Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). ITS uses advanced technologies like electronics, computers, communications and sensors to improve transportation safety and efficiency. It describes several ITS technologies like wireless communications, computational technologies, and sensing technologies. It also discusses ITS applications such as electronic toll collection, emergency notification, congestion pricing, automatic enforcement, collision avoidance and traveler information. Finally, it outlines benefits of ITS such as time savings, improved safety, reduced costs and emissions.
transportation is the back bone of countries economical development. providing good and effective transportation facility will help in developing countries economy. transportation will save time, money, and work can be done easily. intelligent transportation system provides more benefits to the nation.
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is the modern technique implemented in many developed countries and is under implementation in developing countries like india.This presentation gives a brief idea about ITS.
Presentation on INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEM by jaswinder singhJaswinder Singh
This document provides an overview of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). It defines ITS as using information and communication technologies to improve transportation outcomes like safety, productivity, travel reliability and choices. ITS aims to address issues caused by increasing traffic congestion. It discusses various intelligent transport technologies like sensors, wireless communication and computational tools. It also describes ITS applications for emergency notification, road enforcement, variable speed limits and collision avoidance. Finally, it provides examples of planned ITS implementations in Chandigarh, India involving GPS vehicle tracking and a passenger information display system.
Pedestrian level of service for crosswalks at urban intersectionsTHOTA AKHIL
Pedestrians form the largest road user group.
As walking is the primary means of human locomotion, they are the most unguarded road users at intersections.
Pedestrians are allowed to pass only on the crosswalks, walkways which are provided for them.
In urban centers, pedestrian flows can be significant, they must be accommodated in planning & design of traffic facilities and controls.
Most of the potential pedestrian conflicts exist at the intersections.
Civil engineering in indian railways spceirkportal
The document discusses various aspects of railway track design and maintenance. It describes the different railway track gauges used worldwide and in India. It then covers classification of railway lines in India based on speed potential. The major areas of responsibility for civil engineers are listed as permanent way, works, and bridges. Key features of permanent way such as rails, sleepers, ballast and their functions are explained. Track maintenance methods like packing and geometry measurement are outlined. Finally, factors influencing alignment, curvature, super elevation and gradients are summarized.
The document discusses integrated transport services and cashless transactions using smart cards. It describes how public transport is moving from fragmented systems with different fares to integrated networks. Smart cards and contactless payments are highlighted as ways to facilitate cashless travel on public transport. Examples of integrated smart card systems in cities like Hong Kong, London, and Singapore are provided. The benefits of integrated e-ticketing include easier travel across modes and collection of travel data. Challenges to implementing such a system in India are also outlined.
This document discusses various aspects of traditional ballasted railway track, including:
- The important functions of ballast in distributing load and providing stability, drainage, and track maintenance.
- The standard ballast profile and advantages/disadvantages of traditional ballasted track compared to ballastless track.
- Key components of permanent way including rails, sleepers, fishplates, and various types of fastenings. Elastic fastenings help absorb vibrations.
- Rubber pads between rails and sleepers are important for damping vibrations and preventing gaps in the track. Proper toe load from fastenings also provides stability and resistance to movement.
Traffic study project for final year CIVIL engineeringMohammadOsamaJafry
A traffic study was conducted in Bihta, Patna by a group of 6 students from the Department of Civil Engineering at Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology. The study involved collecting data on vehicle volumes and types at 4 congestion points in Bihta over 1 hour time periods using manual counting methods. The results of the first day of data collection are presented, showing the number of different vehicle types passing in both the up and down directions at two locations: Ara Mor and the Dominia Overbridge. Vehicle types included cars, buses, trucks, motorcycles, animal-drawn vehicles, and cycles. Total traffic volumes for the hour were also calculated. The data will be used to analyze traffic characteristics and identify solutions to improve congest
Traffic studies are carried out to analyze traffic characteristics and help decide geometric design and traffic control measures. The main traffic studies include traffic volume, speed, origin-destination, traffic flow characteristics, capacity, and accident studies. Traffic volume studies measure the number of vehicles on a road section over time and are used for planning, operations, and analysis. Speed studies measure the speeds of vehicles using methods like short-distance timing or radar guns.
Rotaries are intersections where traffic moves in one direction around a central island. They convert severe conflicts into milder merging and diverging movements. Some advantages are lower speeds, fewer accidents, and self-regulation without signals. Rotaries are suitable for moderate traffic volumes up to 3000 vehicles/hour and work best when traffic from all approaches is balanced. Their capacity depends on entry/exit widths, weaving width and length, and proportion of weaving traffic.
Traffic congestion have a big impact on our personal life, career, future and even our safety. it causes stress, annoy and frustrate us. the traffic jams burns fuel at a higher rate .
The high fuel consumption hiked fares for public means and it also contributes greatly to the amount of emissions of greenhouse gases that create air pollution and eventually global warming.
we trying here partially to solve this problem in critical segments such as bridge, viaduct or tunnel etc. by using Excel simulation for Flow – Density relationship.
Sustaining Surface Transportation: Overview of the Highway Trust Fund and Ide...Mercatus Center
This document summarizes a presentation about reforming the federal highway transportation funding system. It outlines that the presentation covers:
1) The basics of the current federal Highway Trust Fund and issues with disconnect between revenues and system performance.
2) Areas for improvement like strategies to reduce congestion being inadequate and more efficient allocation of funds.
3) Options for reform like tolls, public-private partnerships, and charging drivers for vehicle miles traveled with considerations for implementing VMT charges.
The document discusses congestion charging as a way to manage traffic congestion caused by an imbalance between road supply and demand. It notes that most drivers perceive road access as free. Congestion charging aims to capture the marginal social cost of additional vehicles on crowded roads. Methods mentioned include road tolls, cordon charges around cities, and high-occupancy toll lanes. The benefits of congestion charging include reduced travel times and funds that can support public transport, but it may be regressive for lower-income drivers. Revenue should be reinvested in alternatives to driving to maximize social benefits.
This document outlines a strategy for revitalizing public transport in Jakarta through reforming the urban bus industry. It identifies four key pillars for successful management: 1) a coherent long-term policy, 2) a consolidated industry structure amenable to regulation, 3) an appropriate regulatory framework, and 4) a capable planning and regulatory agency. The current fragmented bus industry must be consolidated into a manageable number of operators through competitive contracting. A new regulatory framework is needed to align operator incentives with policy goals like ridership growth. Establishing a metropolitan transport authority can help achieve effective long-term planning, regulation, and coordination across different transport modes and local governments.
Routes to Clean Air 2016 - Dr Jon Lamonte, Transport for Greater ManchesterIES / IAQM
This document discusses air quality and interventions in Greater Manchester. It notes that Transport for Greater Manchester oversees transport across the region, which has over 2.7 million residents across 10 local authorities. It outlines challenges with emissions and current actions being taken, including expanding public transport infrastructure, over 300 electric vehicle charging points, and improving bus and freight fleets. Future plans discussed include expanding the use of low-emission vehicles, further public transport improvements, and considering a Clean Air Zone, though political and economic impacts would need to be balanced.
Ppp for solving public transport woes in indiaAmit Jain
The public transport in most of the cities are dependent on buses, auto rikshaws, cycle rikshaws which are not able to meet the demand, prone to accidents, delays & traffic jams. The cities need to create an efficient and affordable public transport services. The private sector may be invited through PPP to develop an integrated public transport system in a city. The private sector may charge an appropriate user fee (fare) from the users and earn revenue from commercial activities like advertising, renting & leasing of commercial spaces etc to cover his capital and recurring cost.
Afa Interpretation Of Financial Statements Sbs Transist Vs Smrtruoting
SBS Transit and SMRT both saw increases in turnover and revenue from 2008 to 2009. However, SBS Transit's gross and net profit margins decreased more than SMRT's over the same period. The decreases were mainly due to rises in fuel/electricity costs and staff costs, as well as higher maintenance expenses for SBS Transit relating to its larger bus fleet. SMRT was able to maintain higher profit margins through measures such as discounted diesel prices and customized training programs.
A kilometre based road user charge system proof of concept studyTristan Wiggill
A presentation by Johann van Rensburg delivered during the 2016 Southern African Road Transport Conference in Pretoria, South Africa.
Johann van Rensburg is a lecturer in Transport Economics at Stellenbosch University. He holds a HonsBCom degree from Stellenbosch University and an MPhil degree from the University of Cape Town.
He is currently a Ph.D. candidate with a research focus on transport infrastructure financing.
Alternatives to traffic congestion in VadodaraMIRAL SONI
This document discusses alternatives to traffic congestion in Vadodara, India, specifically in the Nyay Mandir area. It analyzes the causes of traffic congestion, including increasing vehicle ownership outpacing infrastructure growth. Solutions proposed include making certain roads one-way, improving public transportation through bus routes and parking structures, and creating a vehicular-free zone near Nyay Mandir to boost the local economy and improve pedestrian safety, air quality, and noise levels. Implementing policies like preferential parking for carpools and designing streets appropriately for different vehicle types could further address the issue. Creating pedestrian-priority areas may reduce pollution and associated health costs while supporting local businesses.
The document outlines the key concerns with Delhi's current parking policy and situation. It notes that unregulated parking is causing major issues like congestion on roads, reduced pedestrian space, and safety issues. Specifically, it states that commercial establishments, buses, taxis, and other vehicles parking indiscriminately on roads and sidewalks for long durations in an unregulated manner is a major problem. Additionally, the lack of sufficient and regulated parking spaces means potential revenue is being lost and environmental pollution is increased due to traffic congestion.
A presentation by Jack van der Merwe (Chief Executive Officer: Gautrain Management Agency), at the Transport Forum SIG: "Cost Effective Public Transport Management Systems" on 12 May 2016 hosted by University of Johannesburg. The theme of the presentation was: "Is profitable public transport possible?"
Transantiago was a major public transit reform project in Santiago, Chile that aimed to modernize the bus system and integrate fares. Its implementation in 2007 was flawed as infrastructure, technology, and operator readiness were incomplete. This led to service breakdowns and low approval ratings. Since then, improvements have been made such as expanding bus-only lanes and fleet, though fare evasion and deficits remain challenges. Key lessons are the need for proper planning, phased implementation, user information, and a single coordinating authority. While far from its original goals, Transantiago has formalized operations and reduced environmental impacts, showing potential with continued effort.
The document discusses the origins and history of the People's Transportation Plan (PTP) and the Citizens Independent Transportation Trust in Miami-Dade County. It provides an overview of the trust, historical surtax collections, use of surtax funds, PTP amendments, and major projects funded by the surtax. It also outlines transportation trust initiatives like advocacy and strategic planning. The presentation concludes by discussing the need for a new funding paradigm using innovative funding sources and partnerships to support future transit projects.
Transit policy utsc presentation june 24 [compatibility mode]André Darmanin
This document discusses challenges and opportunities for public transportation. It defines characteristics of a good transit system and explains that transit involves not just vehicles but also people, operations, and business development. The document outlines provincial policies influencing transit planning and lists funding from The Big Move transit initiative. Challenges discussed include developing political will, leadership, and new revenue tools, while opportunities include greater regional governance and taxation powers.
Road funding from a freight forwarding and logistics perspectiveTristan Wiggill
Heavy vehicles contribute significantly to road damage and congestion but do not adequately contribute to road funding through taxes. This increases freight transportation costs and air pollution. Freight forwarders argue that the fuel levy tax model does not account for differences in fuel efficiency between vehicles and that freight is a major economic contributor that is punished under the current system. Buses receive subsidies for using roads while freight does not, despite freight's greater economic impact. The government could help by creating a sustainable freight infrastructure funding system, improving operator training, reducing inefficient freight transport costs, and reducing affiliation fees for regulatory compliance.
A quality Public Transport System, elements for considerationTristan Wiggill
1) The George Integrated Public Transport Network (GIPTN) project in South Africa commenced in 2003 and was established to provide a high quality public transport system for the urban and rural areas of George Municipality.
2) The development process of GIPTN included travel surveys, engagement with existing taxi operators, and the formalization of operators into a single bus operating company through negotiating contracts.
3) Key elements of the GIPTN network design included routes covering urban and rural areas, minimum service levels for coverage and frequency, and a mixed fleet of vehicles to match different demand levels and environments.
Presentation slides investigating “corruption, costs and inequality” in Brasilia’s urban transportation development. Exploring the tangled web of overcrowded buses, highways and metros in the city that have recently provoked widespread public protest. The aim is to explore the origin of this unrest, the allocation of public spending as well as potential solutions to Brasilia’s compromised transportation system.
[e-Government Program Action Plan : Quito, Ecuador]shrdcinfo
This document outlines Quito, Ecuador's plan to improve its public transportation system. It notes that private car ownership has increased while transportation practices remain outdated, putting passenger safety at risk. The current system has challenges like overcrowding, limited access, and traffic issues.
The improvement strategy aims to make transportation more passenger-oriented, safe, and inclusive through a bus reform plan. This includes defining operational zones, a dedicated bus lane, integrated routes, and a unified fare system using smart cards. Expected results are improved bus management through technology like GPS and CCTVs to ensure safety, reduced accidents, real-time passenger information, and accurate data for future planning. The strategy seeks to transform Quito's transportation network into a sustainable
This document discusses transit-oriented development opportunities around existing and planned transit stations in southern New England. It provides information on different transit types and examples of active transit projects. Case studies on successful transit-oriented developments around the Rosslyn Ballston Metro, Portland Streetcar, and Cleveland HealthLine are presented. Challenges to transit-oriented development include local real estate market conditions and achieving higher densities. The document then discusses potential transit-oriented development strategies and scenarios for specific areas in Wallingford, CT and Branchville, CT based on transportation access, land use, market conditions, and infrastructure constraints.
Similar to Presentation on Closed Toll & Toll Systems (20)
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
2. Overview
• What is Toll in a Highways?
• Origin of Toll
• Location of Toll Plaza
• Objectives of Tolling
• Potential consequences of tolling
• Method of Collection in Toll Plazas
• Tolling options
• Fee Structure
• Duration of Toll
• Mechanisms for Involving the Private Sector
• Advantage & Dis-advantages of Tolling
• Conclusion
• Questions?
3. What is Tolling?
• A toll road, also known as a turnpike or toll way, is a public or
private roadway for which a fee (or toll) is assessed for passage.
• It is a form of road pricing typically implemented to help
recuperate the cost of road construction and maintenance, which
(on public roads) amounts to a form of taxation.
4. Origin of Toll/ Turn Spike
• The original turnpikes — dating from the 15th century — were indeed spiked
barriers, but they were designed to be placed across roads to prevent sudden
attack by men on horseback.
A Toll bar in Romania dated 19th March 1877
5. Traditional or Conventional Toll Plaza
• Toll plazas are generally designed to accommodate most types of
vehicles, from motorcycles to tractors with trailers.
• Since larger vehicles may require more space, there are often
designated lanes for their use that have been made wider or higher.
6. Location of Toll Plaza
• A toll plaza is a roadway location where tolls are collected. The plaza may be
located on a freeway or expressway (mainline plaza), on a ramp (ramp plaza) or
adjacent to the roadway (bypass plazas).
• Toll Plaza should be located in tangent portion.
• It should be located away from At-grade sections.
7. Objectives of Tolling
One or more of the following objectives are typically the reason for introducing
tolls on the road network:
• New Source of Finance
• "Stable" Source of Finance
• Dedicated Source of Finance
• User Pays and Internalizing of Externalities-congestion related prices
• Regional Equity Issues
• Private Sector Development
8. Objectives of Tolling …..Continued
• New Source of Finance -The toll revenue is a "new" source of revenue, where
previously roads were supported out of general Government revenues. This has
been a major objective in many countries, given pressure to reduce taxes.
• "Stable" Source of Finance- Tolls provide an on going revenue source, which is not
tied to the annual Government budgetary process. This can be particularly
important for raising debt finance outside the national accounts and requires a
Government Corporation or private sector operator.
• Dedicated Source of Finance-The funds from toll revenues can be dedicated to the
support of construction and maintenance for a particular road thereby ensuring
that maintenance funds in particular do not compete with the requirements of
other roads in the network.
9. Objectives of Tolling …..Continued
• User Pays and Internalizing of –Tolls are levied with the express intention of
directing road users to other means of transport, both to ease road traffic
conditions and to encourage use of the railways and inland waterways.
• Regional Equity Issues- Some countries have introduced tolls on one road in order
to support the development of infrastructure networks in less developed regions.
Such schemes can help to transfer wealth from one region of a country to another.
• Private Sector Development- the involvement of the private sector can allow the
government to finance at least part of the road development off balance sheet.
Some governments also use the private sector concessions as a mechanism for
promoting/explaining the introduction and increase of tolls to a reluctant public
using phrases such as "it is not what the Government would want but our hands
are tied by the contract."
10. The potential consequences of road tolling
• The Raising of Revenue
• Development of the Private Sector
• Diversion of Traffic away from the New Road
• Social Impacts
• Political Opposition
11. The potential consequences of road tolling …..Continued
However there are additional consequences which result from the tolls. For example,
tolls
• can discourage unnecessary trips and therefore provide environmental benefits,
• may be too high for the poor to benefit from the new facilities, or
• may be so high that traffic diverts off the new road onto parallel roads which pass
through residential neighbour hoods therefore reducing the environmental
benefits that the new road could have provided.
• Political Opposition - Political opposition to road tolling has been significant in
many countries. The opposition has meant that toll rates have not been increased
as planned or un-tolled facilities have been developed to provide an alternative.
Both actions have negatively affected the financial outcome of the toll project and
have affected the economic return from the road.
12. Method of Collection in Toll Plazas
• Although all tolls are collected at toll plazas, the method of toll collection
can significantly change the design of a toll plaza.
• In the future, there may be as many toll plaza types or classifications as
there are roadway classifications (freeway/expressway, arterial, collector
roadway, local street).
• Similar to the roadway classification system, the classification of toll plazas
may be based on operating speed and volume of traffic that can be
processed.
13. Tolling options
There are two types of toll collection systems available. These are:
• Closed Toll System { Manual Toll Collection (CTS/MTC) }
• Open Toll System { Electronic Toll Collection (ETC)}
17. Manual Toll Collection (MTC) & Manual Road Charging (MRC)
The most traditional approach for collecting charging or toll collection is the manual one.
The most significant components of a MTC / MRC system are:
• Toll Plaza / Booths
• Road Side Equipment (RSE)
• Toll Collectors & Staff
• Cash Handling System
• Back Office System
19. Manual Toll Collection ( MTC)
• Manual toll collection is most widely used collection method in India.
20. Rate of fee as per new fee rules
(a) The rates of fee shall be uniform for both
public funded and private investment
projects.
(b) Fee for use of a section of National
Highways of 4(four) or more lanes for the
base year 2007-2008 shall be the product of
the length of such section multiplied
by the rates specified hereunder:-
Fee Structures
22. Duration of toll
• Potential objectives in raising tolls are manifold. They include:
covering construction or rehabilitation costs- which requires a long period of
tolling.
covering maintenance and operations costs- which requires continued tolling,
creating a stream of revenues - requires tolling to continue until the required
network is complete and requires the earlier roads to generate surplus
revenues for investment in new ones.
ensuring that road users bear the full cost of their travel directly, by pricing
the externalities- which also requires continued tolling.
23. Mechanisms for Involving the Private Sector
• Depending on Government objectives the method of private sector involvement
should vary. There are four different basic options:
• Maintain and operate contracts.
• Rehabilitate, Operate, Transfer (ROT) contracts.
• BOT contracts.
• Corridor management/maintenance contracts.
24. Advantages of Manual Toll Roads Systems
• Accessibility, mobility and safety.
• The level of service(LOS) are increased.
• Toll roads provide a critical diversion of traffic that generates a variety of economic
benefits for individual drivers, businesses, tourists, and local homeowners.
• Travel time saved as a result of reduced traffic congestion during just the daily
peak periods.
• Million gallons of gasoline can be saved every year, as a result of improved fuel
efficiency.
• Savings in travel time, travel cost , increase in comfort and convenience.
• Manual systems offer more available jobs.
25. Disadvantages of Manual Toll Roads Systems
• Due to manual intervention , the processing time is highest.
• The need to stop or slow down at the toll plazas. This causes time wastage to
motorists.
• Congestion in toll area due to queue resulting in rear-end crashes, wastage of fuel
and air pollution.
• One is the increased operating cost of vehicles to motorists.
• The inherent extra costs associated with the construction, operation and
maintenance of toll plazas and facilities for toll collection.
• The toll roads system is associated with corruption and revenue theft, and loss of
income to its builders.
• Social consideration and public opposition to toll roads.
• Manual toll collection lanes can handle about 350 vehicles per hour.
26. Conclusions
• Toll roads represent a step in the direction of developing rational highway design.
• By providing economic incentives (and disincentives) for selected routes and travel
times, the toll road system helps create a more efficient vehicle movement
system throughout the region. Further implementation of toll roads and time-
based toll pricing will contribute to more balanced highway usage and additional
economic benefits.
• Sufficient peak capacity to carry the full volume of traffic can be handled by toll
highways without a significant decrease in the level of service.
27. References
• Traffic Engineering And Management - Dr Tom V. Mathew, IIT Bombay
• NJTA Design Manual - Facility Buildings / Toll Plazas
• Review of Toll Policy for National Highways- The Secretariat for the Committee on
Infrastructure Planning Commission, Government of India Yojana Bhawan,
Parliament Street ,New Delhi - 110 001