This document discusses accident prevention methods and the roles of employers and employees. It provides an overview of key concepts such as: - Colvin's rule of thumb that for every 331 safety violations, there will typically be 1 accident. This emphasizes taking hazards seriously. - The importance of accident prevention for reducing costs and disruption. - Common paths of accident prevention include eliminating hazards, providing separation, shielding, and adapting to hazards. - Employer responsibilities include risk assessment, prevention measures, consultation, and training. - Employees must properly use equipment, protective gear, and report hazards. Training and information help employees understand risks and procedures. - Injury prevention programs bring management and worker participation

1. KAS3501 Occupational Safety and Health Act
Bachelor of Technology (Environment)
Semester 2 2014/2015
Date of Presentation: 29-4-2015
Group 12
Accident Prevention Method
NADIA HUDA BINTI CHE AWANG UK29552
LOKE MIN HUI UK29499
NUR MIMI NAZIRA BINTI MOHD
NAZRI
UK29540
NURUL ATIQAH BINTI
FAKHRARRAZI
UK29541
AMALINA BINTI ALIAS UK29542

2. ACCIDENT PREVENTION
 Colvin identified a rule of thumb, accident ratio
which is explained as 300-30-1 = 331 that says
for every 331 times a safety rule is violated,
300 times nothing will happen, 30 times a close
call or minor incident will occur, and 1 time an
accident or injury will occur.
 Implication of rule of thumb :
management must take seriously and react to
correct or abate identified hazards.

3. Importance of Accident
Prevention
 Fewer accidents less sick leave
lower costs and less disruption to the
production process.
 Saves employers the expense of recruiting
and training new staff.
 Cut the cost of early retirement and insurance
pay-outs.
 As well as the cost in terms of lost lives and
suffering to workers and their families,
accidents affect business and society as a
whole.

4. Paths of Accident Prevention
I. Eliminate the hazard or danger so that
injury or damage is no longer possible.
II. Provide for separation between the worker
(or equipment) and the hazard. The danger
remains, but an injury (or damage) is not
possible since we make sure that the
natural zones of influence of workers
(equipment) and object (hazard or danger)
do not intersect.

5. III. Provide shielding, such as fireproofing,
protective clothing and respirators to minimize
the hazard.
 The hazard still exists, but the possibility of an
injury or damage is reduced by minimizing the
chances of the hazard having an effect by
shielding the danger.
IV. Adapt to the hazard by providing measures
such as warning systems, monitoring
equipment, information about dangers,
motivation for safe behaviour, training and
education.

6. Role of Employer
1. CARRYING OUT A RISK ASSESSMENT
a. Identifying hazards and those at risk
 Looking for those things at work that have the
potential to cause harm, and identifying
workers who may be exposed to the hazards.
b. Evaluating and prioritising risks
 Estimating the existing risks (their severity,
their probability) and prioritising them in order
of importance. It is essential that the work to
be done to eliminate or prevent risks is
prioritised.

7. c. Deciding on preventive action
 Identifying the appropriate measures to
eliminate or control the risks.
d. Taking action
 Putting in place the preventive and protective
measures through a prioritisation plan and
specifying who does what and when, when a
task is to be completed and the means
allocated to implement the measures.
e. Monitoring and reviewing
 The assessment should be reviewed at
regular intervals to ensure it remains up to
date. It has to be revised whenever significant
changes occur in the organisation or as a
result of the findings of an accident or “near
miss” investigation.

8. 2.) EFFECTIVE PREVENTION
Good Housekeeping
 keep the working environment clean and tidy,
with floors and access routes kept clear of
obstacles. Remove rubbish regularly so it
does not build up.
Cleaning and maintenance
 rubbish should be removed regularly and work
areas kept clear. Cleaning methods and
equipment must be suitable for the surface
being treated.

9. Lighting
ensure good lighting levels, positioning lights to
ensure all floor areas are evenly lit and all potential
hazards, obstructions and spills can be clearly seen.
Spillages
 clean up spills immediately using an appropriate
cleaning Method. Use warning signs where the
floor is wet and arrange alternative routes.

10. Stairways
 handrails, slip-resistant covers to steps, high
visibility and non-slip marking of the front
edges of steps and good lighting can all help
to prevent slips and trips on stairs.
Footwear
 workers need suitable footwear. Take account
of the type of job, floor surface, typical floor
conditions and the slip-resistant properties of
the soles.

11. 3.) ACCIDENT PREVENTION CHECKLIST
 As a general guideline prepared by employers to
assess accident prevention plan.

12. Elements included in checklist
 Have clear procedures and responsibilities for
health and safety been set and make sure
everyone know their own and others’
responsibilities.
 Appointed a competent person who can provide
advice regarding the safety and health legislation.
 Identified the main risks to health and safety and
taken action to eliminate or reduce them.

13.  Arrange the maintenance of work equipment
adequately.
 Provided workers with any necessary personal
protective equipment for risks that cannot be
avoided by other means.
 Provide information to the workers on the risks,
and trained them in safe working and
emergency procedures.

14. 4.) Consultation, information and
training
 Employers have to consult their
workforce on health and safety
measures.
 Consultation helps to ensure that
workers are committed to safety and
health procedures and improvements.
 Workers have a right to receive
information about the risks to health and
safety, preventive measures, first aid
and emergency procedures.

15. 5.) Employing workers who may be at
increased risk
Workers with disabilities
Disabled workers should receive equal
treatment at work. Health and safety issues
should not be used as an excuse for not
recruiting or not continuing to employ disabled
people.
 Risk assessment and accident prevention
measures should take account of individual
workers’ differences. Separate risk
assessment and training may be necessary
for disabled workers.
 Risk assessment and accident prevention
measures should take account of individual
workers’ differences. Separate risk
assessment and training may be necessary

16. Accident prevention measures for
persons with disabilities may also
help to reduce accidents to all
workers
 good lighting in the workplace
 safe workplace access and exit
 well-maintained pedestrian and traffic routes in
the workplace
 clear communication and good signing of hazards
and risks in the workplace.

17. Young workers
 Young workers have lower overall fatal accident
rates, but rates can be high in some sectors.
Agriculture has the highest incidence, followed by
construction, transport and communication and
manufacturing.
 Construction is the sector with the highest
number of young worker fatalities. Fatalities in
retail are also increasing, accounting for a high
proportion of fatalities among women in this
sector.

18. Older workers
 Studies indicate that although older workers have
fewer accidents, their injuries are often more
severe and take longer to heal.
 Older workers may find it harder to see or adjust
focus in certain distance ranges, have reduced
peripheral vision, see things less clearly, find it
harder to perceive depth or be more sensitive to
glare. They are also more likely to have other
conditions that impair vision such as cataracts
and retinal disorders.

19. Migrant workers
 The term ‘migrant workers’ covers a wide range of
people with different reasons for migration and
varying skills levels. Not all migrant workers are ‘at
risk’, but there are three pressing occupational
safety and health issues:
- high employment in high risk sectors
- language and cultural barriers to
communication and
safety and health training
- migrant workers often work a lot of
overtime and/or
are in poor health and thus are more prone to
occupational

20. Maintenance workers
 Many accidents, such as slips, trips and falls,
happen because of a lack of maintenance or as a
result of poor quality maintenance:
- multiple subcontracting of maintenance work
makes OSH
management and sharing risk management
knowledge
difficult
- carrying out maintenance under heavy time
pressures can
lead to accidents.

21. -HAZARD AND RISKS EMPLOYEES FACE
-INFORMATION AND TRAINING
-KEY FACTS
PREVENTING WORKPLACE
ACCIDENTS
(ROLE OF EMPLOYEE)

22. HAZARDS AND RISKS EMPLOYESS
FACE
 The type of hazard, the degree of risk it poses
and the severity of harm that may results vary
from workplace to workplace and sector to
sector.
 Slips, trips and falls are the largest cause of
accidents in all sectors from heavy
manufacturing through to office work.

23. Employees are also risk from :
Lack of
information,
instruction,
training,
supervision and
education
Falling
objects
Thermal
and
chemical
burns
Fires and
explosions
Dangerou
s
substanc
es
Asphyxiati
on
Stress

24. Key Facts
Every year hundreds of thousands of
employees are injured at work
Men have more accidents than women
Young workers have a much higher
accident rate than other age groups;
older workers have more fatal
accidents
Accident rates are higher in some
sectors, including agriculture and
construction

25. Accidents occurring at night tend to be
more fatal than ones occurring at
other times.
Wounds and superficial injuries are
the most common type of injury
Workers on shift work have a
higher accident rate

26. You should talk to your employer or worker’s
representative if some of the following
issues are evident in your workplace
• Inadequate mechanical safeguards to prevent contact
with dangerous objects.
• Lack of maintenance of work equipment and vehicle
• Cut and splinters from blades, corners, sheet metal,
tools and edges.
• Electrical hazards.
Work
equipment
and plant
• Poor housekeeping – order,, cleanliness and control
• poor visibility in areas where vehicle and lifting
equipment such as mobile cranes are working
• The mixing of people and vehicles, particularly at
entrances and exits to garages, warehouses and
depots.
workplace
• Uncontrolled movements of objects such as
poorly secured barrels and other loads and
containers in storage, transport, distribution or
handling
Workplace
transport

27. WORKERS MUST :
Make correct use of machinery, apparatus,
tools, dangerous substances and transport
equipment
Make correct use of the personal
protective equipment supplied
Not disconnect, change or remove arbitrarily
safety devices fitted, for example : to machinery,
apparatus, tools, plant and building; such safety
devices correctly
immediately inform the employer and/or the workers with
specific responsibility for the safety and health of workers of
any work situation they have reasonable grounds for
considering represents a serious and immediate danger to
safety and health and of any shortcomings in the protection
arrangements.

28. Information and Training
 Employees have a right to receive
information about
 the risks to health and safety
 preventive measures
 first aid
 emergency procedures.
 Training should be
 relevant
 Understandable
 including for workers who speak a different
language
 It should be provided for
 new workers
 existing workers.

29. Health & Safety Training
Why Employee Safety Training
Statistics
indicates that
most accidents
are caused by
unsafe acts rather
than unsafe
conditions.
Accident
prevention
focused only on
eliminate unsafe
conditions.
Employee safety
training is an
answer to
controlling unsafe
acts.

30. Who Needs Training
New employee
• Need training to
get off on the
right foot
Existing
employee
• Who change
jobs require
training to
perform the new
jobs more
efficiently and
safely
Supervisor
• Need training in
safety
management
techniques
• Analyze jobs to
identify unsafe
• Acts
• Conditions

31. Training Should Be Focused On
Principles of safety management and
the employee’s responsibilities
Specific hazards and risks at work
The skills needed to carry out tasks
Procedures that should be followed to
avoid any risks
Preventive measures to be taken
before, during and after the tasks

32. Specific safety and health instructions
Information on collective and individual
protection
Where employees can get information
on safety and health issues
Person in charge about emerging risks
or in case of emergency

33. Example of Accident Prevention
Method

34. INJURY AND ILLNESS PREVENTION
PROGRAM
 Proactive process to help employers find and fix
workplace hazards before workers are hurt.
 Thirty-four states in U.S. and many nations
around the world already require or encourage
employers to implement such programs.
 Key elements:
Management leadership
Worker participation
Hazard identification and assessment
Hazard prevention and control
Education and training
Program evaluation and improvement.

35.  Management leadership and active worker
participation are essential to ensuring that all
hazards are identified and addressed.
 Workers need to be trained about how the
program works.
 Program needs to be periodically evaluated to
determine whether improvements need to be
made.

36. Advantage of injury and illness
prevention program
 Workers suffer fewer injuries, illnesses and
fatalities.
 Employers will improve their compliance with
existing regulations.
 Experience many of the financial benefits of a
safer and healthier workplace.
Avoid the substantial cost impacts and
business disruptions that accompany
occupational injuries, illnesses and deaths.

37. REFERENCE
1.) Accident Prevention. (2014). Retrieved April 23, 2015,
from European Agency for Safety and Health
at Work Website:
https://osha.europa.eu/en/topics/accident_prevention/ind
ex_html
2.) Accident Prevention Plan Program Guide. (n.d.).
Texas:Texas Department of Insurance.
3.) All Publication items on Accident Prevention. (2014).
Retrieved April 23, 2015, from European Agency for
Safety and Health at Work Website:
https://osha.europa.eu/en/topics/accident_prevention/@
@oshtopic-
view?tp=/directory/accident_prevention/Publication
4.) Labor, U. D. (2012). Injury and Illness Prevention
Program. U.S.: OSHA Administration.

38. Link of video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jLGkmOVtnI