The H1N1 virus was first detected in humans in April 2009 in the United States. It has since spread rapidly across the U.S. and internationally. H1N1 is caused by influenza A viruses and leads to acute respiratory illness with symptoms like fever, cough, sore throat, and body aches. While most cases can recover at home, some may require medical treatment and hospitalization. Antiviral medications and flu vaccines are available to treat and prevent further spread of the virus.

1. H1N1 (Swine) influenza

2. Over view
The first cases of human infection with H1N1
influenza virus were detected in April 2009
(miaziya 2001) in San Diego and Imperial
County, California and in Guadalupe County,
Texas.
The virus has spread rapidly.
The virus is widespread in the United States at
this time and has been detected internationally
as well.

3.  Swine influenza is an acute upper respiratory disease
characterized by fever, lethargy, anorexia, weight
loss, and labored breathing
 H1N1 is a NEW influenza VIRUS that causes people
to get sick.

4. INFECTIOUS AGENT
Swine influenza is caused by influenza
A viruses, which are further
characterized by subtypes. The most
common subtypes are H1N1, H1N2 and
H3N2.

5. Occurrence
Swine influenza has been reported from North and South
America, Europe, parts of Asia and Africa. Swine influenza
viruses are thought to be enzootic in most areas that have
dense populations of pigs, but they might remain
undetected in some regions, as infected herds can be
asymptomatic or have only mild clinical signs.

6. Reservoir
Reservoir for Swine influenza viruses
mainly are pigs, but some viruses can also
live in turkeys, ferrets and mink.

7. Mode of transmission
In mammals, influenza viruses are
transmitted in droplets and aerosols created
by coughing and sneezing, and by contact
with nasal discharges, either directly or on
fomites. While most viruses are thought to
enter the body through the respiratory tract,
the eye might act as an additional entry
point, based on evidence from humans and
laboratory animals. Close contact and closed
environments favor transmission.

8. Incubation Period
The incubation period for swine influenza in
people is unknown; however, influenza
generally becomes apparent within a few days
of exposure in all mammals. Clinical signs seem
to appear in approximately 2-3 days in cases
caused by triple reasserting H3N2 swine
influenza viruses.

9. Period of communicability
The virus can live on hard surfaces from 2-8 hours
Adults are contagious beginning 1 day before the onset
of symptoms and up to 24 hours after their fever has
subsided (without taking fever reducing medicines such
as Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen)

10. Susceptibility
Susceptibility is all
Because it’s new virus, many people have
LITTLE OR NO IMMUNITY to it.

11. Clinical manifestation (symptoms)
Fever (above 100 degrees F)
Cough
Sore Throat
Runny or Stuffy Nose
Body Aches
Headache
Chills
Fatigue
Diarrhea & Vomiting (serious signs / not normal)
Severe illness and death are possible

12. Emergency warning signs
Most people should be able to recover at home, but
watch for emergency warning signs that mean you
should seek immediate medical care.
In adults:
• Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
• Pain or pressure in the chest or abdomen
• Sudden dizziness
• Confusion
• Severe or persistent vomiting
• Flu-like symptoms improve but then return with
fever and worse cough

13. In children:
• Fast breathing or trouble breathing
• Bluish or gray skin color
• Not drinking enough fluids
• Severe or persistent vomiting
• Not waking up or not interacting
• Irritable, the child does not want to be held
• Flu-like symptoms improve but then return
with fever and worse cough

14. Diagnostic Tests
Tests used to detect influenza virus infections in
humans can include RT-PCR, virus isolation and
assays to detect influenza virus antigens.

15. prevention
CDC’s five flu-safety tips that are helpful to stop the spread
of swine flu (or any other flu) are to:
1/. Stay home if someone is sick.
2/. Avoid close contact with people who are sick.
3/. Wash hands often and avoid touching eyes, nose and
mouth.
4/. Cover mouth or nose with a tissue when coughing or
sneezing.
5/. Keep up with health information in the community.

16. Treatment
Treatment is largely supportive and consists of
bed rest, increased fluid consumption, cough
suppressants, and antipyretics and analgesics (eg,
acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs) for fever and myalgia. Severe cases may
require intravenous hydration and other
supportive measures. Antiviral agents may also be
considered for treatment or prophylaxis .

17. Antiviral medications
Oseltamavir
Zanamivir
peramivir

18. Oseltamavir
INFLUENZA A AND B PROPHYLAXIS
75 mg PO qDay for at least 10 days
Dosing considerations
Initiate within 48 hours of exposure
For community outbreak, may administer for up to 6
weeks
INFLUENZA A AND B TREATMENT
75 mg PO q12hr x5 days

19. Zenamivir
INFLUENZA A & B, PROPHYLAXIS
Household setting: 10 mg inhaled qDay for 10 days
Initiate within 36 hours of exposure
Community outbreaks: Begin within 5 days of
outbreak; may administer for up to 28 days
INFLUENZA A & B, TREATMENT
Start within 2 days of symptom onset; administer 2
doses on day 1, at least 2 hours apart

20. Peramivir
Indicated for treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza
in patients aged &ge:18 yr who have been symptomatic
for no more than 2 days
600 mg IV as a single dose
Infuse diluted IV over 15-30 minutes

21. Vaccines
Influenza vaccine trivalent
Influenza vaccine quadrivalent

22. Complication
The complication that had been reported
frequently is bacterial pneumonia.

23. Thank you