Presentation for research team.ppt

Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering

Title: Lessons Learned from the Post-conflict
Reconstruction in Rwanda and Reemerging
Developmental State in Democratized Indonesia
የሜካኒካልና የኢንዳስትሪያል ምህንድስና ት/ክፍል
By: Melkamu Ambelu Biazen
Article and Book Chapter Review presentation
Presented to : Research Team for post war
reconstruction
December, 2021

Lessons Learned from the Post-conflict Reconstruction
in Rwanda
Contents
 Formation of government in Rwanda after genocide on Tutsis
 Humanitarian Destruction overview
 Reconstruction policy of Rwanda in the post genocide
 Pillars of Reconstruction policy of Rwanda
Melkamu A. (PhD Student), BDU-BiT
3

Formation of Government in Rwanda after Genocide
on Tutsis
 The coup by the Rwanda Patriotic Front (FPR) and the forming of a
government in July 1994 on the basis of the Arusha Agreement
marked the end of the genocide of Tutsis but not the end of conflict.
 Although the government was formed, end of genocide
followed a post-crisis period, the challenges of rebuilding and
restoring state authority were enormous.
4

Humanitarian Destruction overview in Rwanda
 Approximately 12 % of the 7,000,000 (pre-genocide) inhabitants
perished;
 The conflict resulted in 2 million displaced persons;
 2 million other Rwandans sought refuge in neighboring countries,
throughout Africa and the world;
 120,000 people were held in country-run prisons;
5

Humanitarian Destruction overview continued--
Thousands of people suffered physical or mental traumas
related to the genocide;
Women were raped and infected with HIV/AIDS,
leaving thousands of widowers and orphans;
80 % of the surviving children witnessed the massacre.
6

Reconstruction policy of Rwanda in the Post Genocide
 Rwanda Established clear policy that should simultaneously and
cumulatively strengthen the momentum towards peace, stability
and development.
 Thus, Rwanda chose to;
Assure its internal and external security;
Guarantee responsible governance and everyone’s participation;
7

Reconstruction policy cont’d-----
Assure repairable, reconcilable justice, promote human rights and
fight impunity;
Rely on humanitarian aid for social and economic development;
Mobilize all types of resources;
Strengthen socio-economic power and policies regarding women.
8

Assure its Internal and External Security
 Reduce the last pockets of resistance of the Ex-FAR and
Interahamwe.
 Internal security assured totally in 2002 but externally, Hutu
guerrillas continued to launch attacks on Rwanda from the Congo
and then Rwanda decided to occupy the east of Congo to keep the
war on the outside of its border.
9

Guarantee Responsible Governance and Everyone’s
Participation
After having secured the country within its borders, elections were
organized in 2003:
 Adoption of the Constitution by referendum in May;
 Universal suffrage presidential election suffrage in August;
 Universal suffrage legislative elections in October.
 The basics of a credible state governed according to the rule of
law were set out (civil society, relatively independent press,
etc.).
10

Assure Repairable, Reconcilable Justice, Promote human
Rights and Fight impunity
 Three legal instruments worked together complementarily in order to
reduce Tutsi genocide-related disputes from 1994.
 The International Penal Tribunal for Rwanda (IPTR) was established
by a resolution of the United Nations Security Council, Resolution
955 of 8 November 1994.
 Rwanda’s classic legal system, destroyed by the genocide was being
rebuilt (voted in the state law of 30 August 1996 which organized the
repression of genocide “crimes of genocide and massacres.”)
11

Assure repairable cont’d---
 The creation of “Gacaca Jurisdictions” indicates the Rwanda Government’s
desire to speed up the dispute resolution process.
 In addition to the above three legal instruments Rwanda performed the following
additional policies;
 The state established education programs regarding responsible
citizenship and the promotion of human rights.
 Great importance was given to compiling recollections because the
genocide should not be forgotten ( through memorials, commemorations,
education programs, the taking into account this historical period in this
country’s past, etc.)
12

Rely on Humanitarian Aid for Social and Economic
Development
 Humanitarian aid was essential in Rwanda as it should
support and provide the basis for reconstruction.
 Taking care of refugees, displaced and traumatized persons,
prisoners, HIV/AIDS victims, widows, orphans and the
reintegration of demobilized combatants, etc. was a tremendous
undertaking.
13

Rely on Humanitarian Aid for Social cont’d---
 The state prepared to take on the progressive transfer from
humanitarian organizations.
 Social dialogue and peaceful co-existence undertaken to
move slowly towards forgiveness and reconciliation.
 Land, as a delicate issue, approached lucidly since the parliament
has stumbled over the land code issue for long time.
14

Mobilize all types of resources
 Though Rwanda had a hope in the roundtable of Geneva for
financing the country’s reconstruction, first, relying on one’s own
resources is essential.
 In that, the Rwandan diaspora was greatly mobilized with regard to
the country’s reconstruction.
15

Mobilize all cont’d-----
 Rwanda decided to convince investors of its stability and its
management and policy to attract investment for private fund
access.
 It was emphasized that African (South Africa, Kenya, Nigeria, etc.)
as well as Asian (Cambodia, India, etc.) solidarity played an
important role.
16

Strengthen socio-economic power and policies regarding
women
 Women’s participation in the country’s reconstruction was strongly
supported by the government, present at every level of development,
picking up trash, maintaining gardens and public buildings, security,
business management, etc.
 49% of the Rwandan Parliament are women deputies and there is a
large proportion of women senators and ministers, this makes the
country the greatest female political participation in the world.
17

Post-conflict Reconstruction Policy Pillars of Rwanda
 Construction of the nation and its social capital;
 Development of a credible state effectively governed by the rule of law;
 Development of human resources so that Rwanda may prosper
economically based on knowledge and know-how;
 Development and entrepreneurship of the private sector;
 Development of basic infrastructure including urban planning;
 Modernization of agriculture and livestock sectors.
18

Lessons Learned from Rwanda Reconstruction policy
and Future Direction for our countries reconstruction
Immediate actions to be taken;
 Assure internal and external security of Ethiopia
 National dialogue and peaceful co-existence must be undertaken to
reach on the Ethiopian nationality consensus.
 Mobilize Ethiopian diaspora for reconstruction of destructions.
 Prioritize the type of products to be produced within a
possible domain.
19

Lessons Learned from cont’d-----
 To replace the lost agricultural products necessary efforts must be
exerted on the irrigation and produce necessary crops. Mobilize all
urban resources (both human and physical resources) for this
purpose.
 Scholars shall be engaged in the rural community to show alternative
solutions for the problems they are faced and do the mind set of the
community (educational training is necessary).
 Replace the existing fertilizers with composite fertilizers.
20

Lesson Learned cont’d--------
Long Term Action to be taken;
 Development of a credible state effectively governed by the rule of
law;
 Do on the mind set
 Assure Repairable, Reconcilable Justice, Promote human Rights and
Fight impunity
 Establish education programs regarding responsible citizenship, the
promotion of human rights and the work ethics.
 By whatever cost complete the GERD.
21

Lessons learned cont’d----
 Development of human resources so that Ethiopia may prosper
economically based on knowledge and know-how;
 Development and entrepreneurship of the private sector;
 Development of basic infrastructure special attention must be given
to the rural area (it is better to rearrange the farming area and
residential area);
 Modernization of agriculture and livestock sectors.
 Establishment of Agro-processing and Metal industry in parallel.
 Make the words "Quality and productivity” for every organizations’
and workers’ slogan.
22

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