The document discusses the integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into carsharing services, covering the evolution of carsharing, its service models, and the challenges faced in incorporating EVs. Key benefits of carsharing include reduced vehicle ownership among members and environmental advantages, while challenges include costs and infrastructure limitations. The document also highlights various carsharing initiatives using EVs around the world and outlines factors for successful EV carsharing operations.

1. EVs in Carsharing
What‘s happening? What are the barriers?
Presented at Drive Oregon — October 18, 2016
Dave Brook
Senior Carsharing Consultant
team red US LLC, Portland and Toronto
503-313-1320 david.brook@team-red.us

2. 24.10.2016
What I’ll cover
• Evolution of carsharing
• Carsharing service models
• Challenges of incorporating EVs into carsharing?
• Where are EVs being used in carsharing?

3. 24.10.2016
What is Carsharing?
• Distributed parking –
close to users
• Unattended access –
via RFID card or App.
• Pay by the hour or minute
• Fuel, cleaning & repairs
included in fees

4. Carsharing Service Models
Round trip
Car is picked up from and returned to
designated parking space.
• Peer to Peer (P2P) variation of RT
• Closed network (business fleet or
apartment/condo carsharing)
Zipcar, Enterprise Carshare,
Carma, Getaround (P2P),
Buzzcar (P2P France)
One way / On Demand
– free floating
Car can be parked in any legal
parking space inside a “home area”.
Car2Go, ReachNow,
Evo (Vancouver) Share N’Go
– station based
Car must be returned to any
designated station (parking garage,
charger, etc.)
Autolib’ (Paris), BlueIndy
(Indianapolis), Zipcar One>Way
Combination
Option for members to select cars for
round trip or one way trips.
Zipcar (designated vehicles
only), Autobleue (Nice, France)
JoeCar (Karlsruhe, Germany)

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Day in the Life of Car2Go
•Click HERE to watch video.

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Benefits of Carsharing
• Members own significantly fewer vehicles
• Increased use of walking, cycling, public transport
• VMT and energy and GHG reductions f
– Reduced car usage by members
– New vehicles in carsharing fleet
• Reduced parking congestion
If EVs are added to carsharing fleets
• Reduced emissions
• Increased public awareness & experience with EVs
• Increased sales of EVs

7. 24.10.2016
EVs are a Natural Fit for Carsharing
• Trip length is short
– Average “Zipcar” trip is 4-5 hours + 25-30 miles
– Average “one way” trip is 20-40 minutes + 4-6 miles
• Big pool of customers
– Can choose the right vehicle for the trip
• Carshare operator can manage the charging

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Early Attempts
• US Station Car Projects – 1990s - Last mile connection to
transit stations
• Mobility Switzerland –
Twike EV

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Challenges to Adding EVs to Carsharing
• Higher vehicle lease or purchase cost
• Location of existing charging stations
• Possible reduced vehicle utilization to allow recharge time
• Limited range/trip flexibility /
customer range understanding & anxiety
• Increased customer service calls /
Unknown if cost of customer “rescue” is offset by
reduced vehicle maintenance costs

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Evs Vehicles Used in Carsharing

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Car2Go – Amsterdam & Stuttgart
• Free floating parking
• San Diego – all EV
– 400 Smart ED
– Replaced with gas 2016
– Lack of charging
stations (Ecototality)

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Autolib’ - Paris
• One-way station-based
• Vehicle: Bolloré BlueCar
• 4,000 vehicles
• 1,000 stations
• 500,000 members

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Blue Indy – Indianapolis
• 240 vehicles at 75 stations
– Vehicles must be returned to station
– Opened Fall, 2015
• Bolloré BlueCar
– LMP batteries - Lithium Metal Polymer
– 150 mile range
• Unique membership plans
– Day, Week, Year + Student
– EV Charging - $20 per year + $2 per hour
– Unattended member registration kiosk

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DriveNow — Copenhagen

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Citroen MultiCity - Berlin

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Share N’Go - Milan
• Free floating
• Vehicle: Shandong D1
• Milan, Florence & Shenzen

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Kandi - Hangzhou
• Kandi K11 EV (Geely-Kandi Panda)
– Battery swap system (lower right picture)
• Unique parking garage
– Automated stacking parking (lower left)
– 120 spaces

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WaiveCar – Santa Monica
• Free floating
• Chevy Spark & Nissan Leaf
• Ad wrapped vehicles
– First 2 hours free
then $5 per hour

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AutoBleue - Nice
• All EV
• Both round trip & 1-way
– Flex
– Zen
• Vehicles
– Renault Zoe
– Peugeot Ion (Mitsubishi)

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RuhrAuto - Germany

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CoWheels - UK

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Carma – San Francisco
• 50% of fleet is Hybrid,
Plug In Hybrid & battery EV
• $1.7 million grant
– Vehicles: C-Max Energi, Focus EV,
Chevy Volt
– Charging stations: Berkeley, UCSF,
Cole Valley, City College of SF,
Panhandle, China Basin, Mission,
Mission Bay, Civic Center
• $5.75 per hour

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CitéLib’ by Ha:Mo – Grenoble
• 3 year demonstration project
– Sponsored by Toyota & EDF
– Operated by CitéLib’
• One Way – Station-based
• Vehicles
– 70 i-Road and COMs EVs
– 27 charging stations
• 18 months

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Factors for EV Carshare Success
• Subsidies
– Example: CarPlus Trust — government-sponsored funding to promote
carsharing in UK + electromobility grants to local councils to install charging
– OEMs as carshare operators — Share N’Go (Shandong)
• Local government partnerships
– Installation of charging infrastructure
– Carma, San Francisco — grants to add PIH and BEVs into fleet
• Efficient carsharing operation
– High vehicle utilization – 6+ hours per day per vehicle
– Minimal/efficient vehicle relocation in one-way system
– Good customer service

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What’s Ahead?
• Longer range EVs
• Fuel cell vehicles
• Light EVs for cities
• Purpose built EVs for carshare — Hiriko (lower)
• Autonomous vehicles – convergence carsharing & ride-hailing

26. 24.10.2016
Carsharing in Tesla Master Plan
• "You will also be able to add your car to the Tesla shared
fleet just by tapping a button on the Tesla phone app and
have it generate income for you while you're at work or on
vacation... In cities where demand exceeds the supply of
customer-owned cars, Tesla will operate its own fleet,
ensuring you can always hail a ride from us no matter where
you are.”
- Elon Musk, 2016

27. 24.10.2016
www.team-red.us
www.shared-mobility.info
Dave Brook
Managing Director, North America
David.Brook@team-red.net
503-313-1320
a mobility innovation consultancy

28. Shared Mobility Team
Alan Woodland is an expert on carsharing and new mobility. He has experience in business planning,
financing, government relations and transportation policy. He has worked with public transit authorities and
city transportation officials to advance the integration of shared-use mobility into transportation networks.
Kevin McLaughlin is the founder of AutoShare, Toronto’s original carsharing service and co-founder of Modo
Co-operative in Vancouver. Kevin graduated from Queen’s Commerce in 1989 and is currently an advisor to
carsharing operators and public administrations. Kevin is always in his lab working on new mobility ideas.
David Brook is an expert in carsharing and new mobility service operations, business development and
marketing. David has advised international corporations as well as independent start-up carshares. David is
the founder of the first commercial carsharing company in the North America.
Dan Sturges is an entrepreneurial integrated mobility specialist with a background in vehicle/product
innovation. Dan has worked with leading transportation institutions on hybrid transit/shared personal vehicle
systems. He invented the “Neighborhood Electric Vehicle” category.
Dr. Bodo Schwieger is the founder and CEO of team red. Bodo has specialized experience in carsharing
and new mobility services. He wrote his dissertation on customer analysis and international know-how
transfer for the Daimler/Chrysler Society and Technology Group.