The document provides instruction on using the present perfect tense in English, including its forms (affirmative, negative, interrogative), subjects it is used with (has/have), situations it describes (actions that took place in the past without specifying time, actions with present relevance, experiences), and comparisons to other tenses like the past simple. It also covers usage of words like already, just, yet, for, since, ago, and how long in the present perfect tense and provides examples of questions to ask using these words.

1. Week Two

2. Review: Form
 Affirmative
 Mariah has sold 200 million
records worldwide.
(Has/Have + past participle)
 Negative
 Mariah has not sold 300 million
records worldwide (yet).
(Has/Have + not + past
participle)
 Question
 Has Mariah sold 200 million
records worldwide?
(Has/Have + S + past participle)

3. Please DO NOT FORGET…
 Use has when the subject is in the singular 3rd person
(He/She/It).
 Julie has been to Thailand many times.
 Everyone has experienced heartbreak in life.
 Use have when the subject is not in the singular 3rd
person. (I/You/We/They)
 The students have gone to A.T.C.
 Jason and I have been quite friendly with each other.

4. Review: We use the present
perfect simple for:
 An act which took place in the past without specifying
when.
 T. Jaycee has finished reading One Hundred Years of
Solitude.
 An act which took place in the past and affects the
present.
 Meredith can’t walk. She has broken her leg.
 Our experiences, i.e. things we have or have not done.
 Matthew has been to England, but he hasn’t been to
South Africa.

5. Have been to vs. Have gone to
 To talk about one’s experiences, places one has
travelled to, use have been to.
 Jason likes adventure. He has been to Iraq, Russia and
North Korea.
 To say that one has gone somewhere and is still
there, use have gone to.
 Where’s Judy? She has gone to bed.

6. Have been to vs. Have gone to
 Mr. and Mrs. Kim are on holiday. They _____________
to Paris.
 Harry is a pilot. He _____________ to all the countries
in Europe.
 He was here an hour ago, but I think he ____________
home.
 ________ you ever ________ to the Mountain
Province?

7. Already – Just - Yet
 We use already in order to show that something has
been done, i.e. it has been concluded.
 Norman has already done his homework.
 We use just in order to stress that something has just
finished. (recently completed activity)
 Norman has just done his homework.
 We use yet in negative sentences in connection with acts
which have not been concluded yet. We also use yet in
asking questions.
 Norman has not done his homework yet.
 Has Norman done his homework yet?

8. Make questions with yet.
 Your friend has got a new job. Perhaps she has started
it. You ask her:
Have you started your new job yet?
 Your friend has some new neighbors. Perhaps he has
met them. You ask him:
Have you met them yet?
 Your friend must write a letter. Perhaps she has written
it now. You ask her:
Have you written the letter yet?

9. We ALSO use the present perfect
simple for:
 Situations which have started in the past and
continue in the present.
 Examples:
 T. Jaycee has been a teacher for five years. (He is still a
teacher.)
 Wesley has known him for a long time.
 I have had this car since April.

10. Compare the following sentences.
Meredith & Derek are married.
They have been married for five years.
 We use the simple present tense to describe present
situations (state of being) and regular actions. We use
the present perfect simple for situations that began in
the past and continues in the present.

11. Compare the following sentences.
Jason has studied English.
He has been studying English.
 We use the present perfect simple for completed
actions without specifying when. If we want to show
that the action started in the past and still continues in
the present, we should use the present perfect
continuous tense of the verb.

12. For - Since
 Both for and since are used in connection with something
which is still going on today.
 The word for describes the duration of an act/situation.
(e.g. how many years, how many hours)
 Hyeon Yeong has lived in the Philippines for ten years.
 Richard has been in Canada for six months.
 The word since refers to the point in time an act/situation
started.
 Hyeon Yeong has lived in the Philippines since 2002.
 Richard has been in Canada since November.

13. Ago
 The word ago means before now. It is never used
with the present perfect simple.
 Compare:
 When did Rachel arrive in brazil?
She arrived in Brazil three days ago.
 How long has she been in Brazil?
She has been in Brazil for three days.

14. For – Since - Ago
 My aunt has lived in Australia ______ 15 years.
 Jennifer is in her office. She has been there ____ 7 AM.
 Luis has been sick ________ a long time. He has been
in the hospital _________ October.
 Linda & Frank got married ___________. (20 yrs.)

15. How long
 Use how long when asking the duration of an act
which has started in the past and is still continuing in
the present.
 How long + has/have + S + past participle
 Examples:
 How long has T. Jaycee been a teacher?
 How long has Hyeon Yeong lived in the Philippines?
 How long have you had this car?

16. Make questions with How long…?
 Seth & Nancy are in Canada.
How long ___________________________________?
 I know Amy.
How long ___________________________________?
 It is raining.
____________________________________________?

17. Complete the following sentences.
 Nancy and Seth are married. They ______________
married since 1997. (are/were/have been)
 Bill is sick. He ________________ sick for the last few
days. (is/was/has been)
 Andy has a headache. He ________________ a
headache since he got up this morning. (has/had/has
had)

18. Past Simple vs. Present Perfect Simple
We use the past simple: We use the present perfect
simple:
•To describe an act which took place
at a specific time in the past.
Brian left at 4pm last Monday.
•To describe an act which started and
finished in the past within a specific
time. (c0mpleted action)
Mariah Carey performed in Manila
eight years ago.
•With the past simple, the emphasis
is on the past.
•To describe an act which took place
in the past without specifying when.
Brian has left.
•To describe an act/situation which
started in the past but is still
continuing in the present.
Mariah Carey has been a
performer for many years.
•With the present perfect simple, the
emphasis is on the present.

19. Complete with the past simple or present perfect.
 (go)
They’re on holiday. They ________ to Japan. They
________ to Japan last year, too.
 (break)
Elizabeth ________ her leg. She __________ it two
days ago.
 (buy)
Roy __________ a new car. He ___________ it last
month.