Prepositions connect nouns and pronouns to other words in a sentence by showing spatial or temporal relationships. They describe position, time, and direction. Common examples include in, at, on, above, below, over, under, to, from, by, and of. Prepositions indicate location, such as in the room, or time, such as at night. They link objects to the nouns they modify.
Prepositions
A preposition is a word or group of words used before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, time, place, location, spatial relationships, or to introduce an object
Types prepositions
1.Prepositions of Place.
A preposition of place is a preposition which is used to refer to a place where something or someone is located
2.Prepositions of Time.
In – This preposition of time is used to discuss months, seasons, years, centuries, general times of day, and longer periods of time such as “in the past.”
3.Prepositions of Direction.
Direction prepositions are special because they show some type of movement.
4.Prepositions of Location.
Prepositions expressing spatial relations are of two kinds: prepositions of location and prepositions of direction.
5.Prepositions of Spatial Relationships.
Prepositions of spatial relationships deal with "where" the subject of the sentence is or "where" the action is taking place
6.Prepositional Phrase.
A prepositional phrase is a group of words consisting of a preposition, its object, and any words that modify the object. Most of the time, a prepositional phrase modifies a verb or a noun.
Prepositions can also be used to indicate spatial relationships. A preposition of spatial relationship is a preposition used to denote where the subject of a sentence is or a specific place for an action. For example, "across" is a preposition.Prepositions are one of the eight parts of speech in English.A preposition is a word or group of words used before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, time, place, location, spatial relationships, or to introduce an object. Some examples of prepositions are words like "in," "at," "on," "of," and "to." Prepositions in English are highly idiomatic.
Spoken English Beginner Session 13 - Preposition of Place - Ash VyasAsh (Ashvini) Vyas
Learn usages of different prepositions of place. The presentation shared following prepositions:
On, In, At, To, Into, Above, Under, Below, Beside, Across, Behind, In front of and more.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Prepositions connect nouns
(めいし) and pronouns
(こそあど) with other words in a
sentence.
They usually give information
about time, places, and direction.
3. According to Oxford Dictionaries, they describe:
The position of something(何かのポジション):
The dog crawled between us.
The time when something happens(何かが起
こった時): The class starts at 9 a.m.
The way in which something is done(何かのす
る方法): We went by train.
4. Examples: above, after, among, around, along, at,
before, behind, beneath, beside, between, by,
down, from, in, into, like, of, off, on, out, over,
through, to, up, upon, under, with.
Some prepositions are made up of more
than one word. Examples: because of, next
to, on top
5. Prepositions link nouns and pronouns to
other words, called objects, in a sentence.
They show space or time between the noun
and the object.
Example:
The cat is under the table.
Cat is the noun.
Under is the preposition.
Table is the object.
7. English Usage Example
•on •days of the week •on Monday
•in •months / seasons
•time of day
•year
•after a certain
period of time
(when?)
•in August / in
winter
•in the morning
•in 2006
•in an hour
•at •for night
•for weekend
•a certain point of
time (when?)
•at night
•at the weekend
•at half past nine
8. English Usage Example
•since •from a certain
point of time
(past till now)
•since 1980
•for •over a certain
period of time
(past till now)
•for 2 years
•ago •a certain time
in the past
•2 years ago
9. 8/20
English Usage Example
•before •earlier than a
certain point of
time
•before 2004
•to •telling the
time
•ten to six
(5:50)
•past •telling the
time
•ten past six
(6:10)
•to / till / until •marking the
beginning and
end of a period
of time
•from Monday
to/till Friday
10. English Usage Example
•till / until •in the sense of
how long
something is going
to last
•He is on holiday until
Friday.
•by •in the sense of at
the latest
•up to a certain
time
•I will be back by 6
o’clock.
•By 11 o'clock, I had
read five pages.
12. English Usage Example
•in •room, building, street, town,
country
•book, paper etc.
•car, taxi
•picture, world
•in the kitchen, in
London
•in the book
•in the car, in a taxi
•in the picture, in the
world
•at •meaning next to, by an object
•for table
•for events
•place where you are to do
something typical (watch a
film, study, work)
•at the door, at the
station
•at the table
•at a concert, at the
party
•at the cinema, at
school, at work
13. English Usage Example
•on •attached
•for a place with a river
•being on a surface
•for a certain side (left,
right)
•for a floor in a house
•for public transport
•for television, radio
•the picture on the
wall
•London lies on the
Thames.
•on the table
•on the left
•on the first floor
•on the bus, on a
plane
•on TV, on the radio
•by, next to,
beside
•left or right of somebody
or something
•Jane is standing by /
next to / beside the
car.
14. English Usage Example
•under •on the ground, lower
than (or covered by)
something else
•the bag is
under the table
•below •lower than
something else but
above ground
•the fish are
below the
surface
15. 14/20
English Usage Example
•over •covered by
something
else
•meaning
more than
•getting to the
other side
(also across)
•overcoming
an obstacle
•put a jacket
over your shirt
•over 16 years
of age
•walk over the
bridge
•climb over the
wall
16. English Usage Example
•above •higher than
something else,
but not directly
over it
•a path above
the lake
•across •getting to the
other side (also
over)
•getting to the
other side
•walk across the
bridge
•swim across
the lake
17. English Usage Example
•through •something
with limits on
top, bottom
and the sides
•drive through
the tunnel
•to •movement to
person or
building
•movement to a
place or
country
•for bed
•go to the
cinema
•go to London /
Ireland
•go to bed
18. English Usage Example
•from •who gave it •a present from Jane
•of •who/what
does it belong
to
•what does it
show
•a page of the book
•the picture of a
palace
Other important Prepositions(他の前置詞)
19. English Usage Example
•by •who made it •a book by Mark
Twain
•on •walking or
riding on
horseback
•entering a
public transport
vehicle
•on foot, on
horseback
•get on the bus
20. English Usage Example
•in •entering a
car / Taxi
•get in the car
•off •leaving a
public
transport
vehicle
•get off the train
21. English Usage Example
•out of •leaving a
car / Taxi
•get out of the taxi
•by •rise or fall of
something
•travelling
(other than
walking or
horse riding)
•prices have risen
by 10 percent
•by car, by bus
22. English Usage Example
•at •for age •she learned
Russian at 45
•about •for topics,
meaning
what about
•we were talking
about you