Deterministic Memory Abstraction and Supporting Multicore System ArchitectureHeechul Yun
Presentation slides of the following paper at ECRTS'18.
Farzad Farshchi, Prathap Kumar Valsan, Renato Mancuso, Heechul Yun. "Deterministic Memory Abstraction and Supporting Multicore System Architecture." Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS), 2018
TokuDB — это реализация так называемых фрактальных деревьев для MySQL. Фрактальные деревья — это те же самые B+-деревья, но с буфером сообщений в каждой ноде. Сообщения описывают изменения данных. За счет того, что все изменения накапливаются в буферах сообщений и спускаются по дереву только по мере необходимости, при росте фрактальное дерево деградирует по скорости гораздо меньше, чем B+-дерево.
Профессионалам в области разработки высоконагруженных систем хорошо известно устройство движка InnoDB для MySQL. Знание внутренних механизмов движка помогает понять, как правильно его настроить, диагностировать проседания в производительности.
Целью этого доклада является рассказать об устройстве TokuDB. В рамках доклада будут рассмотрена реализация таких подсистем как caching, logging and recovery, checkpoints, transactions, MVCC, compression, locking.
Swapping is the process of exchanging pages, segment of memory and values to another location and it also manipulates data files that are larger than the main memory. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Swapping:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/computer-science/operating-system/memory-management/swapping/
Deterministic Memory Abstraction and Supporting Multicore System ArchitectureHeechul Yun
Presentation slides of the following paper at ECRTS'18.
Farzad Farshchi, Prathap Kumar Valsan, Renato Mancuso, Heechul Yun. "Deterministic Memory Abstraction and Supporting Multicore System Architecture." Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS), 2018
TokuDB — это реализация так называемых фрактальных деревьев для MySQL. Фрактальные деревья — это те же самые B+-деревья, но с буфером сообщений в каждой ноде. Сообщения описывают изменения данных. За счет того, что все изменения накапливаются в буферах сообщений и спускаются по дереву только по мере необходимости, при росте фрактальное дерево деградирует по скорости гораздо меньше, чем B+-дерево.
Профессионалам в области разработки высоконагруженных систем хорошо известно устройство движка InnoDB для MySQL. Знание внутренних механизмов движка помогает понять, как правильно его настроить, диагностировать проседания в производительности.
Целью этого доклада является рассказать об устройстве TokuDB. В рамках доклада будут рассмотрена реализация таких подсистем как caching, logging and recovery, checkpoints, transactions, MVCC, compression, locking.
Swapping is the process of exchanging pages, segment of memory and values to another location and it also manipulates data files that are larger than the main memory. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Swapping:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/computer-science/operating-system/memory-management/swapping/
Operating System
Topic Memory Management
for Btech/Bsc (C.S)/BCA...
Memory management is the functionality of an operating system which handles or manages primary memory. Memory management keeps track of each and every memory location either it is allocated to some process or it is free. It checks how much memory is to be allocated to processes. It decides which process will get memory at what time. It tracks whenever some memory gets freed or unallocated and correspondingly it updates the status.
a glance on memory management in operating system.
this note is useful for those who are keen to know about how the OS works and a brief explanation regarding several terms such
-paging
segmentation
fragmentation
virtual memory
page table
to A Level A2 Computing students, this light note may be helpful for your revision
Memory fragmentation by ofor williams danielOfor Williams
In computer storage, fragmentation is a phenomenon in which storage space is used inefficiently, reducing capacity or performance and often both. The exact consequences of fragmentation depend on the specific system of storage allocation in use and the particular form of fragmentation. In many cases, fragmentation leads to storage space being "wasted", and in that case the term also refers to the wasted space itself.
Memory management is at the heart of any data-intensive system. Spark, in particular, must arbitrate memory allocation between two main use cases: buffering intermediate data for processing (execution) and caching user data (storage). This talk will take a deep dive through the memory management designs adopted in Spark since its inception and discuss their performance and usability implications for the end user.
Deep Dive: Memory Management in Apache SparkDatabricks
Memory management is at the heart of any data-intensive system. Spark, in particular, must arbitrate memory allocation between two main use cases: buffering intermediate data for processing (execution) and caching user data (storage). This talk will take a deep dive through the memory management designs adopted in Spark since its inception and discuss their performance and usability implications for the end user.
Learn Microsoft Asp.Net Garbage CollectionDiya Singh
The main function of the garbage collector, as far as .NET framework is concerned, is allocating and releasing the memory required for the application to run.
Fragmentation Defination-
As processes are loaded and removed from memory, the free memory space is broken into little pieces. It happens after sometimes that processes cannot be allocated to memory blocks considering their small size and memory blocks remains unused. This problem is known as Fragmentation.
External fragmentation
Total free RAM space is enough to load a process but the process still cant load because freeblocks of RAM arent contigious.Or free spaces arent located together.
Internal fragmentation
Memory block assigned to process is bigger. Some portion of memory is left unused, as it cannot be used by another process.
External fragmentation can be reduced by compaction or shuffle memory contents to place all free memory together in one large block. To make compaction feasible, relocation should be dynamic.
The internal fragmentation can be reduced by effectively assigning the smallest partition but large enough for the process. worst fit is the reason for that.
Compaction (solution for external frag)
Compaction is a process in which the free space is collected in a large memory chunk to make some space available for processes.
Paging (solution for external frag)
Paging is a memory management technique in which process address space is broken into blocks of the same size called pages (size is power of 2, between 512 bytes and 8192 bytes). The size of the process is measured in the number of pages.
Fragmentation Defination-
As processes are loaded and removed from memory, the free memory space is broken into little pieces. It happens after sometimes that processes cannot be allocated to memory blocks considering their small size and memory blocks remains unused. This problem is known as Fragmentation.
External fragmentation
Total free RAM space is enough to load a process but the process still cant load because freeblocks of RAM arent contigious.Or free spaces arent located together.
Internal fragmentation
Memory block assigned to process is bigger. Some portion of memory is left unused, as it cannot be used by another process.
External fragmentation can be reduced by compaction or shuffle memory contents to place all free memory together in one large block. To make compaction feasible, relocation should be dynamic.
The internal fragmentation can be reduced by effectively assigning the smallest partition but large enough for the process. worst fit is the reason for that.
Compaction (solution for external frag)
Compaction is a process in which the free space is collected in a large memory chunk to make some space available for processes.
Paging (solution for external frag)
Paging is a memory management technique in which process address space is broken into blocks of the same size called pages (size is power of 2, between 512 bytes and 8192 bytes). The size of the process is measured in the number of pages.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
2. Fragmentation
1. Fragmentation occurs when memory is allocated dynamically .
2. When a process arrives it gets the desired memory from the block of available memory
known as Hole.
3. As processes are loaded and removed from memory the hole is divided into small pieces
known as fragments.
For example
Consider the available memory(Hole) is of 16 kb. Three Processes P1,P2,P3 of 4,6,2kb
respectively loaded into the memory.
As they come they break 16kb memory into 4 fragments of size 4,6,2kb occupied by three
processes and one fragment of free space i.e. 4kb.
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3. Diagram
showing
Fragmentation
Memory (16 kb) Memory is divided into 4 fragments
This diagram shows how fragments
are formed
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P1(4kb)
P2(6kb)
P3(2kb)
Free space(4kb)
4. External Fragmentation
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1. External Fragmentation occurs when there is enough total memory space to satisfy the request of
coming process but the available space is not contiguous.
2. For example consider the previous problem in this if process P1 is removed from the memory .
3. The space that was occupied by P1 is now free.
4. Now we have two free fragments of 4kb each.
5. Total free space available is 8 kb .
We have 8 kb free space. If a process P5 of 6kb comes, than also we cant provide space to that process
because that 8kb free space is not contiguous. And P5 requires 6kb consecutively.
5. General example of this problem can also be seen as space
between two vehicles that is wasted.
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Free Space(4kb)
P2(6kb)
P3(2kb)
Free space(4kb)
8kb free space is there but request of Process P5 can’t be fulfill as memory is not
consecutively free. So this problem waste the main memory.
6. Solution to External Fragmentation
Problem
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1. Compaction: In this method shuffling of memory is done such that all occupied
memory is gather at one place and free memory at other end. But this solution is
difficult to implement practically.
2. Use Non-Contiguous Memory in place of Contiguous Memory this can be done by
(a) Paging
(b) Segmentation
7. Internal Fragmentation
Internal Fragmentation is the wastage of memory within the fragment that is allotted to the
process.
For example
Consider if a Process P6 is of 2kb and we have free space fragment of 4kb .Then 2kb is
wasted as the P6 occupied that fragment which is only of 2kb.
Such wastage of Memory is called Internal Fragmentation
P6(2kb)
Free
space(2
kb)
Internal Fragmentation
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