Practicing Planning Theory In A Political World
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The document discusses the relationship between planning theory and the political realities of planning practice. It argues that rational planning theories ignore the inherently political nature of planning and portray planners as neutral technicians. However, many planners are actually ambivalent about politics and choose technical roles to avoid political risks and responsibility. Theorists also fail to acknowledge the political nature of their own work in developing and promoting theories. A better understanding requires conceptualizing both planning theory and practice as political activities.
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• Perhaps one of the most important
Summary
• Two types of practitioners
• Managers
• Analysts
• Managers
• Leadership
• Interacting with actors
• Analysts
• Technical skills
• Responsible for executing requirements
• University ofVermont
• Distinct programs to address each role
20 Occupational Outlook Quarterly • Spring 2007
W
hen Will Wilkinson decided to major in phi-
losophy, his father wondered about the useful-
ness of the degree. “My dad asked if I was
going to work in a philosophy factory,” says Wilkinson.
“And now, I guess I do.”
Wilkinson is a policy analyst for a think tank in
Washington, D.C. As his anecdote suggests, think tanks
are, in a sense, idea factories. They employ policy
analysts to research complex problems and recommend
solutions. Issues range from education to healthcare to
national defense.
In fact, the ideas for many current laws and poli-
cies originated with policy analysts in think tanks and
other private organizations. Policy analysts—also called
researchers, scholars, and fellows—work to raise public
awareness of social issues, such as crime prevention,
access to healthcare, and protection of the environment.
And in the solutions they propose, these policy analysts
hope to influence government action.
Policy analysts who work for governments create
policy and evaluate program effectiveness; some help to
decide which private organizations should be awarded
publicly funded grants. For example, policy analysts
might suggest ideas for a county recycling plan, report
on how well a State project met its obje ...
Key Concepts, Theories of Public Administration
The document discusses several key concepts and theories in public administration, including:
- Bureaucracy theory, which analyzes public administration by distinguishing between political and administrative acts.
- Traditional management theory, which was initially informed by scientific management theory and focuses on directing ongoing organizational activities.
- Control of bureaucracy theory, which examines issues of compliance and responsiveness in public administration.
- Theories of client responsiveness, which assume public agencies are established to serve clients and that bureaucrats prioritize responding to client needs over political directives.
- Agency theory, which posits a dynamic interaction between political principals and bureaucratic agents, with agencies having informational and expertise advantages.
Introduction to the public health policy process the role of evidence in pol...
This document provides an outline and introduction to concepts related to public health policy and the role of evidence in policymaking. It discusses definitions of policy and the policy process, highlighting that policymaking involves political and value-based decisions between alternatives. The document also presents different frameworks for understanding the relationship between research and policy, including rationalist, strategic, interactive, and enlightenment models. Overall, it aims to set the stage for a discussion of how evidence can inform public health policymaking.
PL4261_Comm_forester_Lect8.pptx
The document discusses the differences between rational planning theory and communicative planning theory. Rational planning focuses on expert analysis and formal procedures, sees participation as providing information rather than consensus building, and aims to technically solve problems. Communicative planning emphasizes extensive participation as a value, sees planning as political and aiming to change society, and believes problems are solved through pooling expertise, informal consultation, and building consensus rather than just technical analysis. It discusses how communicative planning and rationales are situated in their historical contexts and critiques of each approach.
UNIT 1 LESSON 1: POLITICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE
This document provides an overview of Lesson 1 on politics and political science. The key points are:
- The lesson defines politics as the study of who gets what, when and how, the exercise of power, and the making of collective decisions. Political science is the scientific study of politics.
- Students will articulate definitions of politics and differentiate views on it. They will explore the connection between politics and political science as a method of inquiry.
- The value of studying politics and political science is discussed, such as understanding rights and responsibilities as a citizen and preparing for adult life.
- Activities include grouping students to discuss newspaper articles on politics and a quiz matching views of politics to definitions.
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This document discusses social heuristics and their role in deliberative outcomes. It begins by defining key concepts related to heuristics such as ecological rationality, recognition, fluency take the best, satisficing, tit-for-tat, imitate the majority, and imitate the successful. It then examines how social heuristics can impact the results of deliberation and discusses two potential social heuristics: the reputation heuristic and group identification heuristic. The document provides references for further research on heuristics and deliberation.
CP 501 LECTURE ONE political science annavvsnsnvbshbsbbbshnsbhshjsjvshhsjsjbs...
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BMIS 580Course Project Phase 2 Literature Review Assignment Ins
This document provides instructions for completing Phase 2 of a course project, which involves writing a literature review. The literature review must be at least 1,900 words and contain a minimum of 10 peer-reviewed sources. It must follow APA format and contain title, reference, and appendix pages if needed. The literature review should establish a theoretical framework for the topic, define key terms, identify supporting studies and models, and define the problem or area of study. The introduction should restate the project problem and purpose from Phase 1 and establish importance. The review of literature section should discuss what the research says about the problem and identify supporting studies. The conclusion should state how the literature attempts to solve the problem and if it leads to an appropriate
Bureaucrats or politicians
This document discusses allocating policy tasks between politicians and bureaucrats. It presents a model where policy outcomes depend on a policymaker's effort and ability. Politicians are motivated by reelection and bureaucrats by career concerns. The model finds politicians may exert more effort if ability is less important than effort, uncertainty about social preferences is high, or organized interests have small stakes. Bureaucrats may exert more effort if ability is highly important or uncertainty about a policymaker's abilities is low. Overall, the document analyzes when politicians or bureaucrats are preferable policymakers based on different policy and environmental characteristics.
2. PPA chapter 2 ppt.pptx
The document discusses 9 approaches to policy analysis:
1. Process approach - Examines stages of the policy process.
2. Substantive approach - Focuses on a particular policy area like health, education.
3. Logical-positivist approach - Uses scientific methods, theories and data to examine causes and consequences of policy.
4. Econometric approach - Applies economic theories to understand behavior of politicians using rational choice theory.
5. Phenomenological approach - Analyzes events through intuitive understanding rather than rational processes.
6. Participatory approach - Examines role of multiple actors in policymaking including local communities.
7. Normative approach - Prescribes what policy
Decision-Making
Administrative behaviour does comprise the basic popular element of decision-making. Many academics and social scientists, in particular public administration scientists, will be aware that Herbert A. Simon, the foremost decision theorist, defines decision-making as the optimum rational choice between alternative courses of action. According to him, decision making pervades the entire organisation, that is, decisions are made at all level of organisation. Hence he perceives an organisation as a structure of decision makers. He equates administration with decision making as every aspect of administration resolves around decision-making. Further Simon argues that before one can establish any immutable principles of administration one must be able to describe, exactly how an administration organisation looks and exactly how it works. He observes that before a science can develop principles, it must possess concepts. Decision-making is the most important activity of administration…. An administrative science, like science, is concerned purely with factual statements, and there is no place for ethical statements in the study of science. To sum up the study, H.A. Simon’s concept of administration comprises two basic elements; namely, (a) The emphasis upon decision-making approach as the alternative to the classical thinkers’ principles approach, that is, structural approach; and (b) The advocacy of empirical approach, value-free approach, as against the normative approach to the study of administration.
approaches to policy making.pdf
This document provides an overview of different approaches to studying public policy, including elite theory, group theory, and rational choice theory. It discusses the key assumptions of each approach. Elite theory posits that public policy primarily reflects the interests and values of a ruling elite class, rather than the masses. Group theory views public policy as the result of competition and compromise between various interest groups in society. Rational choice theory assumes that policymakers make decisions by rationally pursuing their self-interest. The document examines the strengths and limitations of each theoretical perspective in understanding the policymaking process.
Approaches to the study of Public Policy.pdf
This document provides an overview of different approaches to studying public policy, including elite theory, group theory, political systems theory, incremental theory, and rational choice theory. It discusses elite theory in depth, outlining the views of Vilfredo Pareto and Gaetano Mosca that society is divided into a ruling elite minority and a subordinate masses majority. The elite possess unique skills and influence policymaking in their own interests according to this theory. The document analyzes the strengths and limitations of each approach to public policy studies.
Portfolio-Writing Sample-Samantha Walls
This document discusses ethics in strategic and tactical public relations management and how it affects the United States. It begins by defining public relations and explaining that strategic management uses a dialogical approach in studies, while tactical management uses a monological approach. It then analyzes case studies and the positive and negative aspects of both methods. The document discusses how Johnson & Johnson's strategic planning helped it recover from a Tylenol crisis. It concludes that strategic management is more ethical as it allows for more diverse groups to be represented in media studies. However, it can be improved by incorporating more social network analysis. Overall, the document argues strategic public relations management has a more positive impact on society than tactical management.
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