This document defines and explains different types of variables that are commonly used in research studies. It discusses the key differences between independent and dependent variables, and how independent variables can be either manipulated or selected. Extraneous variables that are not controlled can influence research results, so researchers aim to control these variables. Both quantitative and qualitative variables are covered, along with different ways they can be classified such as discrete vs. continuous, nominal vs. ordinal, etc. Examples are provided to illustrate each variable type.
types of variables in research, Dependent independent, moderator,quantitative qualitative,continuous discontinuous,demographic,extraneous, confounding,intervening, control
types of variables in research, Dependent independent, moderator,quantitative qualitative,continuous discontinuous,demographic,extraneous, confounding,intervening, control
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4. ● A variable is a variation within a class of
objects (i.e., eye color).
● A constant is a characteristic with no
variations within a class of objects (i.e.,
grade level of ninth graders).
● Researchers choose certain variables to
study since they are suspected to be related
to a possible relationship to be discovered.
6. ● The independent variable is what the researcher
studies to see its relationship or effects.
○ Presumed or possible cause
● The dependent variable is what is being
influenced or affected by the independent
variable
○ Presumed results
7. ● Independent variables may be either
manipulated or selected
○ A manipulated variable is a changed condition the
researcher creates during a study, also known as
an experimental or treatment variable
○ A selected variable is an independent variable that
already exists
8. ● For instance: if you were measuring the growth
rate of plants under full sunlight for 8 hours a
day versus plants that only have 4 hours of full
sunlight per day, the amount of time per day of
full sunlight would be the independent variable -
the variable that you control. The growth rate
of the plants would be a dependent variable.
21. ● Extraneous Variable
○ Independent variables that have not been
controlled
○ Considered a basic problem in research
○ The task is to control these variables by
reducing or eliminating their effects
○ A method to control extraneous variables is to
hold them constant
23. are those that
affect other variables in a way that
produces spurious or distorted
associations between two variables.
They confound the "true" relationship
between two variables.
24. • It must be correlated with the independent
variable. This may be a causal relationship, but it
does not have to be.
• It must be causally related to the dependent
variable.
24
30. 30
1. Three groups of students were placed in
a classroom with controlled room
temperatures of 18°C, 20°C, 25°C. The
math exam scores of the students were
then taken and compared to the other
groups.
Independent variable: __________________
Dependent variable: ____________________
Extraneous variable: ____________________
32. 32
2. An online seller would like to know
whether the indication of price on Facebook
posts will attract consumers more. He
posted 50 products for sale on Facebook
market, 25 of which he indicated the price
while the remaining 25 products, did not
have prices. Buyers were just instructed to
send him a personal message (pm) if they
want to know the price. He then identified
which products have greater sales.
34. 34
3. A housewife wanted to know which
soil is best for her pechay plants: the
soil purchased from an online seller,
soil from her backyard compost or the
soil underneath the nearby bamboo
tree. She planted 30 pechay seeds into
each soil source and then compared
the growth of pechay after a month.
35. “
”
35
● IV: source of soil
● DV: growth of pechay
● EV: weather or environmenta
conditions/pests
36. 36
3. A teacher wanted to know which learning
delivery modes (pure online, pure modular,
combination of online and modular) is most
effective and has the fastest turnaround time in the
submission of accomplished activities among her
Grade 12 students. She divided the students into 3
groups, gave them the same activity sheets and
asked them to submit as soon as it is completed.
She then compared the scores and completion time
of the 3 groups.
42. Quantitative vs. Categorical Variables
● A quantitative variable is conceptualized and analyzed
in distinct categories, with no continuum implied (i.e.,
height).
○ Can be subdivided into smaller units
● A categorical variable does not vary in degree, amount,
or quantity, but are qualitatively different (i.e., political
party).
○ There is no middle ground or in-between measurement
44. Quantitative Variables
● Also called numerical variables, are
the type of variables used in
quantitative research because they
are numeric and can be measured.
Under this category are discrete and
continuous variables.
44
45. ● Discrete variables are countable whole
numbers. It does not take negative values or
values between fixed points.
For example: number of students in a class,
group size and frequency.
45
46. ● Continuous variables take fractional
(non-whole number) values that can
either be a positive or a negative.
Example: height, temperature.
46
47. LEVEL OF NUMERICAL
MEASUREMENT
● Intervals are quantitative
variables where the interval or
differences between
consecutive values are equal
and meaningful, but the
numbers are arbitrary.
47
EXAMPLES:
TEMPERATURE,
YEAR, IQ
LEVEL
48. LEVEL OF NUMERICAL
MEASUREMENT
● Ratio type of data is similar to
interval. The only difference is
the presence of a true zero
value. The zero point in this
scale indicates the absence of
the quantity being measured.
48
EXAMPLES:
AGE, HEIGHT,
WEIGHT, AND
DISTANCE
49. Qualitative Variables
● Also referred to as Categorical
Variables are not expressed in
numbers but are descriptions or
categories. It can be further
divided into dichotomous,
nominal or ordinal.
49
50. ● Dichotomous variable consists of
only two distinct categories or
values
For example: a response to a
question either be a yes or no
50
51. ● Nominal variable simply defines
groups of subjects. In here, you may
have more than 2 categories of
equivalent magnitude.
For example: blood type, hair color and
mode of transportation
51
52. ● Ordinal variable, from the name itself,
denotes that a variable is ranked in a certain
order. This variable can have a qualitative or
quantitative attribute.
For example: cancer stage (Stage I, Stage II,
Stage III), Spotify Top 20 hits, academic honors
(with highest, with high, with honors)
52
67. Make a quick survey to your friends,
family members and professors who
have previously conducted a
quantitative research study. Evaluate
the title of their papers and identify
the independent, dependent, and
other variables.
HOME
WORK
68. “
”
“As for the future, your task
is not to foresee it,
but to enable it.”
- Antoine de Saint Exupery
68
