The document discusses prenatal care for pregnant women, including anatomical and physiological changes during pregnancy, components of prenatal exams, establishing gestational age, common tests and procedures during prenatal visits, and health promotion counseling topics. Prenatal exams assess maternal and fetal health at regular intervals through each trimester and involve medical history, physical exam including vital signs and fetal assessment, and laboratory tests. The frequency of prenatal visits increases in the third trimester to monitor the health of the mother and developing fetus closely as the due date approaches.
This document provides an overview of normal breast anatomy and histology as well as various benign breast pathologies. It begins with a description of normal breast features including the major ductal system and terminal ductal lobular units. Microscopically, it describes the epithelial and myoepithelial cell layers as well as markers used to identify each. Various benign developmental disorders, clinical presentations, inflammatory conditions such as mastitis and ductectasia, fat necrosis, and fibrocytic changes are then discussed with accompanying images.
This document describes the case of a 5 hour old male infant presenting with cyanosis, excessive frothing, and respiratory distress. Examinations and x-rays revealed esophageal atresia without distal communication. The infant underwent surgery to divide the fistula and perform a primary anastomosis. Post-operatively, the infant recovered well with no leaks seen on testing. Common complications of this condition and surgery are also discussed such as anastomotic leaks, strictures, recurrent fistulas, and gastroesophageal reflux.
This document contains images and tables related to neoplasia and cancer from Robbin's Pathologic Basis of Disease. It includes images of colon polyps, parotid gland tumors, dermoid cysts, and classifications of benign and malignant tumors based on tissue of origin and characteristics. Tables compare features of benign versus malignant tumors such as differentiation, growth rate, invasion, and metastasis. Images also show examples of metastatic cancers in organs like the liver.
Gynaecology - Early Pregnancy ComplicationMichelle Fynes
What to expect during the course of her care (including expectant management), such as the potential length and extent of pain and/or bleeding, and possible side effects. This information should be tailored to the care she receives.
This document discusses endometriosis, defined as the presence of functioning endometrial tissue outside the uterus. It most commonly involves the ovaries and pelvic peritoneum. Theories for its development include retrograde menstruation and celomic metaplasia. Symptoms include pelvic pain and infertility. Diagnosis involves laparoscopy and histological examination of biopsied lesions. Staging uses the revised American Fertility Society classification from I to IV. Treatment aims to manage pain and preserve fertility, and may involve surgery, medical therapy such as hormonal contraceptives, or assisted reproduction.
Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease are conditions that can occur after a streptococcal throat infection. Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that affects the heart, joints, skin, and blood vessels. It is characterized by lesions called Aschoff bodies and rheumatic granulomas. Long term, it can lead to rheumatic heart disease where the heart valves are damaged. The disease process involves an immune response to streptococcal antigens that causes inflammation and tissue damage. Symptoms vary by the organs involved but can include fever, arthritis, heart valve abnormalities, and skin rashes.
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer caused by sun exposure. It develops in the basal cell layer of the skin when UV rays damage DNA and cause mutations. Fair skinned individuals with blonde or red hair and light colored eyes have the highest risk. While basal cell carcinoma typically does not spread to other organs, it can grow and cause tissue destruction if not treated early. The document then describes the author's personal experience with basal cell carcinoma due to a lifetime of extensive sun exposure without adequate protection, and their subsequent biopsy, Mohs surgery, and recovery process.
This document summarizes pediatric tumors and tumor-like conditions. It discusses that benign tumors are more common than cancers in children, with soft-tissue tumors being the most common neoplasms. Key malignant tumors mentioned include neuroblastoma, the most common extracranial solid tumor of infancy; and Wilms tumor, the most common renal tumor of childhood. The document provides details on the pathogenesis, histology, staging, and prognosis of these two malignant pediatric cancers.
This document provides an overview of normal breast anatomy and histology as well as various benign breast pathologies. It begins with a description of normal breast features including the major ductal system and terminal ductal lobular units. Microscopically, it describes the epithelial and myoepithelial cell layers as well as markers used to identify each. Various benign developmental disorders, clinical presentations, inflammatory conditions such as mastitis and ductectasia, fat necrosis, and fibrocytic changes are then discussed with accompanying images.
This document describes the case of a 5 hour old male infant presenting with cyanosis, excessive frothing, and respiratory distress. Examinations and x-rays revealed esophageal atresia without distal communication. The infant underwent surgery to divide the fistula and perform a primary anastomosis. Post-operatively, the infant recovered well with no leaks seen on testing. Common complications of this condition and surgery are also discussed such as anastomotic leaks, strictures, recurrent fistulas, and gastroesophageal reflux.
This document contains images and tables related to neoplasia and cancer from Robbin's Pathologic Basis of Disease. It includes images of colon polyps, parotid gland tumors, dermoid cysts, and classifications of benign and malignant tumors based on tissue of origin and characteristics. Tables compare features of benign versus malignant tumors such as differentiation, growth rate, invasion, and metastasis. Images also show examples of metastatic cancers in organs like the liver.
Gynaecology - Early Pregnancy ComplicationMichelle Fynes
What to expect during the course of her care (including expectant management), such as the potential length and extent of pain and/or bleeding, and possible side effects. This information should be tailored to the care she receives.
This document discusses endometriosis, defined as the presence of functioning endometrial tissue outside the uterus. It most commonly involves the ovaries and pelvic peritoneum. Theories for its development include retrograde menstruation and celomic metaplasia. Symptoms include pelvic pain and infertility. Diagnosis involves laparoscopy and histological examination of biopsied lesions. Staging uses the revised American Fertility Society classification from I to IV. Treatment aims to manage pain and preserve fertility, and may involve surgery, medical therapy such as hormonal contraceptives, or assisted reproduction.
Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease are conditions that can occur after a streptococcal throat infection. Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that affects the heart, joints, skin, and blood vessels. It is characterized by lesions called Aschoff bodies and rheumatic granulomas. Long term, it can lead to rheumatic heart disease where the heart valves are damaged. The disease process involves an immune response to streptococcal antigens that causes inflammation and tissue damage. Symptoms vary by the organs involved but can include fever, arthritis, heart valve abnormalities, and skin rashes.
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer caused by sun exposure. It develops in the basal cell layer of the skin when UV rays damage DNA and cause mutations. Fair skinned individuals with blonde or red hair and light colored eyes have the highest risk. While basal cell carcinoma typically does not spread to other organs, it can grow and cause tissue destruction if not treated early. The document then describes the author's personal experience with basal cell carcinoma due to a lifetime of extensive sun exposure without adequate protection, and their subsequent biopsy, Mohs surgery, and recovery process.
This document summarizes pediatric tumors and tumor-like conditions. It discusses that benign tumors are more common than cancers in children, with soft-tissue tumors being the most common neoplasms. Key malignant tumors mentioned include neuroblastoma, the most common extracranial solid tumor of infancy; and Wilms tumor, the most common renal tumor of childhood. The document provides details on the pathogenesis, histology, staging, and prognosis of these two malignant pediatric cancers.
This document discusses giant cell formation and function. It begins with definitions of giant cells as unusually large cells with multiple nuclei. It then classifies giant cells into categories such as damaged muscle fibers, tumor giant cells, fused cells from viral infections, and fused macrophages. The mechanisms of giant cell formation including fusion mediated by cytokines and adhesion are explored. Individual giant cell types like osteoclasts, tumor giant cells, foreign body giant cells and Langhans giant cells are described in terms of morphology, markers and function. The document concludes that further studies are needed to fully understand giant cell formation through paracrine, juxtacrine and endocrine interactions.
Histopathological dignosis of carcinoma of breastNazia Ashraf
This document discusses the pathogenesis, histopathology, diagnosis, and prognosis of breast carcinoma. It notes that breast cancer is the most common non-skin cancer in women. The major risk factors include hormone exposure, age of menarche/menopause, and family history/genetic factors. Biopsy procedures are used for diagnosis. There are different histological subtypes with varying characteristics, biomarkers, and clinical behaviors. Prognostic factors include tumor size and stage, lymph node involvement, and molecular subtype. Recent advances include identifying intrinsic subtypes and cancer stem cells.
This document contains 5 multiple choice questions that test knowledge of common neck lump diagnoses. It also provides an overview of neck anatomy, common presenting neck lumps, and tips for physical examination. The questions cover diagnoses such as thyroglossal cyst, pharyngeal pouch, lymphoma, dermoid cyst, and branchial cyst. A correct answer is provided for each multiple choice question to review diagnostic knowledge.
This document discusses the differential diagnosis of neck swellings. It begins by defining a neck mass and differential diagnosis. It then describes the various structures that can cause swellings in the head and neck region, including lymph nodes, salivary glands, and muscles. The document outlines the approach to examining a neck mass, including inspecting for location, size, and color, and palpating for tenderness, size, and mobility. Radiographic investigations like MRI, CT, and ultrasound are discussed. Biopsy methods like fine needle aspiration are also summarized.
Cleft lip and palate is a congenital abnormality caused by incomplete fusion of the facial processes during embryonic development between the 4th and 12th week of gestation. It can involve the lip, alveolus, hard palate, and soft palate. Risk factors include genetic factors, environmental teratogens like smoking, and nutrient deficiencies. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary team approach including surgical correction of the lip by 3 months and palate by 12-18 months, as well as management of feeding issues, hearing, speech, dentofacial abnormalities, and psychosocial support. Prognosis is generally good with surgical intervention and management.
This document discusses cervical lymphadenopathy and summarizes the anatomy, function, classification and causes of lymph node enlargement. It describes the anatomy of lymph nodes and their organization into cortex and medulla. Lymph nodes filter lymph to remove microorganisms and foreign particles and return excess fluid to maintain blood volume. Enlarged lymph nodes can be caused by infection, inflammation, malignancy or lipid storage diseases. Characteristics like size, consistency, location and duration of lymphadenopathy help determine if the cause is likely benign or malignant.
This document discusses tumors of infancy and childhood. It begins by describing tumor-like lesions such as hamartomas and choristomas. It then discusses common benign tumors including hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, and sacrococcygeal teratomas. Malignant tumors that are discussed include leukemias, lymphomas, brain tumors, liver tumors, kidney tumors, soft tissue sarcomas, and bone tumors. Specific malignant tumors that are common in different age groups are also outlined. The document concludes by discussing characteristics of common childhood cancers like leukemia, lymphomas, brain tumors, and others.
This document provides an overview of ultrasound findings during the first trimester of pregnancy. It describes developmental stages from weeks 1-12, including ovarian follicle maturation, fertilization, formation of the morula and blastocyst. It outlines AIUM guidelines for assessing the gestational sac, embryo, yolk sac, and fetal number. Discriminatory and threshold levels are defined for determining gestational age based on mean sac diameter and crown-rump length. Abnormal findings like embryonic demise, bradycardia, anembryonic pregnancy, and poor growth are also discussed.
The document discusses the process of coagulation and fibrinolysis. It describes the three major systems involved - the vessel wall, platelets, and the coagulation cascade. The coagulation cascade involves multiple coagulation factors and pathways. Fibrinolysis is the breakdown of clots by plasmin. The document also discusses inhibitors and regulators of coagulation, including the roles of vitamin K, thrombomodulin, and tissue factor pathway inhibitor.
This document provides an overview of breast anatomy, histology, pathology, and sampling techniques. It describes the lymphatic drainage of the breast, the normal histology of breast lobules and ducts, and the three phases of the breast. It covers developmental, degenerative, inflammatory, and neoplastic breast conditions. These include fibrocystic changes, proliferative changes, atypical hyperplasia, in situ and invasive carcinomas, and special subtypes. Fine needle aspiration, core needle biopsy, and excisional biopsy techniques for sampling breast lesions are also summarized.
This document provides tips for using a PowerPoint presentation on cutaneous vascular lesions:
- Blank slides are included to engage students by asking what they know about each topic before presenting information.
- Topics covered include etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, management, and differential diagnosis of cutaneous vascular lesions.
- Active learning is encouraged by revisiting blank slides and asking questions after presenting each topic. This repetition aids understanding.
- The presentation can be freely modified and is useful for self-study as notes include a bibliography. Links are provided to access the presentation on multiple platforms.
This document lists and defines different types of soft tissue tumors, including benign lipoma and rhabdomyoma tumors as well as malignant liposarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma tumors which have several sub-types. It also mentions myositis ossificans, which is a non-cancerous tumor-like lesion.
This document provides an overview of lymph nodes and lymphomas. It discusses the anatomy, histology, embryology and functions of lymph nodes. It also examines various pathological conditions of lymph nodes including infections, reactive hyperplasias and lymphomas. The document summarizes different classification systems for lymphomas and describes some of the major lymphoid neoplasms that can involve lymph nodes, such as mantle cell lymphoma. Clinical features and techniques like fine needle aspiration cytology for evaluating lymphomas are also outlined.
This document discusses teratomas, which are embryonic tumors containing tissues from all three germ layers. It describes the different types of teratomas including mature cystic, immature, and monodermal. Mature cystic teratomas are most common and typically benign. Immature teratomas have a small risk of malignancy. Complications can include torsion, rupture, or malignant transformation. Diagnosis involves imaging and lab tests. Treatment is surgical excision with chemotherapy sometimes needed for immature types. Recurrence risks depend on maturity and completeness of resection.
This document provides information on placental grading and ultrasound appearance of the placenta. It describes the four grades of placental maturity based on ultrasound findings. Grade 0 is seen in the first trimester and is characterized by a smooth echopattern. Grades 1-3 are seen later in pregnancy and are distinguished by the presence and pattern of calcifications. Abnormal placenta features like circumvallate, succenturiate lobe, and membranous placentas are also described. The document concludes with descriptions of twinning ultrasound signs and examples of placental hematomas.
This document provides guidelines for evaluating neck masses. It discusses obtaining a thorough patient history, including details on mass growth, symptoms, medical history and social history. Physical examination involves carefully examining the mass characteristics and location. Important investigations include a complete blood count, inflammation markers, specific infection serologies depending on risk factors, and contrast CT scan of the neck, which is usually the initial preferred imaging study. Fine needle aspiration may be guided by ultrasound if indicated.
Grossing of mandibulectomy specimen - Dr Pranav, MGIMSPranav S
1) The document discusses various types of mandibulectomies including anterior, segmental, and total mandibulectomies. It describes when each procedure is indicated based on the location and extent of invasion of oral tumors.
2) Grossing techniques for mandibulectomy specimens are outlined, including orientation, identification of resection margins, separation of soft tissue from bone, and sectioning of lymph nodes. India ink is used to demarcate resection margins.
3) Histological sectioning of the specimen includes sections of the tumor, resection margins, lymph nodes, and bone if invaded. Standardized documentation of findings is emphasized for accurate pathological diagnosis and staging.
Non-neoplastic colonic polyps are very common growths in the large intestine. The majority are non-neoplastic polyps, with hyperplastic polyps being the most common type. Other non-neoplastic polyp types include hamartomatous polyps, such as juvenile polyps and Peutz-Jeghers polyps, as well as inflammatory polyps. These polyps are generally not cancerous but in some rare syndromes they may have a small risk of becoming cancerous over time.
This document discusses Down syndrome screening and diagnostic tests. It begins by explaining what Down syndrome is and its relationship to maternal age. It then describes various first and second trimester screening tests like the integrated screen, quad screen, cell-free DNA screening, chorionic villus sampling, and amniocentesis. Key markers like nuchal translucency, nasal bone, and maternal serum markers are also explained. The document concludes with some facts about Down syndrome and references.
This document discusses various histochemical stains used to identify carbohydrates, connective tissues, pigments, lipids, and minerals in tissue samples. It begins by classifying carbohydrates and listing examples of each type. Special stains are then described for glycogen, mucins, proteoglycans, and other carbohydrates. Next, connective tissue components like collagen and elastic fibers are discussed along with associated stains. The document concludes by covering endogenous and exogenous pigments and minerals with examples of each and the special stains used to identify them.
This document discusses the anatomy and examination of the female genitalia. It describes the external female genitalia and internal structures seen on a speculum exam including the cervix. It provides details on performing a bimanual exam to palpate the uterus, ovaries, and assess the pelvic structures. The document also discusses taking a gynecologic history and providing health promotion counseling.
This document discusses the anatomy and examination of the female genitalia. It describes the external female genitalia and internal structures seen on a speculum exam including the cervix. It provides details on performing a bimanual exam to palpate the uterus, ovaries, and assess the pelvic structures. The document also discusses taking a gynecologic history and providing health promotion counseling.
This document discusses giant cell formation and function. It begins with definitions of giant cells as unusually large cells with multiple nuclei. It then classifies giant cells into categories such as damaged muscle fibers, tumor giant cells, fused cells from viral infections, and fused macrophages. The mechanisms of giant cell formation including fusion mediated by cytokines and adhesion are explored. Individual giant cell types like osteoclasts, tumor giant cells, foreign body giant cells and Langhans giant cells are described in terms of morphology, markers and function. The document concludes that further studies are needed to fully understand giant cell formation through paracrine, juxtacrine and endocrine interactions.
Histopathological dignosis of carcinoma of breastNazia Ashraf
This document discusses the pathogenesis, histopathology, diagnosis, and prognosis of breast carcinoma. It notes that breast cancer is the most common non-skin cancer in women. The major risk factors include hormone exposure, age of menarche/menopause, and family history/genetic factors. Biopsy procedures are used for diagnosis. There are different histological subtypes with varying characteristics, biomarkers, and clinical behaviors. Prognostic factors include tumor size and stage, lymph node involvement, and molecular subtype. Recent advances include identifying intrinsic subtypes and cancer stem cells.
This document contains 5 multiple choice questions that test knowledge of common neck lump diagnoses. It also provides an overview of neck anatomy, common presenting neck lumps, and tips for physical examination. The questions cover diagnoses such as thyroglossal cyst, pharyngeal pouch, lymphoma, dermoid cyst, and branchial cyst. A correct answer is provided for each multiple choice question to review diagnostic knowledge.
This document discusses the differential diagnosis of neck swellings. It begins by defining a neck mass and differential diagnosis. It then describes the various structures that can cause swellings in the head and neck region, including lymph nodes, salivary glands, and muscles. The document outlines the approach to examining a neck mass, including inspecting for location, size, and color, and palpating for tenderness, size, and mobility. Radiographic investigations like MRI, CT, and ultrasound are discussed. Biopsy methods like fine needle aspiration are also summarized.
Cleft lip and palate is a congenital abnormality caused by incomplete fusion of the facial processes during embryonic development between the 4th and 12th week of gestation. It can involve the lip, alveolus, hard palate, and soft palate. Risk factors include genetic factors, environmental teratogens like smoking, and nutrient deficiencies. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary team approach including surgical correction of the lip by 3 months and palate by 12-18 months, as well as management of feeding issues, hearing, speech, dentofacial abnormalities, and psychosocial support. Prognosis is generally good with surgical intervention and management.
This document discusses cervical lymphadenopathy and summarizes the anatomy, function, classification and causes of lymph node enlargement. It describes the anatomy of lymph nodes and their organization into cortex and medulla. Lymph nodes filter lymph to remove microorganisms and foreign particles and return excess fluid to maintain blood volume. Enlarged lymph nodes can be caused by infection, inflammation, malignancy or lipid storage diseases. Characteristics like size, consistency, location and duration of lymphadenopathy help determine if the cause is likely benign or malignant.
This document discusses tumors of infancy and childhood. It begins by describing tumor-like lesions such as hamartomas and choristomas. It then discusses common benign tumors including hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, and sacrococcygeal teratomas. Malignant tumors that are discussed include leukemias, lymphomas, brain tumors, liver tumors, kidney tumors, soft tissue sarcomas, and bone tumors. Specific malignant tumors that are common in different age groups are also outlined. The document concludes by discussing characteristics of common childhood cancers like leukemia, lymphomas, brain tumors, and others.
This document provides an overview of ultrasound findings during the first trimester of pregnancy. It describes developmental stages from weeks 1-12, including ovarian follicle maturation, fertilization, formation of the morula and blastocyst. It outlines AIUM guidelines for assessing the gestational sac, embryo, yolk sac, and fetal number. Discriminatory and threshold levels are defined for determining gestational age based on mean sac diameter and crown-rump length. Abnormal findings like embryonic demise, bradycardia, anembryonic pregnancy, and poor growth are also discussed.
The document discusses the process of coagulation and fibrinolysis. It describes the three major systems involved - the vessel wall, platelets, and the coagulation cascade. The coagulation cascade involves multiple coagulation factors and pathways. Fibrinolysis is the breakdown of clots by plasmin. The document also discusses inhibitors and regulators of coagulation, including the roles of vitamin K, thrombomodulin, and tissue factor pathway inhibitor.
This document provides an overview of breast anatomy, histology, pathology, and sampling techniques. It describes the lymphatic drainage of the breast, the normal histology of breast lobules and ducts, and the three phases of the breast. It covers developmental, degenerative, inflammatory, and neoplastic breast conditions. These include fibrocystic changes, proliferative changes, atypical hyperplasia, in situ and invasive carcinomas, and special subtypes. Fine needle aspiration, core needle biopsy, and excisional biopsy techniques for sampling breast lesions are also summarized.
This document provides tips for using a PowerPoint presentation on cutaneous vascular lesions:
- Blank slides are included to engage students by asking what they know about each topic before presenting information.
- Topics covered include etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, management, and differential diagnosis of cutaneous vascular lesions.
- Active learning is encouraged by revisiting blank slides and asking questions after presenting each topic. This repetition aids understanding.
- The presentation can be freely modified and is useful for self-study as notes include a bibliography. Links are provided to access the presentation on multiple platforms.
This document lists and defines different types of soft tissue tumors, including benign lipoma and rhabdomyoma tumors as well as malignant liposarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma tumors which have several sub-types. It also mentions myositis ossificans, which is a non-cancerous tumor-like lesion.
This document provides an overview of lymph nodes and lymphomas. It discusses the anatomy, histology, embryology and functions of lymph nodes. It also examines various pathological conditions of lymph nodes including infections, reactive hyperplasias and lymphomas. The document summarizes different classification systems for lymphomas and describes some of the major lymphoid neoplasms that can involve lymph nodes, such as mantle cell lymphoma. Clinical features and techniques like fine needle aspiration cytology for evaluating lymphomas are also outlined.
This document discusses teratomas, which are embryonic tumors containing tissues from all three germ layers. It describes the different types of teratomas including mature cystic, immature, and monodermal. Mature cystic teratomas are most common and typically benign. Immature teratomas have a small risk of malignancy. Complications can include torsion, rupture, or malignant transformation. Diagnosis involves imaging and lab tests. Treatment is surgical excision with chemotherapy sometimes needed for immature types. Recurrence risks depend on maturity and completeness of resection.
This document provides information on placental grading and ultrasound appearance of the placenta. It describes the four grades of placental maturity based on ultrasound findings. Grade 0 is seen in the first trimester and is characterized by a smooth echopattern. Grades 1-3 are seen later in pregnancy and are distinguished by the presence and pattern of calcifications. Abnormal placenta features like circumvallate, succenturiate lobe, and membranous placentas are also described. The document concludes with descriptions of twinning ultrasound signs and examples of placental hematomas.
This document provides guidelines for evaluating neck masses. It discusses obtaining a thorough patient history, including details on mass growth, symptoms, medical history and social history. Physical examination involves carefully examining the mass characteristics and location. Important investigations include a complete blood count, inflammation markers, specific infection serologies depending on risk factors, and contrast CT scan of the neck, which is usually the initial preferred imaging study. Fine needle aspiration may be guided by ultrasound if indicated.
Grossing of mandibulectomy specimen - Dr Pranav, MGIMSPranav S
1) The document discusses various types of mandibulectomies including anterior, segmental, and total mandibulectomies. It describes when each procedure is indicated based on the location and extent of invasion of oral tumors.
2) Grossing techniques for mandibulectomy specimens are outlined, including orientation, identification of resection margins, separation of soft tissue from bone, and sectioning of lymph nodes. India ink is used to demarcate resection margins.
3) Histological sectioning of the specimen includes sections of the tumor, resection margins, lymph nodes, and bone if invaded. Standardized documentation of findings is emphasized for accurate pathological diagnosis and staging.
Non-neoplastic colonic polyps are very common growths in the large intestine. The majority are non-neoplastic polyps, with hyperplastic polyps being the most common type. Other non-neoplastic polyp types include hamartomatous polyps, such as juvenile polyps and Peutz-Jeghers polyps, as well as inflammatory polyps. These polyps are generally not cancerous but in some rare syndromes they may have a small risk of becoming cancerous over time.
This document discusses Down syndrome screening and diagnostic tests. It begins by explaining what Down syndrome is and its relationship to maternal age. It then describes various first and second trimester screening tests like the integrated screen, quad screen, cell-free DNA screening, chorionic villus sampling, and amniocentesis. Key markers like nuchal translucency, nasal bone, and maternal serum markers are also explained. The document concludes with some facts about Down syndrome and references.
This document discusses various histochemical stains used to identify carbohydrates, connective tissues, pigments, lipids, and minerals in tissue samples. It begins by classifying carbohydrates and listing examples of each type. Special stains are then described for glycogen, mucins, proteoglycans, and other carbohydrates. Next, connective tissue components like collagen and elastic fibers are discussed along with associated stains. The document concludes by covering endogenous and exogenous pigments and minerals with examples of each and the special stains used to identify them.
This document discusses the anatomy and examination of the female genitalia. It describes the external female genitalia and internal structures seen on a speculum exam including the cervix. It provides details on performing a bimanual exam to palpate the uterus, ovaries, and assess the pelvic structures. The document also discusses taking a gynecologic history and providing health promotion counseling.
This document discusses the anatomy and examination of the female genitalia. It describes the external female genitalia and internal structures seen on a speculum exam including the cervix. It provides details on performing a bimanual exam to palpate the uterus, ovaries, and assess the pelvic structures. The document also discusses taking a gynecologic history and providing health promotion counseling.
This document discusses the anatomy and physical examination of the female genitalia. It describes the external genitalia, internal structures seen on speculum exam including the cervix, and techniques for bimanual and rectovaginal exams. It emphasizes obtaining consent, explaining each step, and monitoring patient comfort during the physical exam.
This document discusses the anatomy and physical examination of the female genitalia. It describes the external genitalia, internal structures seen on speculum exam including the cervix, and techniques for bimanual and rectovaginal exams. It provides guidance on taking a gynecologic history, performing a thorough physical exam, and counseling on related health issues.
This document discusses pediatric assessment from infancy through adolescence. It outlines the areas assessed at each stage including physical, cognitive, and social/emotional development. Key physical exam findings are described for each developmental period from newborn through adolescence. Exam techniques aim to minimize distress, such as examining young children in the parent's lap. Puberty is assessed using Tanner staging in adolescence. The document provides guidance on the appropriate physical exam across pediatric ages and stages.
The document discusses nausea and vomiting that commonly occurs during early pregnancy. It is usually mild and stops by 14 weeks, but in some cases can be severe and persist, termed hyperemesis gravidarum. This severe form can cause health issues like dehydration if not treated. The document also provides an overview of the three trimesters of pregnancy, antenatal care objectives and processes.
This document provides information on diagnosing pregnancy and antenatal care. Some key points include:
1. Pregnancy is usually diagnosed based on amenorrhea and a positive pregnancy test, but can be more complex for women with irregular periods. Other symptoms like nausea and breast changes may also indicate pregnancy.
2. Antenatal care aims to ensure the health of the mother and baby through regular checkups. Appointments become more frequent in the third trimester, with exams including measuring fundal height and listening for the fetal heartbeat.
3. Investigations done during antenatal visits include blood tests to check hemoglobin, blood type, and for infections. Ultrasounds are also used
This document describes techniques for examining the breasts and axillae. It outlines how to:
1) Divide each breast into quadrants and describe findings using standardized locations and distances from the nipple.
2) Perform inspection of the breasts and nipples with the patient seated and disrobed, noting any abnormalities.
3) Palpate the breasts thoroughly with the patient supine using light, medium, and deep pressures in a systematic pattern including the axillae.
This document summarizes guidelines for antenatal care including the number of recommended appointments based on pregnancy history, risk factors requiring obstetrician-led care, vitamins and supplements recommended during pregnancy, testing for Rhesus D status, monitoring fetal growth, and how to perform an obstetric examination. Key points include recommendations for 10 appointments with a midwife for first pregnancies and 7 for subsequent ones, higher dose folic acid and vitamin D for those at high risk, testing all women for Rhesus D status, monitoring fetal size with fundal height measurements and ultrasounds if high risk, and steps for examining the mother and fetus during an obstetric exam.
Group Reproductice health Coursework.pptssuser504dda
The document summarizes the goals and components of antenatal care. It discusses:
1) The goals of antenatal care which include reducing maternal and infant mortality and morbidity, improving physical and mental health, and preparing women for labor and delivery.
2) The components of assessment during antenatal care visits, which involve taking a medical history, conducting a physical exam including vital signs, abdominal exam to check fetal position and growth, and assessing other body systems.
3) The physical exam focuses on assessing the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal and neurological systems, as well as weight, height and abdominal growth. Fetal presentation, position and growth are evaluated through abdominal palpation.
This document provides guidelines for taking a gynecologic and obstetric history. It outlines the key components to include such as identification data, chief complaints, obstetric history including gravidity and parity, menstrual and gynecologic history, past medical and surgical history, review of systems, and physical examination including vital signs, examination of external genitalia, speculum and bimanual pelvic exam. The physical exam section provides details on assessing the vagina, cervix, uterus, adnexa, and rectal exam. The history and exam allow providers to evaluate patients' obstetric and gynecologic health concerns.
The document provides a framework for capturing a basic obstetric history. It outlines 7 key areas of focus: 1) previous obstetric history; 2) current pregnancy; 3) past medical history; 4) mental health; 5) drug history; 6) family history; and 7) social history. For each area, it lists important details to inquire about including previous pregnancies, complications, current symptoms, medical conditions, medications, support systems, and lifestyle factors. A physical examination is also described focusing on uterine size, fetal heart rate, and maternal health indicators.
This document provides guidance on examining the breasts and axillae. It describes dividing each breast into four quadrants and outlines questions to ask in the health history. Techniques for inspecting and palpating the breasts, nipples, axillae, and any masses are covered. Characteristics of benign versus malignant breast masses are defined. The document emphasizes using a systematic approach and reassuring the patient during the exam.
1) Antenatal care involves educating, supervising, and treating pregnant women in order to ensure healthy pregnancies and deliveries for both mother and baby.
2) The WHO recommends a minimum of four antenatal care visits: the first upon confirmation of pregnancy, the second at 20-28 weeks, the third at 34-36 weeks, and the fourth before the expected delivery date.
3) Each antenatal care visit includes assessing the health of the mother and fetus, providing health education, monitoring weight and blood pressure, checking for signs of complications, and discussing delivery plans. Regular antenatal care aims to promote healthy pregnancies and identify risks early.
This document discusses the anatomy and physical examination of the abdomen. It covers the anatomy of the abdominal wall and cavities. It describes how to examine the abdomen through inspection, auscultation, percussion, and palpation. Deep palpation techniques are outlined to evaluate the liver and spleen. A thorough abdominal exam involves inspection, auscultation, percussion, and palpation in that order.
The document discusses the components of a general physical examination, including vital signs and pain assessment. It describes how to measure height, weight, blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature. The general exam involves observing the patient's general appearance, dress, hygiene, posture and gait. Vital signs provide important health information. Blood pressure should be repeated and verified in the other arm if initially elevated to account for potential white coat hypertension.
This document provides information about antenatal assessment and examination. It defines antenatal care as the systematic examination and advice given to pregnant women at regular intervals starting from the beginning of pregnancy until delivery. The aims of antenatal care are to ensure a normal pregnancy and delivery for both mother and baby. Components of antenatal care include registration, history taking, investigations, physical examination, and health education. The document describes how to set up an antenatal clinic and the equipment needed. It outlines the process for history taking, investigations, and the abdominal and vaginal examinations performed during antenatal visits.
This document outlines the goals, components, and procedures of antenatal care. It discusses assessing a pregnant woman's history, vital signs, and physical exam. Key parts of the physical exam include assessing the abdomen, fetal position and presentation. The goals of antenatal care are outlined as reducing maternal and infant mortality, improving health, and preparing for labor. Regular checkups that assess health and growth are important for effective antenatal care.
Prenatal care involves assessing gestational age through physical exam and lab tests, educating patients, and monitoring health through regular checkups. Key aspects of prenatal care include assessing risk factors, monitoring weight, blood pressure, urine, and the fetus' growth and heartbeat through exams. Lab tests evaluate health indicators and help assess risks. Patients are educated on nutrition, symptoms of concern, and activities to avoid. High risk pregnancies involve factors that could impact the health of the mother or fetus and may require increased medical attention and monitoring.
The document discusses various microbiology techniques for culturing microbes including inoculation, isolation, incubation, inspection, and identification. It describes how to produce pure cultures through methods like streak plating and describes different types of culture media including solid, liquid, enriched, selective, and differential media. The goals are to transfer microbes to produce isolated colonies, grow them under proper conditions, observe characteristics, and identify organisms through comparing data.
The document provides instructions for creating a research poster, including reviewing sample posters and an article on best practices. It discusses font size, logo placement, poster size, image and graphic quality, and elements that make a poster engaging. A sample student research poster is also included, with sections on the problem, methodology, results, conclusions, and references. The poster summarizes a study on the occupations of school-aged children who have siblings with cognitive or behavioral disabilities.
The document provides instructions for creating an effective research poster. It discusses reviewing sample posters to understand best practices like font size, logo placement, size of the poster, and quality of images. It also recommends considering what makes sample posters visually engaging and how one's own poster could be improved.
Position Your Body for Learning implements evidence-based measurements to assess optimal positioning for learning. The document describes three simple assessments - "roll", "rattle", and "rumble" - to determine if desk height matches elbow rest height and chair height matches popliteal height. It explains that proper ergonomic positioning through adjustments can improve students' attention, fine motor skills, and performance on standardized tests. The document provides a form called "Measuring for Optimal Positioning" to document student measurements and identify furniture adjustments needed.
The agenda outlines a thesis dissemination meeting that will include welcome and introductions, a syllabus review, project summaries from students, breaks, a presentation on APA style and thesis document preparation from the writing center, library resources overview, and discussion of thesis resources and dismissal. The document also lists various thesis course, poster, article, and conference resources that will be made available to students.
This document discusses program evaluation, outlining key concepts and approaches. It describes the purposes of program evaluation as determining if objectives are met and improving decision making. Formative and summative evaluations are explained, with formative used for ongoing improvement and summative to determine effects. Both quantitative and qualitative methods are appropriate, including experimental, quasi-experimental and non-experimental designs. Stakeholder involvement, utilization of results, and addressing ethical considerations are important aspects of program evaluation.
The document outlines topics from Chapter 6 of a course, including similarities and differences between intervention planning for individuals and community programs, best practices for developing mission statements and effective teams, and issues related to program sustainability. It also provides examples and activities for developing SMART goals, vision and mission statements, and sustainability plans for a fall prevention program. Resources and considerations are presented for each step of the program development process.
Compliance, motivation, and health behaviors stanbridge
This document provides information about compliance, motivation, and health behaviors as they relate to learners. It introduces several occupational therapy students and their backgrounds. The objectives cover defining key terms and discussing theories of compliance, motivation concepts, and strategies to facilitate motivation. The document then matches vocabulary terms to their definitions and discusses several theories of behavior change, including the health belief model, self-efficacy theory, protection motivation theory, stages of change model, and theory of reasoned action. Motivational strategies and the educator's role in health promotion are also outlined.
Ch 5 developmental stages of the learnerstanbridge
This document provides an overview of developmental stages of the learner from infancy through older adulthood. It begins with introductions of the presenters and learning objectives. Key terms are defined. Development is discussed in terms of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial characteristics at each stage: infancy/toddlerhood, early childhood, middle/late childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle-aged adulthood, and older adulthood. Teaching strategies are outlined for each developmental stage. The role of family in patient education is also addressed.
This document summarizes the content covered in Week 2 of a course on community-based occupational therapy practice. Chapter 3 discusses using theories from related disciplines in community practice and identifying strategies for organizing communities to meet health needs. Chapter 4 covers understanding relevant federal legislation, including laws supporting reimbursement and those focused on education, medical rehabilitation, consumer rights, and environmental issues. The document also lists vocabulary terms and guest speakers for the week.
This document outlines the topics and activities to be covered in Week 3 of a course on community health and health promotion program development. It will describe processes of environmental scanning, trend analysis, and the key steps of community health program development. Students will learn about needs assessments, theories in health promotion planning, goals and objectives, and the ecological approach. They will develop implementation strategies at different levels of intervention and learn the purposes of program evaluation. Readings, discussions, and activities are planned, including a scenario analyzing a sheltered workshop using SWOT analysis. Key terms and concepts are defined.
This document outlines the topics that will be covered in the first two chapters of a course on community-based occupational therapy practice. Chapter 1 will discuss the history and roles of OT in community-based practice as well as characteristics of effective community-based OTs. It will also cover paradigm shifts in OT. Chapter 2 will address concepts in community and public health, determinants of health, and strategies for prevention. It will discuss OT's contributions to Healthy People 2020 and its role in health promotion. The schedule includes lectures, small group work, and a guest speaker.
This document discusses how to critically appraise quantitative studies for clinical decision making. It covers evaluating the validity, reliability, and applicability of studies. Key points include assessing for bias, determining if results are statistically and clinically significant, and considering how well study findings can be applied to patients. Study designs like randomized controlled trials, case-control studies, and cohort studies are examined. The importance of systematic reviews and meta-analyses in evidence-based practice is also covered.
This document discusses the importance of clinical judgment in evidence-based nursing practice. It states that research evidence must be considered alongside patient concerns and preferences. Good clinical judgment requires carefully examining the validity of evidence and how it is applied to specific patients. The fit between evidence and each patient's unique situation is rarely perfect. Nurses must understand patients narratively and use judgment over time to determine the most appropriate care based on evidence and the patient's needs. Experiential learning and developing expertise in caring for particular patient populations enhances a nurse's clinical grasp and judgment.
This document discusses qualitative research and its application to clinical decision making. It describes how qualitative evidence can inform understanding of patient experiences and perspectives, which are important components of evidence-based practice. The document outlines different qualitative research traditions like ethnography, grounded theory, and phenomenology. It also discusses techniques for appraising qualitative studies based on their credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. The key point is that qualitative evidence provides insights into human experiences, values, and meanings that can help inform clinical decisions.
This document discusses critically appraising knowledge for clinical decision making. It explains that practice should be based on unbiased, reliable evidence rather than tradition. The three main sources of knowledge for evidence-based practice are valid research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient choices. Clinical practice guidelines are the primary source to guide decisions as they synthesize research evidence. Internal evidence from quality improvement projects applies specifically to the setting where it was collected, unlike external evidence which is more generalizable. Both internal and external evidence should be combined using the PDSA (Plan-Do-Study-Act) cycle for continuous improvement.
This document discusses implementing evidence-based practice (EBP) in clinical settings. It emphasizes that engaging all stakeholders, including clinical staff, administrators, and other disciplines, is key. It also stresses that assessing and addressing barriers like knowledge, attitudes, and resources is important. Finally, it highlights that evaluating outcomes through quantifiable measures can help determine the impact of EBP changes on patient care.
This document discusses clinical practice guidelines (CPGs), including how they are developed based on evidence, how they can standardize care while allowing flexibility, and how to evaluate and implement them. It notes that CPGs systematically develop statements to guide regional diagnosis and treatment based on the best available evidence. While CPGs provide time-effective guidance, the commitment of caregivers is most important for successful implementation.
This document discusses key aspects of writing a successful grant proposal. It explains that grant proposals request funding for research or evidence-based projects by outlining specific aims, background, significance, methodology, budget, and personnel. Successful grant writers are passionate, meticulous planners who can persuade reviewers of a project's importance and address potential barriers. The most important initial question is whether a project meets the funding organization's application criteria. Proposals need compelling abstracts that explain why a project deserves funding and clearly written background and methodology sections. Common weaknesses that can lead to rejection are a lack of significance or novel ideas and inadequate description of study design.
The document discusses ethical considerations for evidence implementation and generation in healthcare. It outlines key ethical principles like beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy and justice. These principles form the foundation for core dimensions of healthcare quality according to the Institute of Medicine. The document also differentiates between clinical research, quality improvement initiatives, and evidence-based practice. It notes some controversies around applying different ethical standards to research versus quality improvement. Overall, the document provides an overview of how ethical principles guide evidence-based healthcare practices and quality improvement efforts.