The document traces the evolution of computers from the first mechanical computer designed by Charles Babbage to modern AI-based computers. It discusses early computers that used vacuum tubes and transistors, the development of integrated circuits which made computers smaller, faster and more reliable. It outlines the introduction of the microprocessor which enabled portable computers powered by microchips. The latest generation is based on artificial intelligence using advanced VLSI technology, with examples given of AI personal assistants, smart home devices, and robots like Sophia that received citizenship.

1. Submitted by
Suresh Yadav
Submitted to
Nisha Birhman

2. Computer word is derived from a Latin word
“computare” which means to “to clculate” , “to
count”, to sum up” or “ to think together”
Charls Babbage is known as the “Father” of computer.
The first mechanical computer designed by Charles
Babbage was called Analytical Engine.

3. Used vacuum tubes.
These computers were large in size.
More electricity consumption.
More heat generation.
Maximum chances of burn out.
Used machine language for giving instructions.

4. Used Transistors.
Used machine language
Smaller in size (occupied only 1/100th of the space
occupied by a vacuum tube ).
Less electricity consumption (Required only 1/10 of
power required by vacuum tubes).
Less heat generation.
Less chances of burn out

5. Used Integrated circuits (IC’s).
Smaller, faster & more reliable.
High level languages invented in this generation .

6. Based on microprocessor.
Large memory.
Smaller in size.
High speed.
Low cost.
Portable.
LSI & VLSI technology used in this generation.
Microprocessor – A silicon chip that contains all the
functionality of CPU is known as microprocessor.
4004 chip – was the fist microprocessor introduced by
intel Corporation.

7. Based on Artificial intelligence (AI).
VLSI technology became ULSI technology (Ultra Large Scale
Integration)
This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI
software.
Eg. Desktop, Laptop, Notebook, Ultrabook.

8. Siri – Apple’s personal assistant
Alexa – Smart home’s hub
Cogito – Behavioral adaptation
Boxever – Machine learning to improve the customer’s experience
in the travel industry.
Nest – Learning thermostat which anticipating and adjusting the
temperature in your home or office.

9. World’s fist AI based robot name is “Sophia” . It was created and
programmed by Hong Kong based company Hanson Robotics. And it
made her fist public appearance in March 2016.
Sophia is the first robot which received the citizenship of any country.
In 2017 Sophia became Saudi Arabian Citizen.