Ppt chordata
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ZooCVABioIII.2013.Abante
This document discusses comparative vertebrate anatomy. It covers topics such as homology, the importance of understanding phylogeny, and the basic body plan of vertebrates. Key points include:
- Comparative vertebrate anatomy studies structure from an evolutionary perspective and examines anatomical developments and relationships through embryology.
- Vertebrates share four features - a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, postanal tail, and endostyle. They can be divided into subphyla including urochordates, cephalochordates, and vertebrates.
- The typical vertebrate body has a head, trunk and tail. It displays bilateral symmetry and segmentation. Structures like the
23. Chordates
Chordates have five defining characteristics: a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches, an endostyle, and a postanal tail. The phylum Chordata contains three subphyla: Urochordata (tunicates), Cephalochordata (lancelets), and Vertebrata (vertebrates). Vertebrates are further divided into Agnathans (jawless fish) and Gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates).
Elasmobranchii
Its related with the stream of Biology .
This is all about the Cartilaginous fish - easy explanation and classification.
Also include fundamental characterstics of Pisces
Which is a class of Superclass Pisces.
Phylum Chordata
The document discusses the characteristics of the phylum Chordata. It notes that all chordates possess a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, and gill slits at some point in their development. It describes two subphyla: Cephalochordata, which includes Amphioxus/lancelets, and Urochordata, which includes Tunicates/sea squirts. Tunicates are filter feeders that have a notochord and nerve cord as larvae but lose these traits as adults, while Amphioxus retains its notochord throughout life but never develops a backbone.
Chordata - Bio 11
- Chordates evolved from invertebrates and display traits like bilateral symmetry, segmentation, and a gut tube. Chordate evolution led to specializations like variations in limb structure in mammals.
- The four defining chordate features present in embryos and sometimes adults are a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail.
- Vertebrates are chordates that evolved a cartilage or bone skull, vertebral column, and other adaptations to land like lungs and efficient kidneys. Major vertebrate groups include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Introduction to chordates for msc zoology
The document discusses the phylum Chordata and its key characteristics. Chordates are defined by having five features: a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches, an endostyle or thyroid gland, and a postanal tail. They also have a ventral heart. The phylum contains three subphyla: Urochordata (tunicates and sea squirts), Cephalochordata (lancelets), and Vertebrata (vertebrates). Vertebrates are further divided into those with or without jaws. The phylum exhibits diverse classes ranging from hagfish to mammals.
Chordata
The document summarizes the key characteristics of the phylum Chordata. Chordates are defined as having a notochord, hollow nerve cord that forms the spinal cord, pharyngeal pouches that develop into structures like gills and ears, and a postanal tail. The phylum contains invertebrate chordates like tunicates and lancelets, as well as the subphylum Vertebrata which includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Chodatess
All chordates share four key characteristics - a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits/clefts, and post-anal tail - though humans lack most as adults. Tunicates and lancelets display these traits to different degrees. While tunicate larvae have them, adults do not after metamorphosis. Lancelets retain them as adults. Craniates evolved a head with brain, eyes, and skull, allowing active predation via gills. Early craniates like Haikouella and Haikouichthys provide clues to this transition. Hagfishes are the most primitive living craniates, with cartilage skulls but no vertebrae.
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ZooCVABioIII.2013.Abante
This document discusses comparative vertebrate anatomy. It covers topics such as homology, the importance of understanding phylogeny, and the basic body plan of vertebrates. Key points include:
- Comparative vertebrate anatomy studies structure from an evolutionary perspective and examines anatomical developments and relationships through embryology.
- Vertebrates share four features - a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, postanal tail, and endostyle. They can be divided into subphyla including urochordates, cephalochordates, and vertebrates.
- The typical vertebrate body has a head, trunk and tail. It displays bilateral symmetry and segmentation. Structures like the
23. Chordates
Chordates have five defining characteristics: a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches, an endostyle, and a postanal tail. The phylum Chordata contains three subphyla: Urochordata (tunicates), Cephalochordata (lancelets), and Vertebrata (vertebrates). Vertebrates are further divided into Agnathans (jawless fish) and Gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates).
Elasmobranchii
Its related with the stream of Biology .
This is all about the Cartilaginous fish - easy explanation and classification.
Also include fundamental characterstics of Pisces
Which is a class of Superclass Pisces.
Phylum Chordata
The document discusses the characteristics of the phylum Chordata. It notes that all chordates possess a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, and gill slits at some point in their development. It describes two subphyla: Cephalochordata, which includes Amphioxus/lancelets, and Urochordata, which includes Tunicates/sea squirts. Tunicates are filter feeders that have a notochord and nerve cord as larvae but lose these traits as adults, while Amphioxus retains its notochord throughout life but never develops a backbone.
Chordata - Bio 11
- Chordates evolved from invertebrates and display traits like bilateral symmetry, segmentation, and a gut tube. Chordate evolution led to specializations like variations in limb structure in mammals.
- The four defining chordate features present in embryos and sometimes adults are a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail.
- Vertebrates are chordates that evolved a cartilage or bone skull, vertebral column, and other adaptations to land like lungs and efficient kidneys. Major vertebrate groups include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Introduction to chordates for msc zoology
The document discusses the phylum Chordata and its key characteristics. Chordates are defined by having five features: a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches, an endostyle or thyroid gland, and a postanal tail. They also have a ventral heart. The phylum contains three subphyla: Urochordata (tunicates and sea squirts), Cephalochordata (lancelets), and Vertebrata (vertebrates). Vertebrates are further divided into those with or without jaws. The phylum exhibits diverse classes ranging from hagfish to mammals.
Chordata
The document summarizes the key characteristics of the phylum Chordata. Chordates are defined as having a notochord, hollow nerve cord that forms the spinal cord, pharyngeal pouches that develop into structures like gills and ears, and a postanal tail. The phylum contains invertebrate chordates like tunicates and lancelets, as well as the subphylum Vertebrata which includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Chodatess
All chordates share four key characteristics - a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits/clefts, and post-anal tail - though humans lack most as adults. Tunicates and lancelets display these traits to different degrees. While tunicate larvae have them, adults do not after metamorphosis. Lancelets retain them as adults. Craniates evolved a head with brain, eyes, and skull, allowing active predation via gills. Early craniates like Haikouella and Haikouichthys provide clues to this transition. Hagfishes are the most primitive living craniates, with cartilage skulls but no vertebrae.
Origin of chordata
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES
Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages.
Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
The document provides an overview of comparative vertebrate anatomy and chordate origins and phylogeny. It discusses key vertebrate characteristics like the notochord and dorsal hollow nervous system. It describes the subclasses within the phylum Chordata, including vertebrates, tunicates, and amphioxus. It also outlines the classes and characteristics of early jawless fishes and jawed fishes, as well as the evolution of land vertebrates.
Phylogenetic relationship of protochordates
This document discusses the evolutionary relationships between chordates, hemichordates, and echinoderms. It notes that chordates and hemichordates share some characteristics like a dorsal nerve cord and pharyngeal slits, though it is unclear if these are homologous. Chordates are distinguished by features like a tadpole larva, notochord, post-anal tail, and endostyle. The document suggests that hemichordates, chordates, and echinoderms had a common ancestor and that early echinoderms were sessile filter feeders. Through paedomorphosis, chordates evolved from these sessile ancestors into a larval form that was mobile and fish-like,
Balanoglossus-Morphology structure, development , larva ,Affinities
1. The document summarizes the key characteristics and development of Balanoglossus, a genus of acorn worms. It describes the worm-like body structure, habitat, external morphology, and life cycle, which includes fertilization, pre-larval development, and the tornaria larval stage.
2. Affinities with different groups are discussed, finding similarities to annelids, echinoderms, nemertines, and chordates based on features like the enterocoelic coelom and dorsal tubular nerve cord. However, differences like the stomochord structure distinguish it from chordates.
3. In conclusion, hemichordates are considered a primitive chordate
Cephalchordata
I am a lancelet, a type of cephalochordate found buried in sand in warm, shallow oceans. Humans find me delicious and important for studying vertebrate evolution. I enjoy relaxing in the sand all day with my anterior end exposed, filtering water for food. I have features like a notochord and pharyngeal slits that evolved into characteristics of vertebrates.
Chordata
The phylum Chordata includes animals that possess three defining features: a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, and pharyngeal slits. It is divided into four subphyla: Hemichordata, Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrates. Hemichordata are considered the lowest chordates and include acorn worms. Urochordata includes tunicates like sea squirts and salps. Cephalochordata consists of lancelets. Vertebrates are the largest group and include humans.
Chordates and vertebrates
Here are definitions of the key terms:
Chordate - An animal belonging to the phylum Chordata, which includes all animals with a notochord or backbone at some stage of their lives.
Notochord - A flexible rod of cells that forms the basic structure along the back in early embryonic chordates. It is replaced by the vertebral column in most vertebrates.
Postanal tail - The muscular structure behind the anus that is present in early chordate embryos.
Nerve cord - A tube-like structure above the notochord that develops into the central nervous system.
Pharyngeal pouch - Sac-like projections in the throat region that filter feed in some
12 Chordata
1. The document introduces the phylum Chordata and discusses its key characteristics including a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, blocks of muscle, and postanal tail.
2. It describes the three subphyla: Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata. Urochordates are filter-feeding marine animals that lose their chordate features as adults. Cephalochordates are also marine and retain chordate characteristics as adults.
3. Vertebrates exhibit chordate traits and have an endoskeleton, brain, senses, and closed circulatory system. They evolved from early invertebrate chord
Scorpion
Scorpions are poisonous arachnids found in tropical and subtropical regions. They are nocturnal predators that hunt insects and spiders. Scorpions have a segmented body with a cephalothorax, pre-abdomen, and post-abdomen. They have pedipalps that end in claws used to capture prey and inject venom. Scorpions breathe through book lungs and reproduce viviparously, with the young riding on the mother's back for about a week after birth.
LIVING ORGANISMS AND THEIR SPECIES
1. The document describes the phylum Chordata, which includes animals with a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, and pharyngeal slits.
2. Chordata is divided into Protochordata and Vertebrata. Protochordata includes Urochordata and Cephalochordata. Vertebrata includes Agnatha and Gnathostomata.
3. The classes within Gnathostomata are described, including characteristics of Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia.
Protochordates
Protochordates are lower chordates that lack a true skull. They are divided into three sub-phyla and display characteristics like bilateral symmetry and a notochord at some life stage. Hemichordates live solitarily or in colonies and have a proboscis, collar, and trunk. Urochordates are sessile, filter-feeding tunicates surrounded by a tunic. Cephalochordates have a notochord that extends to the head and retain their nerve cord and tail. While having little economic importance, protochordates have great phylogenetic significance as they retain chordate features and are considered the most primitive chordates closely related to the vertebrate ancestor.
Phylogeny and affinities of balanoglossus
This document discusses the phylogeny and affinities of Balanoglossus, which is a member of the phylum Hemichordata. It examines Hemichordata's relationships to Chordata, Annelida, and Echinodermata based on morphological and anatomical similarities and differences. While Hemichordata shares some key characteristics with Chordata, such as the presence of a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, and pharyngeal slits, it also displays important differences. Comparisons are also made between Hemichordata and Annelida based on their segmented worm-like bodies, and between Hemichordata and Echinodermata primarily through similarities seen in their lar
Gonadal system
The male and female reproductive systems develop initially embryonically "indifferent", it is the product of the Y chromosome SRY gene that makes the "difference".
♂ - Male ♀ - Female
The reproductive organs are developed from the intermediate mesoderm.
The permanent organs of the adult are preceded by a set of structures which are purely embryonic, and which with the exception of the ducts disappear almost entirely before the end of fetal life.
These embryonic structures are the mesonephric ducts (also known as Wolffian ducts) and the paramesonephric ducts, (also known as Müllerian ducts). The mesonephric duct remains as the duct in males which gives rise to seminal vesical, epididymes and vas deferens, and the paramesonephric duct as that of the female.
Importantly its sex chromosome dependence, late embryonic/fetal differential development, complex morphogenic changes, long time-course, hormonal sensitivity and hormonal influences make it a system prone to many different abnormalities.
Gonads:
Gonads Produce eggs and sperm cells, transport and sustain egg and sperm cells, nurture developing offspring, and produce hormones.
The gonads, ovary or testis, also develop in the intermediate mesoderm.
They originally form as swellings that lie just ventral to the anterior mesonephric kidney.
A mullarian duct also develops in the intermediate mesoderm near the mesonephric duct.
Due to fusion or failure of 1st ridge to differentiate, some vertebrates (agnathans, some female lizards & crocodilians, & most female birds) have a single testis or ovary.
Hormones cause differentiation of early gonads into either testes or ovaries.
As males develop the mesonephric duct makes connection with the testis as the primary sperm conducting duct, and the mullerian duct is lost.
Phylum: Platyhelminthes Intro Notes 2015
The document discusses the phylum Platyhelminthes, commonly known as flatworms. Flatworms are triploblastic organisms with a dorsoventrally flat body and a linear nervous system including a ganglion. They have three cell layers consisting of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Their incomplete digestive system has a single opening and they also have an excretory system. There are four classes of flatworms, with the most important being Turbellaria (including planaria and ribbon worms), Cestoda (tapeworms), and Trematoda (flukes).
Development of blanoglossus( b.sc.ii)zoology
The document summarizes the development of Blanoglossus, a hemichordate. It describes both indirect development through a tornaria larva stage, as well as direct development without a larval stage. Indirect development involves external fertilization, followed by embryonic cleavage and formation of a blastula and gastrula. The gastrula develops into a tornaria larva, which feeds planktonically before metamorphosing into a juvenile worm. Direct development skips the larval stage, with the gastrula elongating directly into a worm-like embryo with mouth and anus formation.
Classification of Phylum: chordates up to class
this presentation provide classification of phylum chordata up to class and gives proper introduction.
Urino genitial system of vertebrates
The document discusses the urinogenital system in vertebrates. It begins by defining the urinogenital system and its components, which include the kidneys, urinary ducts, gonads, and genital ducts. It then describes the evolution and development of the kidney structures in vertebrates, from the primitive pronephros to the more advanced metanephros. Key points include that the kidney evolves from the intermediate mesoderm and progresses through pronephric, mesonephric, and metanephric stages. The metanephros is the definitive kidney structure in amniotes. The document also discusses kidney structure and blood supply in different vertebrate groups.
Amphibians
Vertebrates are characterized by having a well-developed brain and nervous system, an internal skeleton made of bone and cartilage, and the ability to live on land, in water, or air. They are heterotrophic, have respiratory and circulatory systems, protective skin, and bilateral symmetry. Reptiles are a group of vertebrates that are cold-blooded, have scales and lay eggs, do not require much food, and usually have four limbs.
Chordata ppt.ppt
Chordata ppt.pptDr. Arun Gaware, Dept. Of Zoology, Shri Shivaji Arts, Commerce and Science College, Motala, Buldhana
The document discusses chordates, a phylum of animals that possess a notochord. It describes the key characteristics of chordates including the presence of a notochord, pharyngeal slits, a post-anal tail, and a closed circulatory system. Chordates are divided into four subphyla: protochordates, urochordates, cephalochordates, and vertebrates.Introducton and classification chordata
This document provides an overview of the phylum Chordata. It discusses the key defining characteristics of chordates such as the presence of a notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and tail. It describes the two subdivisions of chordates - Acraniata (protochordates) and Craniata (vertebrates). Within Acraniata, it covers the three subgroups - Hemichordata, Urochordata, and Cephalochordata - outlining their characteristics. Overall, the document serves as an introductory lesson on chordate anatomy and classification.
Classification of kingdom
1. Taxonomy is the science of classification of organisms and involves classifying them into a hierarchical taxonomic system of kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species based on their shared characteristics.
2. Organisms are classified for several advantages including making the study of living things easier, helping with identification, and indicating evolutionary relationships.
3. The animal kingdom is divided into major phyla including porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematoda, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, and chordata. Each phylum contains many distinctive characteristics in terms of body structure, symmetry, and level of organization
Characteristics of chordata1
The document summarizes the characteristics of the phylum Chordata. It describes that chordates are defined by having a notochord, dorsal nerve chord, pharyngeal gill slits, post-anal tail, and an endostyle. The phylum is divided into two subphyla - Protochordata and Vertebrata. Protochordata includes hemichordates, calcichordates, urochordates, and cephalochordates. Urochordates are commonly called sea squirts and are mostly sessile, while cephalochordates include lancelets which have characteristics more developed than other protochordates. The phylum exhibits advancement over non-chordates in features
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Origin of chordata
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES
Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages.
Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
The document provides an overview of comparative vertebrate anatomy and chordate origins and phylogeny. It discusses key vertebrate characteristics like the notochord and dorsal hollow nervous system. It describes the subclasses within the phylum Chordata, including vertebrates, tunicates, and amphioxus. It also outlines the classes and characteristics of early jawless fishes and jawed fishes, as well as the evolution of land vertebrates.
Phylogenetic relationship of protochordates
This document discusses the evolutionary relationships between chordates, hemichordates, and echinoderms. It notes that chordates and hemichordates share some characteristics like a dorsal nerve cord and pharyngeal slits, though it is unclear if these are homologous. Chordates are distinguished by features like a tadpole larva, notochord, post-anal tail, and endostyle. The document suggests that hemichordates, chordates, and echinoderms had a common ancestor and that early echinoderms were sessile filter feeders. Through paedomorphosis, chordates evolved from these sessile ancestors into a larval form that was mobile and fish-like,
Balanoglossus-Morphology structure, development , larva ,Affinities
1. The document summarizes the key characteristics and development of Balanoglossus, a genus of acorn worms. It describes the worm-like body structure, habitat, external morphology, and life cycle, which includes fertilization, pre-larval development, and the tornaria larval stage.
2. Affinities with different groups are discussed, finding similarities to annelids, echinoderms, nemertines, and chordates based on features like the enterocoelic coelom and dorsal tubular nerve cord. However, differences like the stomochord structure distinguish it from chordates.
3. In conclusion, hemichordates are considered a primitive chordate
Cephalchordata
I am a lancelet, a type of cephalochordate found buried in sand in warm, shallow oceans. Humans find me delicious and important for studying vertebrate evolution. I enjoy relaxing in the sand all day with my anterior end exposed, filtering water for food. I have features like a notochord and pharyngeal slits that evolved into characteristics of vertebrates.
Chordata
The phylum Chordata includes animals that possess three defining features: a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, and pharyngeal slits. It is divided into four subphyla: Hemichordata, Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrates. Hemichordata are considered the lowest chordates and include acorn worms. Urochordata includes tunicates like sea squirts and salps. Cephalochordata consists of lancelets. Vertebrates are the largest group and include humans.
Chordates and vertebrates
Here are definitions of the key terms:
Chordate - An animal belonging to the phylum Chordata, which includes all animals with a notochord or backbone at some stage of their lives.
Notochord - A flexible rod of cells that forms the basic structure along the back in early embryonic chordates. It is replaced by the vertebral column in most vertebrates.
Postanal tail - The muscular structure behind the anus that is present in early chordate embryos.
Nerve cord - A tube-like structure above the notochord that develops into the central nervous system.
Pharyngeal pouch - Sac-like projections in the throat region that filter feed in some
12 Chordata
1. The document introduces the phylum Chordata and discusses its key characteristics including a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, blocks of muscle, and postanal tail.
2. It describes the three subphyla: Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata. Urochordates are filter-feeding marine animals that lose their chordate features as adults. Cephalochordates are also marine and retain chordate characteristics as adults.
3. Vertebrates exhibit chordate traits and have an endoskeleton, brain, senses, and closed circulatory system. They evolved from early invertebrate chord
Scorpion
Scorpions are poisonous arachnids found in tropical and subtropical regions. They are nocturnal predators that hunt insects and spiders. Scorpions have a segmented body with a cephalothorax, pre-abdomen, and post-abdomen. They have pedipalps that end in claws used to capture prey and inject venom. Scorpions breathe through book lungs and reproduce viviparously, with the young riding on the mother's back for about a week after birth.
LIVING ORGANISMS AND THEIR SPECIES
1. The document describes the phylum Chordata, which includes animals with a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, and pharyngeal slits.
2. Chordata is divided into Protochordata and Vertebrata. Protochordata includes Urochordata and Cephalochordata. Vertebrata includes Agnatha and Gnathostomata.
3. The classes within Gnathostomata are described, including characteristics of Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia.
Protochordates
Protochordates are lower chordates that lack a true skull. They are divided into three sub-phyla and display characteristics like bilateral symmetry and a notochord at some life stage. Hemichordates live solitarily or in colonies and have a proboscis, collar, and trunk. Urochordates are sessile, filter-feeding tunicates surrounded by a tunic. Cephalochordates have a notochord that extends to the head and retain their nerve cord and tail. While having little economic importance, protochordates have great phylogenetic significance as they retain chordate features and are considered the most primitive chordates closely related to the vertebrate ancestor.
Phylogeny and affinities of balanoglossus
This document discusses the phylogeny and affinities of Balanoglossus, which is a member of the phylum Hemichordata. It examines Hemichordata's relationships to Chordata, Annelida, and Echinodermata based on morphological and anatomical similarities and differences. While Hemichordata shares some key characteristics with Chordata, such as the presence of a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, and pharyngeal slits, it also displays important differences. Comparisons are also made between Hemichordata and Annelida based on their segmented worm-like bodies, and between Hemichordata and Echinodermata primarily through similarities seen in their lar
Gonadal system
The male and female reproductive systems develop initially embryonically "indifferent", it is the product of the Y chromosome SRY gene that makes the "difference".
♂ - Male ♀ - Female
The reproductive organs are developed from the intermediate mesoderm.
The permanent organs of the adult are preceded by a set of structures which are purely embryonic, and which with the exception of the ducts disappear almost entirely before the end of fetal life.
These embryonic structures are the mesonephric ducts (also known as Wolffian ducts) and the paramesonephric ducts, (also known as Müllerian ducts). The mesonephric duct remains as the duct in males which gives rise to seminal vesical, epididymes and vas deferens, and the paramesonephric duct as that of the female.
Importantly its sex chromosome dependence, late embryonic/fetal differential development, complex morphogenic changes, long time-course, hormonal sensitivity and hormonal influences make it a system prone to many different abnormalities.
Gonads:
Gonads Produce eggs and sperm cells, transport and sustain egg and sperm cells, nurture developing offspring, and produce hormones.
The gonads, ovary or testis, also develop in the intermediate mesoderm.
They originally form as swellings that lie just ventral to the anterior mesonephric kidney.
A mullarian duct also develops in the intermediate mesoderm near the mesonephric duct.
Due to fusion or failure of 1st ridge to differentiate, some vertebrates (agnathans, some female lizards & crocodilians, & most female birds) have a single testis or ovary.
Hormones cause differentiation of early gonads into either testes or ovaries.
As males develop the mesonephric duct makes connection with the testis as the primary sperm conducting duct, and the mullerian duct is lost.
Phylum: Platyhelminthes Intro Notes 2015
The document discusses the phylum Platyhelminthes, commonly known as flatworms. Flatworms are triploblastic organisms with a dorsoventrally flat body and a linear nervous system including a ganglion. They have three cell layers consisting of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Their incomplete digestive system has a single opening and they also have an excretory system. There are four classes of flatworms, with the most important being Turbellaria (including planaria and ribbon worms), Cestoda (tapeworms), and Trematoda (flukes).
Development of blanoglossus( b.sc.ii)zoology
The document summarizes the development of Blanoglossus, a hemichordate. It describes both indirect development through a tornaria larva stage, as well as direct development without a larval stage. Indirect development involves external fertilization, followed by embryonic cleavage and formation of a blastula and gastrula. The gastrula develops into a tornaria larva, which feeds planktonically before metamorphosing into a juvenile worm. Direct development skips the larval stage, with the gastrula elongating directly into a worm-like embryo with mouth and anus formation.
Classification of Phylum: chordates up to class
this presentation provide classification of phylum chordata up to class and gives proper introduction.
Urino genitial system of vertebrates
The document discusses the urinogenital system in vertebrates. It begins by defining the urinogenital system and its components, which include the kidneys, urinary ducts, gonads, and genital ducts. It then describes the evolution and development of the kidney structures in vertebrates, from the primitive pronephros to the more advanced metanephros. Key points include that the kidney evolves from the intermediate mesoderm and progresses through pronephric, mesonephric, and metanephric stages. The metanephros is the definitive kidney structure in amniotes. The document also discusses kidney structure and blood supply in different vertebrate groups.
Amphibians
Vertebrates are characterized by having a well-developed brain and nervous system, an internal skeleton made of bone and cartilage, and the ability to live on land, in water, or air. They are heterotrophic, have respiratory and circulatory systems, protective skin, and bilateral symmetry. Reptiles are a group of vertebrates that are cold-blooded, have scales and lay eggs, do not require much food, and usually have four limbs.
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Balanoglossus-Morphology structure, development , larva ,Affinities
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Chordata ppt.ppt
Chordata ppt.pptDr. Arun Gaware, Dept. Of Zoology, Shri Shivaji Arts, Commerce and Science College, Motala, Buldhana
The document discusses chordates, a phylum of animals that possess a notochord. It describes the key characteristics of chordates including the presence of a notochord, pharyngeal slits, a post-anal tail, and a closed circulatory system. Chordates are divided into four subphyla: protochordates, urochordates, cephalochordates, and vertebrates.Introducton and classification chordata
This document provides an overview of the phylum Chordata. It discusses the key defining characteristics of chordates such as the presence of a notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and tail. It describes the two subdivisions of chordates - Acraniata (protochordates) and Craniata (vertebrates). Within Acraniata, it covers the three subgroups - Hemichordata, Urochordata, and Cephalochordata - outlining their characteristics. Overall, the document serves as an introductory lesson on chordate anatomy and classification.
Classification of kingdom
1. Taxonomy is the science of classification of organisms and involves classifying them into a hierarchical taxonomic system of kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species based on their shared characteristics.
2. Organisms are classified for several advantages including making the study of living things easier, helping with identification, and indicating evolutionary relationships.
3. The animal kingdom is divided into major phyla including porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematoda, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, and chordata. Each phylum contains many distinctive characteristics in terms of body structure, symmetry, and level of organization
Characteristics of chordata1
The document summarizes the characteristics of the phylum Chordata. It describes that chordates are defined by having a notochord, dorsal nerve chord, pharyngeal gill slits, post-anal tail, and an endostyle. The phylum is divided into two subphyla - Protochordata and Vertebrata. Protochordata includes hemichordates, calcichordates, urochordates, and cephalochordates. Urochordates are commonly called sea squirts and are mostly sessile, while cephalochordates include lancelets which have characteristics more developed than other protochordates. The phylum exhibits advancement over non-chordates in features
Proto chordata
The document describes characteristics of the chordate phylum including:
- Possessing a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail during embryonic development.
- The notochord provides skeletal support and develops into the vertebral column in vertebrates. The nerve cord develops into the central nervous system. Pharyngeal slits develop into gills or jaws.
- Major chordate groups are Urochordata, Cephalaochordata, and Vertebrata. Amphioxus/lancelets are described as possessing chordate characteristics throughout their life.
Animals Basic Taxonomy
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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The document summarizes several animal phyla:
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- Arthropods are the largest animal group and include insects, arachnids, and crustaceans. They are bilaterally symmetrical, segmented, and have jointed legs.
- Chordates have a notochord at some stage of development that provides support and allows for movement. This phylum includes vertebrates like fish.
- Fish are exclusively aquatic, have scales, gills for respiration, and two-chambered hearts. They
BSCZO-201.pdf
The document discusses the origin and characteristics of chordates. Chordates are believed to have evolved from invertebrates like annelids or a common ancestor of echinoderms and hemichordates. All chordates possess defining features like a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail at some stage of their life cycle. The document also covers the classification of chordates up to the order level.
BSCZO-201.pdf
The document discusses the origin and evolution of chordates from invertebrate ancestors, describing several theories on their descent. It outlines the defining characteristics of chordates and provides a classification of the phylum Chordata from the primitive Acrania to the craniates. Major groups discussed include hemichordates, urochordates, cephalochordates, agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes and tetrapods.
Phylum Chordata
- Chordates evolved from invertebrates and display traits like bilateral symmetry, segmentation, and a gut tube. Chordates are distinguished by having a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail, and myotomes (blocks of muscle) at some stage of their life.
- Vertebrates are chordates that have evolved additional traits like a skull, vertebral column, and endoskeleton. They have undergone further diversification into groups like fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals which have specialized for various environments.
All chordates possess the same four structures in the early embryo. .pdf
All chordates possess four defining structures in early development: a notochord, a dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches, and an endostyle. These structures are present but often modified in adult vertebrates. Protochordates also possess these four characteristics and can serve as living models for chordate evolution. Deuterostomes are defined by mouth formation after the blastopore and include chordates like lancelets. Chordates are defined by possessing a notochord and other structures. Amniotes are tetrapods that lay eggs with amniotic membranes, including reptiles, birds, and mammals. Humans are deuterostomes, chordates, and amniotes.
Arthropods
A presentation about Arthropods, its general morphology, life cycle, and habitat. This presentation also covers the first three subphyla which are Trilobitomorpha, Chelicerata, and Crustacea. The role of arthropods in disease transmission is also covered in the slides.
Mollusca general characters and classification
The document discusses the phylum Mollusca. Some key points:
- Mollusca is the second largest phylum and includes animals like snails, slugs, clams, squids and octopuses.
- They are soft-bodied and many have an external or internal shell. Their main distinguishing feature is the shell, which has architectural and ornamental value.
- The phylum is divided into 7 classes based on shell structure and foot position. These include Gastropoda (snails and slugs), Bivalvia (clams and oysters), and Cephalopoda (squids and octopuses).
- Molluscs have
Merostomata
Horseshoe crabs are ancient marine arthropods that have remained largely unchanged for nearly 400 million years. They have a protective exoskeleton with three main parts - the carapace, abdomen, and telson. They use their legs and pincers for movement and feeding. Females lay eggs on beaches that hatch within weeks. Their blue blood contains a substance used to detect bacterial contamination in medical products. Though largely unchanged for millions of years, some horseshoe crab species are now endangered due to habitat loss.
Merostomata
Horseshoe crabs are ancient marine arthropods that have remained largely unchanged for nearly 400 million years. They have a horseshoe-shaped carapace that protects three main body parts - the carapace, abdomen, and telson. They use their legs and pincers to feed on worms, mollusks, and small fish. Females lay eggs on beaches where the young hatch, and horseshoe crabs play an important role in the ecosystem as both predators and prey. Their blue blood contains a substance called Limulus amebocyte lysate that is used to detect bacterial contamination in medical products.
CHORDATES -- Complexity at its Peak.pptx
This document provides information about chordates, which are a phylum that includes all vertebrates and some invertebrates. It discusses some of the key characteristics that chordates share, including having a post-anal tail, pharyngeal slits, a notochord, and a nerve chord. It also describes the four classes of vertebrates - amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals - and some of their distinguishing features, such as how mammals can produce milk and birds are endothermic. The document uses examples, diagrams, and a quiz to convey these concepts about chordates and vertebrate classification.
Akshat biology project 2
This document is about the biology project on arthropods completed by five students. It contains sections on the introduction to arthropods, their key characteristics like jointed legs, bilateral symmetry and an open circulatory system. Another section details the body structure of arthropods including their hard exoskeleton, segmented body and jointed appendages. The document also provides information on tagmatisation, musculature, cuticle and circulation in arthropods.
Arthropods
This document provides an overview of arthropods and crustaceans. It begins by defining arthropods as animals with a hard exoskeleton, jointed body and limbs, and includes insects, crustaceans, and arachnids. Arthropods are the most successful and diverse animal group. The document then discusses characteristics of arthropods like bilateral symmetry, segmented bodies, exoskeletons, and life cycles. It also summarizes the five major groups of arthropods and how they evolved. Finally, it provides details on specific types of crustaceans like krill, shrimp, lobsters, crabs, crayfish, and barnacles.
Animalia group 3
The Animalia Kingdom is the largest kingdom, containing over 1 million species. It includes both invertebrates and vertebrates. Invertebrates lack an internal skeleton and make up 98% of animal species, having exoskeletons or hydrostatic skeletons. Vertebrates have backbones and include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. They are distinguished by features like brains, circulatory systems, and sometimes jaws. Both invertebrates and vertebrates are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that inhabit diverse environments worldwide.
arthropod phylogeny and classification
Presentation of Arthropod phylogeny and classification. Basics about arthropod taxa and their classification up to order level
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All chordates possess the same four structures in the early embryo. .pdf
All chordates possess the same four structures in the early embryo. .pdf
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Comparative account of skull
The skull is the skeletal framework of the head that protects the brain and some sense organs. It is composed of bones or cartilage that form a protective unit. In humans, the cranium, which contains the brain, is globular and larger than the facial portion of the skull. The skull is supported by the atlas vertebra, allowing for nodding motion, and turns on the axis vertebra for side-to-side motion. Key bones that make up the human skull include the occipital, parietal, temporal, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxillary, palatine, nasal, lachrymal, and turbinate bones.
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Ppt chordata
- 2. Chordata- general characters Chordata [in greek 'chord' meaning “string.” Blong to kingdom “Animalia.” Higher phylum (eg.blue whel). comparises 17000sp of animals. In chordates, it is located dorsal to the notochord.
- 3. • Posseses notochord benith nerve chord. • Notochord is dorsal longitudinal skeletal rod like structure. • Simpaly notochord mean spinal chord. • Notochord madeup of vacullated nerve cells. • Position of notochord desides classification of chordates.
- 4. Chordates Presence of notochord. Pharyngial gills slits present in pharynx. Post anal tail. closed vascular system. ventral heart present. Heapatic portal symmetry.
- 5. Bilaterally symetrical. Having metamerism and ceolom. having heamoglobin in RBCs
- 6. clasification of chordates Protochordata Vertebrata
- 7. * Clasification of chordates are besed on the presence of notochord. Protochordates 1. Prochodate. 2. Notochord lack of true body. 3. The lower chordates. 4. Also known as Acraniata because they lack a true skull. 5. Are closely related to vertebrates. Vertebrates 1. Persence of notochord. 2. Also called Craniata. 3. Higher chordates. 4. Predominant subphylum of the phylum Chordata.
- 8. Protochordates • Protochordate is an informal category of organisms to describe the invertebrates that are closely related to vertebrates. • Protochordata is divided into the following three sub- phyla: A. Hemichordata B. Urochordata C. Cephalochordata
- 9. Notochord present in anterior half of body. Eg.Balanoglosus Hemichordata
- 11. Cephalochordata Notochord present in tip of head. Eg. Amphioxus
- 12. .Vertebrae • Vertebrate, also called Craniata, any animal of the subphylum. • Vertebrata, the predominant subphylum of the phylum Chordata. • They have backbones, from which they derive their name. • The vertebrates are also characterized by a muscular system.
- 13. The major groups of vertebrates include fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
- 14. Thankyou.