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Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Introduction to the
Gastrointestinal System
Chapter 56
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
GI System
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
GI System (cont.)
• The GI system is the only system in the body open to the
external environment
• Composed of one continuous tube
– Begins at the mouth
– Progresses through the esophagus, stomach, and
small and large intestines
– Ends at the anus
• Accessory Organs
– Pancreas
– Liver
– Gallbladder
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Major Activities of the GI System
• Secretion: Of enzymes, acid, bicarbonate, and mucus
• Absorption: Of water and almost all of the essential
nutrients needed by the body
• Digestion: Of food into usable and absorbable component
• Motility: Movement of food and secretions through the
system
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Layers of the GI Tube
• Mucosa
• Muscularis Mucosa
• Nerve Plexus
• Adventitia
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Layers of Nerves in the Nerve Plexus
• Submucosal Layer
• Myenteric Layer
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Layers of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Control of the GI System
• GI system is controlled by the nerve plexus
– Maintains basic electrical rhythm
– Responds to local stimuli to increase or decrease
activity
• Activity of GI tract can be influenced by the autonomic
system
• Initiation of activity depends on local reflexes
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Types of Secretions of the GI Tract
• Saliva
• Mucus
• Acid and Digestive Enzymes (Gastrin)
• Secretin
• Sodium Bicarbonate
• Pancreatic Enzymes, Other Lipases, and Amylases
• Bile
• Endocrine Hormones
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question
Please answer the following statement as true or false.
The GI system is controlled by the nerve plexus which
maintains basic electrical rhythm.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer
True
Rationale: GI system is controlled by the nerve plexus,
which maintains basic electrical rhythm and responds to
local stimuli to increase or decrease activity.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Digestion
• Is the process of breaking food into usable, absorbable
nutrients
• Begins in the mouth with enzymes in the salvia
• The stomach continues the digestion process
• In the small intestines, the food mixes with bile which
breaks down the fat molecules
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Absorption
• Is the active process of removing water, nutrients, and
other elements from the GI tract
• Once removed from the GI tract, they are delivered to
the bloodstream for use in the body
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Motility
• GI tract depends on an inherent motility to keep things
moving through the system.
• In the esophagus, the basic movement is peristalsis.
• The stomach uses its three muscle layers to produce a
churning action.
• Small intestines use a process of segmentation.
• Large intestines use a process of mass movement.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Local Gastrointestinal Reflexes
• Gastroenteric Reflex: Stimulation of the stomach by
stretching
• Gastrocolic Reflex: Stimulation of the stomach causing
increased activity in the colon
• Duodenal–Colic Reflex: Stimulation of colon activity and
mass movement by the presence of food or stretch in the
duodenum
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Other Local GI Reflexes
• Ileogastric Reflex
• Intestinal–Intestinal Reflex
• Peritoneointestinal Reflex
• Renointestinal Reflex
• Vesicointestinal Reflex
• Somatointestinal Reflex
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Centrally Mediated Reflexes of the GI
Tract
• Swallowing Reflex
– Stimulated when a food bolus stimulates pressure
receptors in the back of the throat and pharynx
• Vomiting Reflex
– Protects the system from unwanted irritants
– Stimulated by two centers in the medulla
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Swallowing Reflex
• Stimulated whenever a food bolus stimulates pressure
receptors in the back of the throat and pharynx.
• This send impulses to the medulla, which stimulates a
series of nerves.
• Involves more than 25 pairs of muscles
• This reflex can be facilitated in a number of ways if
swallowing is a problem.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Stimulation of the Chemoreceptor Trigger
Zone (CTZ)
• Tactile stimulation of the back of the throat
• Excessive stomach distention
• Increasing intracranial pressure by direct stimulation
• Stimulation of the vestibular receptors in the inner ear
• Stimulation of stretch receptors in the uterus and bladder
• Intense pain fiber stimulation
• Direct stimulation by various chemicals
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Maintaining Homeostasis of the GI Tract
• A series of local reflexes within the GI tract helps
maintain homeostasis within the system
• Overstimulation can result in:
– Constipation (underactivity)
– Diarrhea (overactivity)
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question
Please answer the following statement as true or false.
When the renal capsule becomes irritated the
gastrointestinal tract shuts down.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer
True
Rationale: Renointestinal Reflex: Irritation or swelling of
the renal capsule causes a cessation of movement in the
GI tract, again to prevent further irritation to the capsule.

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Ppt chapter 56

  • 1. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Introduction to the Gastrointestinal System Chapter 56
  • 2. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins GI System
  • 3. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins GI System (cont.) • The GI system is the only system in the body open to the external environment • Composed of one continuous tube – Begins at the mouth – Progresses through the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines – Ends at the anus • Accessory Organs – Pancreas – Liver – Gallbladder
  • 4. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Major Activities of the GI System • Secretion: Of enzymes, acid, bicarbonate, and mucus • Absorption: Of water and almost all of the essential nutrients needed by the body • Digestion: Of food into usable and absorbable component • Motility: Movement of food and secretions through the system
  • 5. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Layers of the GI Tube • Mucosa • Muscularis Mucosa • Nerve Plexus • Adventitia
  • 6. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Layers of Nerves in the Nerve Plexus • Submucosal Layer • Myenteric Layer
  • 7. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Layers of the Gastrointestinal Tract
  • 8. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Control of the GI System • GI system is controlled by the nerve plexus – Maintains basic electrical rhythm – Responds to local stimuli to increase or decrease activity • Activity of GI tract can be influenced by the autonomic system • Initiation of activity depends on local reflexes
  • 9. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Types of Secretions of the GI Tract • Saliva • Mucus • Acid and Digestive Enzymes (Gastrin) • Secretin • Sodium Bicarbonate • Pancreatic Enzymes, Other Lipases, and Amylases • Bile • Endocrine Hormones
  • 10. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Please answer the following statement as true or false. The GI system is controlled by the nerve plexus which maintains basic electrical rhythm.
  • 11. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer True Rationale: GI system is controlled by the nerve plexus, which maintains basic electrical rhythm and responds to local stimuli to increase or decrease activity.
  • 12. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Digestion • Is the process of breaking food into usable, absorbable nutrients • Begins in the mouth with enzymes in the salvia • The stomach continues the digestion process • In the small intestines, the food mixes with bile which breaks down the fat molecules
  • 13. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Absorption • Is the active process of removing water, nutrients, and other elements from the GI tract • Once removed from the GI tract, they are delivered to the bloodstream for use in the body
  • 14. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Motility • GI tract depends on an inherent motility to keep things moving through the system. • In the esophagus, the basic movement is peristalsis. • The stomach uses its three muscle layers to produce a churning action. • Small intestines use a process of segmentation. • Large intestines use a process of mass movement.
  • 15. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Local Gastrointestinal Reflexes • Gastroenteric Reflex: Stimulation of the stomach by stretching • Gastrocolic Reflex: Stimulation of the stomach causing increased activity in the colon • Duodenal–Colic Reflex: Stimulation of colon activity and mass movement by the presence of food or stretch in the duodenum
  • 16. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Other Local GI Reflexes • Ileogastric Reflex • Intestinal–Intestinal Reflex • Peritoneointestinal Reflex • Renointestinal Reflex • Vesicointestinal Reflex • Somatointestinal Reflex
  • 17. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Centrally Mediated Reflexes of the GI Tract • Swallowing Reflex – Stimulated when a food bolus stimulates pressure receptors in the back of the throat and pharynx • Vomiting Reflex – Protects the system from unwanted irritants – Stimulated by two centers in the medulla
  • 18. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Swallowing Reflex • Stimulated whenever a food bolus stimulates pressure receptors in the back of the throat and pharynx. • This send impulses to the medulla, which stimulates a series of nerves. • Involves more than 25 pairs of muscles • This reflex can be facilitated in a number of ways if swallowing is a problem.
  • 19. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Stimulation of the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone (CTZ) • Tactile stimulation of the back of the throat • Excessive stomach distention • Increasing intracranial pressure by direct stimulation • Stimulation of the vestibular receptors in the inner ear • Stimulation of stretch receptors in the uterus and bladder • Intense pain fiber stimulation • Direct stimulation by various chemicals
  • 20. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Maintaining Homeostasis of the GI Tract • A series of local reflexes within the GI tract helps maintain homeostasis within the system • Overstimulation can result in: – Constipation (underactivity) – Diarrhea (overactivity)
  • 21. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Please answer the following statement as true or false. When the renal capsule becomes irritated the gastrointestinal tract shuts down.
  • 22. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer True Rationale: Renointestinal Reflex: Irritation or swelling of the renal capsule causes a cessation of movement in the GI tract, again to prevent further irritation to the capsule.