This document discusses Al Qaeda and its affiliates, focusing on their activities in Yemen and Saudi Arabia. It outlines several terrorist attacks they have carried out targeting oil infrastructure, including the 2004 Khobar bombing. It also summarizes two failed "underwear bombing" attempts on US-bound planes in 2009 and 2012. The challenges facing responses to Al Qaeda are discussed, including their use of asymmetric warfare and ability to develop bombs circumventing security. Increased aid is seen as crucial for stability in Yemen but challenges remain for coordination among international actors.
Terrorism
TOP 6 WORST TERRORIST ATTACKS IN THE HISTORY
6. Amerithrax Terrorist Attacks
Exactly one week after the September 11 attacks on 18th of September 2001, this brutal attack happened but caused a shock after various weeks. This attack was not by missiles or bombs but by letters containing anthrax spores were mailed to different well positioned officers, caused death of 5 innocent people and infected 17 others people. It is one of the most complicated cases in the history of America to be handled even by FBI officers. The Government officers after this terrific incident got scared and took high potency antibiotics and raised the security.
5. World Trade Centre Bombing Of 1993
This worst terrorist attack of bombing of World Trade Centre occurred before the 9/11 on 26th of February, 1993 and was not completely successful but caused huge damage to the buildings. In this attack a truck bomb was exploded below the North Tower of the World Trade Centre of New York. It was planned to knock down the both twin towers and to kill thousands of the people but the terrorists missed the task as they were failed to destroy the twin towers.7 people were died in this attack while 1,042 people were injured. It was an attack to demolish the backbone of US.
4. Bombing Of The Wall Street
The bombing of the Wall Street occurred on 16th of September, 1920, around 12:00 pm when a horse- drawn wagon containing 100 pounds of dynamite was exploded by a timer-set detonation and shook the financial sector of the New York. This bombing caused the death of 38 people and 143 people seriously got injured. The culprits behind this act were not exactly traced but it was suspected that the Galleanists were the master minds behind this brutal attack, although not announced officially. This bombing caused a property damage of more than $2 million and demolished most of the interior spaces of the Morgan building.
3. Mumbai Attacks Of 2008
The most weird and worst terrorist attacks in the history of India are Mumbai attacks of 2008. On 26th of November, 2008, the terrorist targeted the most popular and royal Hotel Taj Mahal that is located in the premises of Gate way of India. This attack included shootings, bombings, hostage crisis and siege. It was a 64 hours long war between the terrorists and the military forces, continuously bombardment from the both sides. On this sad day there were 10 attacks on the several places in Mumbai but the main focus was the hotel. This attack took away the lives of approximately 166 people including 10 attackers and injured more than 600 people.
2. Bombing Of Oklahoma City
Globalization of the World after the terrorists attack on 9/11. Focus on not only the economic and political impact but also on a social-cultural scale.
The Bush era has seen remarkable change in the US foreign policy. After 9/ 11 attacks, President Bush (the son) initiated the Bush Doctrine and started his war on terror which had such implications as the invasion of Afghanistan in 2011, and the invasion of Iraq in 2003.
Islam is a religion of peace,but radicals have changed its preaching. Can one considered jihad as a just war? Since its inscribed in the Holy Koran.As such,this presentation give some of the reasons why a certain groups (mostly Muslims) have developed new ideologies.
Everything You Need To Know About Year of Wondersjpinnuck
Everything you need to know about Year of Wonders in less that 60 Minutes. Download notes from our website here: http://www.tickingmind.com.au/students/
Terrorism
TOP 6 WORST TERRORIST ATTACKS IN THE HISTORY
6. Amerithrax Terrorist Attacks
Exactly one week after the September 11 attacks on 18th of September 2001, this brutal attack happened but caused a shock after various weeks. This attack was not by missiles or bombs but by letters containing anthrax spores were mailed to different well positioned officers, caused death of 5 innocent people and infected 17 others people. It is one of the most complicated cases in the history of America to be handled even by FBI officers. The Government officers after this terrific incident got scared and took high potency antibiotics and raised the security.
5. World Trade Centre Bombing Of 1993
This worst terrorist attack of bombing of World Trade Centre occurred before the 9/11 on 26th of February, 1993 and was not completely successful but caused huge damage to the buildings. In this attack a truck bomb was exploded below the North Tower of the World Trade Centre of New York. It was planned to knock down the both twin towers and to kill thousands of the people but the terrorists missed the task as they were failed to destroy the twin towers.7 people were died in this attack while 1,042 people were injured. It was an attack to demolish the backbone of US.
4. Bombing Of The Wall Street
The bombing of the Wall Street occurred on 16th of September, 1920, around 12:00 pm when a horse- drawn wagon containing 100 pounds of dynamite was exploded by a timer-set detonation and shook the financial sector of the New York. This bombing caused the death of 38 people and 143 people seriously got injured. The culprits behind this act were not exactly traced but it was suspected that the Galleanists were the master minds behind this brutal attack, although not announced officially. This bombing caused a property damage of more than $2 million and demolished most of the interior spaces of the Morgan building.
3. Mumbai Attacks Of 2008
The most weird and worst terrorist attacks in the history of India are Mumbai attacks of 2008. On 26th of November, 2008, the terrorist targeted the most popular and royal Hotel Taj Mahal that is located in the premises of Gate way of India. This attack included shootings, bombings, hostage crisis and siege. It was a 64 hours long war between the terrorists and the military forces, continuously bombardment from the both sides. On this sad day there were 10 attacks on the several places in Mumbai but the main focus was the hotel. This attack took away the lives of approximately 166 people including 10 attackers and injured more than 600 people.
2. Bombing Of Oklahoma City
Globalization of the World after the terrorists attack on 9/11. Focus on not only the economic and political impact but also on a social-cultural scale.
The Bush era has seen remarkable change in the US foreign policy. After 9/ 11 attacks, President Bush (the son) initiated the Bush Doctrine and started his war on terror which had such implications as the invasion of Afghanistan in 2011, and the invasion of Iraq in 2003.
Islam is a religion of peace,but radicals have changed its preaching. Can one considered jihad as a just war? Since its inscribed in the Holy Koran.As such,this presentation give some of the reasons why a certain groups (mostly Muslims) have developed new ideologies.
Everything You Need To Know About Year of Wondersjpinnuck
Everything you need to know about Year of Wonders in less that 60 Minutes. Download notes from our website here: http://www.tickingmind.com.au/students/
An Introductory look at Al-Qaeda this was presented to a classroom so there are some references to a book. The book referenced is "Understanding Al Qaeda" by Mohammad-mahmoud Ould Mohamedou
WHAT: It is a global militant Islamist and takfiri organisation.
FOUNDER: Abdullah Yusuf Azzam
Osama bin Laden
LOCATED: Peshawar, Pakistan
WHEN: August 1988 and late 1989
Geo-Political Events and Business Impact - September 2018paul young cpa, cga
Business relies on government as part of setting policies that allow business to invest either domestically or internationally
Countries require FDI as part of supporting their economy as such geopolitics can drive risks to both government as well as business
United Nations needs to return to its’ mandate of world peace including accountability and transparency when it comes to aid
Too many countries still have autocratic rules, especially in Asia, Africa and the Middle East
Liberals around the world are to busy coddling extremism as way to deflect it from happening in their country. The problem is radical extremism will never be defeated through hugs and kisses. The root cause of extremism comes back to radical beliefs of what their religion is telling them in terms of their own Caliphate.
Global protectionism is on the rise as USA is looking for fair trade deals
Business relies on government as part of setting policies that allow business to invest either domestically or internationally
Countries require FDI as part of supporting their economy as such geopolitics can drive risks to both government as well as business
United Nations needs to return to its’ mandate of world peace including accountability and transparency when it comes to aid
Too many countries still have autocratic rules, especially in Asia, Africa and the Middle East
Liberals around the world are to busy coddling extremism as way to deflect it from happening in their country. The problem is radical extremism will never be defeated through hugs and kisses. The root cause of extremism comes back to radical beliefs of what their religion is telling them in terms of their own Caliphate.
Global protectionism is on the rise as USA is looking for fair trade deals
Business relies on government as part of setting policies that allow business to invest either domestically or internationally
Countries require FDI as part of supporting their economy as such geopolitics can drive risks to both government as well as business
United Nations needs to return to its’ mandate of world peace including accountability and transparency when it comes to aid
Too many countries still have autocratic rules, especially in Asia, Africa and the Middle East
Liberals around the world are to busy coddling extremism as way to deflect it from happening in their country. The problem is radical extremism will never be defeated through hugs and kisses. The root cause of extremism comes back to radical beliefs of what their religion is telling them in terms of their own Caliphate.
How does Terrorism Effect on Business and Relation Between Countriesijtsrd
The international business or IB is threatened by the indirect and direct effects of terrorism. Since the moment governments have tightened the safety of public sites, the various businesses have turned into exponential attractive targets for terrorist attacks, with vital implications for the performance and operations of the companies that are multinational in nature. Though, substantial studies have been done in different fields about terrorism, less scholarly research has been done on the various challenges which it inflicts upon international business as well as how to address terrorism as a problem. Through this particular article we would conceptualize the terrorism concerned with international business. The background on effects and dimensions of terrorism as well as developing theoretical grounding for researching terrorism by sketching on literature provided by international business, political science, economics and different sectors; shall be provided by us. Once discussion on findings from review of the literature is done, a comprehensive program for subsequent research concerning the connection between international business and terrorism is offered by us. The program that we offer emphasizes on the effects of organizational preparedness, terrorism, company performance and its strategy, global distribution and global supply channels, as well as the issues pertaining human resource. The review that we render, aid in establishing a baseline that further assists in empirical research in the future. This consistent with research in an early stage, international business scholars get encouragement to offer perspectives as well as effective solution that are useful and throw required light on the various aspects of terrorism and also aid in reducing its devastating effects for multinational firms and international business.. Prof. Sidharth S. Raju | Pooja"How does Terrorism Effect on Business and Relation Between Countries" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd4598.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/international-business-issues/4598/how-does-terrorism-effect-on-business-and-relation--between-countries/prof-sidharth-s-raju
RAND Corporation Chapter Title The U.S. Invasion of .docxaudeleypearl
RAND Corporation
Chapter Title: The U.S. Invasion of Iraq, 2003
Book Title: Blinders, Blunders, and Wars
Book Subtitle: What America and China Can Learn
Book Author(s): David C. Gompert, Hans Binnendijk and Bonny Lin
Published by: RAND Corporation. (2014)
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/j.ctt1287m9t.21
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161
ChAPter FOUrteen
The U.S. Invasion of Iraq, 2003
States like [Iraq, Iran, and North Korea] and their terrorist allies constitute an axis of
evil. . . . By seeking weapons of mass destruction, these regimes pose a grave and growing
danger. . . . I will not wait on events while dangers gather.
—President George W. Bush, State of the Union, January 29, 2002
For us, war is always the proof of failure and the worst of solutions, so everything must
be done to avoid it.
—President Jacques Chirac to a joint session of the French and German parlia-
ments, January 2003
Dividends of Misjudgment
President George W. Bush’s decision to invade Iraq on March 20, 2003, was not a
blunder on the scale of those of Napoleon, Hitler, and Tojo.1 There was a case to be
made on several grounds for operations against Saddam Hussein. The initial phase of
combat was highly successful, and some still argue that the American investment was
worth the cost of toppling the Saddam regime. Bush was reelected in November of
2004 as much because of as despite his invasion of Iraq. His subsequent 2007 decision
to launch the “surge” did limit some of the damage.
The main premise for the war was that Saddam had weapons of mass destruction
(WMDs) and that these were at risk of falling into the hands of terrorists. In the end,
however, there were no such weapons, and Saddam’s links to al Qaeda were unproven.2
This robbed the invasion of legitimacy. The insurgency that ensued after initial combat
operation robbed the invasion of success. Today, the United States has less influence
in Baghdad than Iran does. Iraq is a Shia-dominated state with an alienated Sunni
minority, rampant violence, and virtually no control over the Kurdish north. At least
134,000 Iraqis died as a direct result of the American invasion, and the violence there
continues.
This content downloaded from 80.227.100.60 on Sun, 03 Nov 2019 12:25:27 UTC
Al ...
Alqaeda a name of terror is an organization which actually is a misinterpretation of Islam. They use terror and violence which has nothing to do with the teaching of Muhammad S.A.W and Quran.
SafeAssignCheckTestWaldorf - Waldorf SafeAssign Plagiarism Check Tool
SafeAssign Originality Report Generator I
Shamika Joneson Wed, Sep 04 2019, 6:08 AM
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Submission ID: 988d7449-d3a4-4fa1-b655-9ed4ad976271
Attachments (1)
911.doc
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Word Count: 1,763
Attachment ID: 2087002171911.doc
Running head:
1
THE 9/11 ATTACK
1
1
THE 9/11 ATTACK
2
1
The 9/11 Attack
Shaimika Jones
Waldorf University
HLS 4302
Jamie Gauthier
September 17, 2019
The 9/11 attacks denote a series of coordinated attacks by members of the al-Qaeda in the United States. The incidents changed the American foreign and security policies in the efforts to safeguard domestic and international interests. It is noteworthy that the morning attack caused deaths, injuries, and damages to infrastructure. The perspective of the US citizens and government toward terrorism has changed over time; with more considerable efforts and finances put in place to contain the menace. Since the early 2000s, the US has dramatically concentrated on the fight against terrorism that has rocked and undermined global security. The report examines the environmental, political, economic, and sociological effects of the 9/11 attack. It will also evaluate the responses, lessons, and changes instituted by the policy-makers to deter such an eventuality in the future.
1
On September 11 2001, terrorists believed to be Al-Qaeda attacked the US after hijacking four commercial planes.
The main attack took place at America’s World Trade Centre (WTC).
Commonly referred to as the 9/11 attack, the disaster encompassed four coordinated assaults.
Over 2,990 people died while 6,000 got injured.
The attack caused the destruction of over 10 billion dollars.
The attack is among the worst and highly studied disasters in recent time in the United States of America. According to Rose, Oladosu, Lee, & Asay (2009), the 9/11 attack caused damages to infrastructure; hence, causing business disruptions of WTC firms and government agencies. The economic impacts also capture issues such as employment and business relocation costs. The fear of other attacks increased business risks; hence, pushed away some potential investors.
The attackers hijacked planes and used them to attack the American nation.
1
The rescue efforts started immediately after the WTC was hit by the first plane.
Local, state, and federal agencies, as well as private support groups, were involved in the rescue operations.
The federal government deployed its security agencies such as police, FBI, and the military to assist in the response efforts.
The New York City fire department sent hundreds of fire.
Similar to Ppt 11 al qaeda responses and challenges (18)
1. Responses and proposed solutions from key global actors
Challenges to effective solutions
2. Some sceptics dismiss Al Qaeda as
significantly weakened
Threat from Al Qaeda and its affiliates will
likely depend on several factors –
Survival of a leadership structure
Weak governments in North Africa and the
Middle East
Support from local cells
3. It appears that Al Qaeda will retain key
leaders (although not necessarily based in
Afghanistan or Pakistan)
That some government will continue to
remain weak – such as Yemen
And that Al Qaeda will continue to enjoy local
support ins some countries
4. Its objectives will remain fairly consistent
– overthrowing multiple regimes to establish
a pan-Islamic caliphate ( a caliphate is like an empire and the word
‘pan’ means something which is unified e.g. in the 1930s Germany and Austria spoke of
pan-Germanism )
And fighting the United States and its allies
who support them
5. AYMAN AL-ZAWAHIRI (AL
QAEADA CORE)
AQAP’s leadership is
compartmentalized, and
highly decentralized,
allowing it to withstand
attacks and arrests and still
continue to operate.
6. 2004 – Attack on Khobar, Saudi Arabia – Khobar
in the hub of the Saudi oil industry.
In the attack at the Khobar Petroleum Centre,
four AQ militants forced their way in and shot 22
Westerners.
Osama bin Laden had vowed to destabilise the
Saudi government, which the Saudi-born
extremist viewed as insufficiently Islamic and
which he derided for its close relationship with
the United States.
7. AQAP has committed several acts of terror in
Saudi Arabia, with the militants focusing on the
country's valuable and vulnerable oil
infrastructure.
After the 2004 Khobar attack the price of oil
reached $42 a barrel – an all time high at that
point in history. In a statement an Al Qaeda chief
noted that ,”This irks the malicious government
that is committed to guaranteeing America's
prosperity and the continuation of the oil flow.'
8. 2009 – The underwear
bomber (or known as the
Christmas Day bombing)
The near miss bombing
of jetliner over Detroit -
in which a would be
bomber attempted mid
flight to light an
explosive hidden in his
underwear. The jihadist,
Umar Adbulmutallab
was trained in Yemen.
9. 2012 - the CIA foiled an attempt by a Yemeni
trained would be bomber who planned to use
it on a US bound airliner on the anniversary of
Bin Laden’s death.
This new bomb was also designed to be used
in a passenger's underwear, but this time al-
Qaeda developed a more refined detonation
system, US officials said.
20. The USA’s TSA (Transport Security
Administration) also introduced new security
measures in American airports.
The TSA has implemented more thorough
screening procedures for passengers and their
baggage whereby passengers are asked to
remove shoes and checked baggage passes
through an explosive detection system.
21. But the real change has been the institution of "many
layers of security," including measures that go beyond
passenger screening, such as heightened police
presence outside of airports and increased cooperation
between airlines and security officials
The TSA pre-screens passengers. Airlines are required
to submit lists of passengers to the TSA, which then
compares the names to a watch list.
No fly lists – individuals with known links to terrorist
organisations names are placed on the TSA’s No Fly
List
22. The Friends of Yemen, set up in 2010,
comprises 40 states and organisations which
co-ordinate international support for the
Arab world's poorest country. It suffers from
the second highest malnutrition rates in the
world, a lack of water and medicine, weak
governance, corruption and grave security
problems.
23. The goal of aid and development assistance
provided by The Friends of Yemen group is
help the country combat a resurgent threat
from al-Qaeda in the ancestral homeland of
its slain leader, Osama bin Laden.
24. The group continues to propose democratic
reform in Yemen and attempts to coordinate
increased development aid for Yemen, its
primary concern is stability in the country and
containment of AQAP.
In 2012 the Friends of Yemen pledged $4
billion in aid to Yemen – money that is crucial
to Yemen which is facing a food crisis, with
malnutrition rates doubling since 2009.
25. 34% of the population is unemployed.
45% live below the United Nations‘ poverty
line
55% are illiterate
GDP per capita $2000
26. The US has made
hundreds of attacks on
targets in Pakistan since
2004 using drones
These attacks are part of
the United States' War
on Terrorism campaign,
seeking to defeat
Taliban and Al-Qaeda
militants in Pakistan.
27. The US has also used drones in Yemen – the
average rate being a drone strike a day in
2012
The use of drone strikes has escalated under
the Obama administration, with Obama
calling 2010 the ‘year of the drone’
28.
29. Top US officials consider drone strikes very
successful and believe that the senior al-Qaeda
leadership has been 'decimated' by these strikes
The US has stated that drone strikes are legal
because of the right to self-defence. The US is
involved in an armed conflict with Al Qaeda, the
Taliban, and their affiliates and therefore may
use force consistent with self-defence under
international law
30. The U.S. has increased military aid to and
cooperation with Yemen as part of the war on
terror.
With several foiled bombing attempts – the two
‘underwear’ attempts in 2010 and 2012, AQ is
still highly active in Yemen and poses a threat to
US security.
The U.S. has more than doubled aid to Yemen
this year, reaching an estimated $345 million.
31.
32. Increased scanning at airports for bombs –
The increased sophistication of the bomb
which was to be used in 2012 shows that Al
Qaeda’s bomb makers are adaptable and
highly skilled.
33. The FBI is examining the latest bomb (2012)
to see whether it could have passed
through airport security and brought down
an airplane, officials said. They said the
device did not contain metal, meaning it
probably could have passed through an
airport metal detector. But it was not clear
whether new body scanners used in many
airports would have detected it.
34. Asymmetrical warfare is a violent struggle in
which the two belligerents are mismatched in
terms of their military capabilities.
"The smaller power applies its strengths
against the weaknesses of the larger power,”
35. Asymmetric warfare includes methods such
as guerrilla warfare, terrorism, sabotage,
subversion and criminal activities
36. The success of Al Qaeda’s bomb makers in
developing bombs which can circumvent the
airport security designed to diminish their
capabilities highlights one of the difficulties
states face in fighting asymmetric warfare.
Actors who use asymmetric forms of warfare
rely on unconventional methods such as terror
attacks, which rely on the element of surprize
and novelty for their effectiveness.
37. Terrorism combines surprise and shock to
amplify effect and demoralize the broader
public. It is asymmetric only so far as it
"attack[s] vulnerabilities not appreciated by the
target.
The U.S. government remains ill-prepared to
counter such surprise. Most U.S. strategic
planning with regard to terrorism focuses on
replication of past activities
38. This means when Al
Qaeda develops a new
technique, target or
weapon – as in the new
bombs which can pass
through air security
detectors designed to
pick up metal, Al
Qaeda has a significant
advantage.
39. No Fly List –
Despite the heightened focus on passenger
screening, it too remains a magnet for criticism. As
for pre-screening passengers, Shanks says, "In
principle it’s a good idea, but in practice it doesn’t
always turn out that way." The watch lists compared
with passenger manifests are just lists of names.
Ordinary passengers with names similar to ones on
the list have at times been stopped, and Shanks says
there’s little to stop a terrorist from creating a false
identity
40. Pre-screening passengers
lists works only in flights
originating from the US.
Every recent attempted
terrorist attack on US
aviation has come from
abroad – Richard Reid, the
shoe bomber, boarded a
flight in Paris, Umar
Adbulmutallab , the
underpants bomber,
boarded a flight from
Amsterdam.
41. Although it has only
been les than a year
and half since the first
meeting in London,
many analysts believe
the process within the
group of Friends of
Yemen has been
doomed to fail from
the start.
42. • The main reason for such pessimistic views
rises from conflicting interests among
regional neighbors and Western
governments.
• Until now, Western governments have
focused on demanding democratic reform by
Yemen in areas such as civilian command of
armed forces, the judiciary and the electoral
process.
43. Some observers mentioned that work on such
issues has been stalled by Arab partners who
are not interested in such priorities since at the
end it will affect their own societies who will
demand such reform in the Gulf countries as a
consequence of their participation in the
group.
(States such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates
are not democracies by any means - power and wealth is held in the hands of a few
royal families in each of these states – you could describe these states as
autocracies – a terms meaning power is held in the hands of the one or the few)
47. As Al Gore said:
“another axis of evil in the world: poverty &
ignorance; disease & environmental disorder;
corruption & political oppression”
Military action to combat terrorism does
nothing to address some of the root causes of
poverty.
48. Since Sept. 11, 2001, the U.S. has launched a war
on terrorism, but it has neglected the deeper
causes of global instability.The nearly $500 billion
that the U.S. will spend this year on the military will
never buy lasting peace if the U.S. continues to
spend only one-thirtieth of that, around $16 billion,
to address the plight of the poorest of the poor,
whose societies are destabilized by extreme
poverty
49. The U.S. has promised repeatedly over the
decades, as a signatory to global agreements like
the MDGs, to give a much larger proportion of its
annual output, specifically up to 0.7% of GDP, to
official development assistance.
The U.S.'s failure to follow through has no political
fallout domestically. Often because of its position
as the world’s largest giver of FDA at $19 billion
Americans are often unaware of how little the US
gives on a per capitia basis – 0.25% of GDP.
50. When politicians promise to
cut foreign aid in the US, this
is generally well received by
the public (because of
erroneous beliefs that the
US gives too much).
Paul Ryan, Mitt Romney’s
running mate in 2012
promised that a Republican
administration would cut
foreign aid by $5 billion
51. Cuts in aid, or lack of aid make it harder for the international
community to counter the growth of terrorism.
For example Yemen is one of the world’s most water
stressed states – tipped to be the first in the world to run out.
Yemen needs ODA to help its government deal with some of
the conditions (poverty, unemployment, a sense of
hopelessness and grievance) which foster extremism and
terrorism.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56. Role of technology –
As his various speeches addressing Western
nations and Muslims around the world
indicate, Osama bin Laden recognized the
important role the media plays in making
terrorism’s tactics effective and impactful.
57. The success of an act of terrorism is dependent not
only on the physical attack itself, but also on the
reactions of multiple audiences; as a result,
terrorists “do not commit actions randomly or
senselessly. Each wants maximum publicity to be
generated by its actions and, moreover, aims at
intimidation and subjection to attain its
objectives…frighten and, by frightening, to
dominate and control.They want to impress.They
play to and for an audience”
58. At the same time, terrorism plays upon fear, since
“Terrorism is as much about the threat of violence
as the act of violence itself” (Hoffman, 32).
Terrorist activity strives to generate an atmosphere
of fear, insecurity, and uncertainly about potential
aggression.This instability can prompt people, and
even governments, to think and react differently
than they would have otherwise.This is exactly the
factor that al Qaeda recognized and exploited in
attacks of September 11.
59. Al Qaeda has used technology to spread its
ideology across the world in hopes of
recruiting individuals to their cause.
By embracing the technology, bin Laden
could become a symbolic leader rather than a
commander in chief.
60. His messages could continue to spread, and
recruitment could take place without any physical
communication, with tactics like “a two hour al
Qaeda recruitment video that bin Laden had
circulated throughout the Middle East during the
summer of 2001…with its graphic footage of
infidels attacking Muslims [and] children starving
under the yoke of the UN economic sanctions in
Iraq”
61. Circulating recruitment videos through the
Internet publicized negative incidents that could
incite sympathy and feelings of being wronged in
the viewer; for that reason, the appeal of al Qaeda
increased, especially as bin Laden’s claims against
the United States and theWest were validated with
horrific footage.