The Longest Memory Background
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Slavery was a brutal system that existed in America from 1619 to 1865. Millions of slaves were taken from Africa and forced to work on plantations in the Southern states. Slaves endured horrific conditions, with long work hours, physical punishment, separation of families, and little access to healthcare, education or religious freedom. Though some slaves found ways to resist the dehumanizing system through literacy, faith and escaping, slavery dominated the Southern economy and profoundly shaped American history until the Civil War and Emancipation.
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The document summarizes the horrific conditions and treatment that slaves experienced during the transatlantic slave trade. It describes how slaves were forced to walk long distances to coastal forts where they were held in dungeons for up to a year before being packed into ships. During the middle passage, slaves endured unhygienic conditions, disease, and physical abuse while slave codes legalized violence against slaves by plantation owners. The slave system became highly profitable in the southern colonies but imposed brutal punishments and restrictions on slaves.
Caribbean history slave trade
The document summarizes key aspects of the African slave trade. It discusses:
- Africans were captured from the interior and held in baracoons along the coast until being transported. Major European powers like Portugal, France, England were involved in the triangular slave trade between Africa, the Americas, and Europe from the 1500s to 1807.
- An estimated 8-15 million Africans were taken as slaves, with around 2 million going to the British Caribbean alone. The largest numbers went to Jamaica, Barbados, Martinique, and Haiti.
- There was a sexual imbalance in the slave trade, with more men transported than women. Planters preferred male workers and internal African markets drove up prices
Atlantic Slave Trade - the middle passage
Slaves endured cramped, unsanitary conditions during the Middle Passage where they were transported from Africa to the Americas. They were kept chained below deck and suffered from disease, poor nutrition, and physical abuse. Slave revolts sometimes occurred but were difficult to carry out successfully due to the slaves' lack of knowledge of how to navigate the ship. Punishments for revolts were severe, including whipping, torture, and even being thrown overboard to the sharks.
Impact of the Slave Trade on Africa
The document discusses the impact of the slave trade on Africa, including:
1) Population decreases as large numbers of Africans were kidnapped, lowering Africa's population by 25 million by 1850.
2) Loss of workforce as the bulk of those kidnapped were strong men, leaving a shortage of workers to farm and conduct other jobs.
3) Increased tribal conflicts as some tribes gained power through weapons acquired by selling slaves, leading to more disputes and war between tribes over slaves and territory.
Lecture 2 Indentured Vs Slavery
Slavery was first introduced to the Americas by the Spanish after Columbus' discovery, as enslaved indigenous people began dying off. In 1619, the first recorded African slaves arrived in the Jamestown settlement, consisting of only 20 people. Initially, indentured servitude was used as the main labor force in the colonies. However, after Bacon's Rebellion in 1676 which involved former indentured servants, plantation owners began replacing indentured servants with slaves, seeing it as a more profitable long-term investment. As the slave population grew, slave revolts increased, leading plantation owners to implement stricter slave codes and laws to control the slave population.
Slavery in the united states
Slavery existed in the United States from 1619 until 1865, primarily in the Southern states. By 1860 there were nearly 4 million slaves out of a total US population of 12 million, most held by large plantation owners. Slaves endured cruel treatment and inhumane conditions, and an internal slave trade developed that forcibly relocated over 1 million slaves for economic reasons. Abolitionist movements led by figures like Douglass and Beecher Stowe grew in the Northern states, increasing sectional tensions, while the Dred Scott decision of 1857 upheld slavery. The system was finally abolished after the Union victory in the Civil War.
Triangular trade
The document summarizes the triangular trade route that developed between Europe, Africa, and the Americas in the 16th-18th centuries. It explains that as disease killed many Native Americans, colonists relied increasingly on African slaves to work plantations producing goods like sugar. The Portuguese first established large sugar plantations in Brazil using slave labor. This led to the growth of the transatlantic slave trade, with slaves transported from Africa to the Americas to work on plantations cultivating crops like sugar, tobacco, and cotton, which were then shipped back to Europe, enriching those involved and establishing the triangular trade route.
Impact of the slave trade on africa
The slave trade had devastating impacts on Africa. It caused a massive decrease in the African population, with an estimated 50 million Africans captured and sold. Societies were disrupted as tribal wars increased to capture more slaves and gender imbalance resulted from preferential capture of young men. Cities were destroyed as populations fled to avoid capture, destroying industries like mining and disrupting agriculture. The economies of African nations became dominated by slaving and goods imported from Europe.
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The document summarizes the horrific conditions and treatment that slaves experienced during the transatlantic slave trade. It describes how slaves were forced to walk long distances to coastal forts where they were held in dungeons for up to a year before being packed into ships. During the middle passage, slaves endured unhygienic conditions, disease, and physical abuse while slave codes legalized violence against slaves by plantation owners. The slave system became highly profitable in the southern colonies but imposed brutal punishments and restrictions on slaves.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the African slave trade. It discusses:
- Africans were captured from the interior and held in baracoons along the coast until being transported. Major European powers like Portugal, France, England were involved in the triangular slave trade between Africa, the Americas, and Europe from the 1500s to 1807.
- An estimated 8-15 million Africans were taken as slaves, with around 2 million going to the British Caribbean alone. The largest numbers went to Jamaica, Barbados, Martinique, and Haiti.
- There was a sexual imbalance in the slave trade, with more men transported than women. Planters preferred male workers and internal African markets drove up prices
Atlantic Slave Trade - the middle passage
Slaves endured cramped, unsanitary conditions during the Middle Passage where they were transported from Africa to the Americas. They were kept chained below deck and suffered from disease, poor nutrition, and physical abuse. Slave revolts sometimes occurred but were difficult to carry out successfully due to the slaves' lack of knowledge of how to navigate the ship. Punishments for revolts were severe, including whipping, torture, and even being thrown overboard to the sharks.
Impact of the Slave Trade on Africa
The document discusses the impact of the slave trade on Africa, including:
1) Population decreases as large numbers of Africans were kidnapped, lowering Africa's population by 25 million by 1850.
2) Loss of workforce as the bulk of those kidnapped were strong men, leaving a shortage of workers to farm and conduct other jobs.
3) Increased tribal conflicts as some tribes gained power through weapons acquired by selling slaves, leading to more disputes and war between tribes over slaves and territory.
Lecture 2 Indentured Vs Slavery
Slavery was first introduced to the Americas by the Spanish after Columbus' discovery, as enslaved indigenous people began dying off. In 1619, the first recorded African slaves arrived in the Jamestown settlement, consisting of only 20 people. Initially, indentured servitude was used as the main labor force in the colonies. However, after Bacon's Rebellion in 1676 which involved former indentured servants, plantation owners began replacing indentured servants with slaves, seeing it as a more profitable long-term investment. As the slave population grew, slave revolts increased, leading plantation owners to implement stricter slave codes and laws to control the slave population.
Slavery in the united states
Slavery existed in the United States from 1619 until 1865, primarily in the Southern states. By 1860 there were nearly 4 million slaves out of a total US population of 12 million, most held by large plantation owners. Slaves endured cruel treatment and inhumane conditions, and an internal slave trade developed that forcibly relocated over 1 million slaves for economic reasons. Abolitionist movements led by figures like Douglass and Beecher Stowe grew in the Northern states, increasing sectional tensions, while the Dred Scott decision of 1857 upheld slavery. The system was finally abolished after the Union victory in the Civil War.
Triangular trade
The document summarizes the triangular trade route that developed between Europe, Africa, and the Americas in the 16th-18th centuries. It explains that as disease killed many Native Americans, colonists relied increasingly on African slaves to work plantations producing goods like sugar. The Portuguese first established large sugar plantations in Brazil using slave labor. This led to the growth of the transatlantic slave trade, with slaves transported from Africa to the Americas to work on plantations cultivating crops like sugar, tobacco, and cotton, which were then shipped back to Europe, enriching those involved and establishing the triangular trade route.
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The slave trade had devastating impacts on Africa. It caused a massive decrease in the African population, with an estimated 50 million Africans captured and sold. Societies were disrupted as tribal wars increased to capture more slaves and gender imbalance resulted from preferential capture of young men. Cities were destroyed as populations fled to avoid capture, destroying industries like mining and disrupting agriculture. The economies of African nations became dominated by slaving and goods imported from Europe.
Atlantic Slave Trade - why did slavery start
Slavery started because there was increasing demand for sugar but not enough workers to produce it. Africans were taken as slaves to grow sugar in the Americas as they were more resistant to European diseases than native tribes. This forced transportation of slaves from Africa to the Americas to support the sugar industry became known as the Triangular Trade due to the three stages of the journey: goods to Africa, slaves to Americas, produced goods from Americas to Europe.
Slave resistance
This document discusses various forms of resistance by slaves, ranging from passive to active resistance. Passive resistance included slow working, pretending illness, and telling lies. More extreme forms of passive resistance included refusing to work, running away, and suicide. Active resistance such as sabotage, damaging property, and murdering whites on the plantation were rare due to severe punishments but did sometimes occur. Resistance was shaped by both the African cultural influences retained by slaves and the example of Native American resistance to Spanish enslavement. Overall, prolonged slave resistance made slavery an inefficient system and contributed to its eventual end.
The Red Summer 1919
The document summarizes the Red Summer of 1919, when over 20 race riots broke out across many American cities. It describes the major causes of the riots as tensions between white and black communities over jobs and housing amid the Great Migration and post-WWI demobilization. It also notes that the worst violence occurred in Chicago, where a riot began after African Americans were prevented from accessing a whites-only beach, leading to days of clashes between white and black neighborhoods in which 38 people were killed and over 500 injured.
African american history
African Americans were originally brought to the United States as slaves, arriving from Africa in 1619. Slavery ended in 1865 with the Civil War, but African Americans still faced discrimination under Jim Crow laws that enforced racial segregation until the 1950s-60s Civil Rights Movement. The movement used nonviolent protests and demonstrations led by figures like Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks to fight for equal rights and desegregation, gradually bringing about social and political change that continues today.
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The document summarizes the triangular trade route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that was central to the Atlantic slave trade. The Henrietta Marie, a slave ship from London, is used to illustrate a typical slave trading voyage. It would carry manufactured goods to Africa to trade for enslaved Africans, transporting them in horrific conditions to the Caribbean on the Middle Passage. There, the slaves were sold and the ship loaded with sugar and other goods to bring back profits to Europe, completing the triangle. The slave trade resulted in the forced migration and deaths of millions of Africans for European economic gain.
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Slave Codes And Resisting Slavery
Slave codes were laws that controlled the behavior of slaves. A picture shows a family of Africans being sold into slavery, risking being separated forever. Slaves resisted slavery by refusing to obey owners or work, pretending to be sick, breaking tools, learning to read despite bans, escaping to the North on the Underground Railroad, and rebelling in groups.
Atlantic Slave Trade - the Triangular Trade
The triangular trade involved three stages: 1) European traders brought goods to Africa and traded for slaves. 2) Slaves were then transported to the Americas through the grueling Middle Passage. 3) Goods produced by slaves in the Americas, such as sugar, cotton, and tobacco, were brought back to Europe for sale, completing the triangle.
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This presentation provides a general history of American slavery (with greater emphasis on its development than on its antebellum incarnation) to give students some understanding of the institution. It is the fourth in a series of presentations designed for college students in a seminar on The Civil War and Reconstruction. Students will spend more time engaging antebellum slavery (the slavery that is more familiar to most Americans) in class.
Atlantic Slave Trade - slave factories
Slave factories were located along the coast of Africa and served as prisons where captured Africans were held until being transported overseas. Gangs would kidnap or capture Africans through debt or war and force them to make long difficult journeys in chains to the factories. Conditions in the factories were poor, with disease and violence common. Africans were sometimes held for months until being selected for transport on slave ships to the Americas, where they faced an uncertain future across the Atlantic.
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The document provides an overview of the history and evidence surrounding crop circles. It discusses early historical accounts of crop circles from the 17th century. It then covers the proliferation of crop circles starting in the 1970s and analyses various characteristics of crop circles like plant effects, soil effects, and electromagnetic field anomalies found at crop circle sites. The document also discusses both theories for the circles being caused by natural or man-made causes as well as the possibility of them being created by extraterrestrial phenomena.
Positive and Negative Effects of Imperialization on South Africa
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The Dutch established settlements and farms, bringing slavery which negatively impacted native populations. However, agriculture prospered.
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Slaves resisted their owners in various ways, both violently and non-violently. Non-violent resistance included working slowly, pretending to be ill, and escaping, sometimes with the help of the Underground Railroad network. Violent resistance involved damaging owner's property, hurting or killing farm animals, and in rare cases, attacking or killing owners. Famous slave rebellions, like Nat Turner's rebellion in 1831 and the 1861 Baptist War in Jamaica, showed that some slaves were willing to take up arms against their oppressors.
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1) The transatlantic slave trade transported 10-20 million Africans to the Americas over 300 years, mostly to Brazil, the Caribbean, and Spanish colonies. Less than 5% went to North America.
2) Enslaved Africans were subjected to brutal conditions during capture, the Middle Passage voyage, and on plantations where they produced crops like cotton, sugar, and tobacco.
3) The slave trade had devastating impacts on Africa's population and development while fueling economic growth in Europe through plantation agriculture.
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This document provides an overview of slavery in the Antebellum South. It discusses the rise of cotton and slavery, the growth of the plantation system, and the emergence of three distinct regions in the South with varying levels of slavery. It also examines slave culture and resistance, the abolitionist movement in the North and South, and the impact of abolitionism over time. Key events mentioned include the invention of the cotton gin, Nat Turner's rebellion, and the establishment of abolitionist newspapers like The Liberator and North Star.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the abolition movement in the United States, including the harsh living conditions faced by slaves, Nat Turner's rebellion, and prominent abolitionist leaders and their efforts. It describes the daily hardships of slaves, such as living in poor conditions without rights. It also outlines Turner's rebellion in 1831 and the increased restrictions placed on slaves and free blacks afterwards. Furthermore, it profiles influential abolitionists like Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, Harriet Beecher Stowe, John Quincy Adams, and Harriet Tubman, and their roles in advocating for the end of slavery through newspapers, speeches, books, and aiding the Underground Railroad.
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This document summarizes the presentation given by Taitu Heron on identifying the people of African descent in the context of the international year for people of African descent. It discusses the trauma experienced by Africans during the middle passage and life under slavery, including the sexual violence, family separation, harsh working conditions and punishments they endured. It examines records of the 187 enslaved people who lived on the plantation that is now the location of the University of the West Indies in 1817. The document emphasizes the importance of honoring the lives and experiences of ancestors who suffered through slavery and using history to heal from the trauma and move forward in a way that respects those who came before.
161Week Seven Reason andRevolution Part IIPerki.docx
161
Week Seven: Reason and
Revolution Part II
Perkins−Perkins:
Selections from American
Literature
Olaudah Equiano Author Bio © The McGraw−Hill
Companies, 2007
OLAUDAH EQUIANO
(1745?–1797?)
As a child of eleven, Equiano was captured by slavers. His sister was taken at the
same time, but they were soon separated, and he was to be haunted the rest of his
life by his inability to save her and by his fears about her fate. Born in what is
today Nigeria, he probably spoke the Ibo language and was able to learn several
other African dialects as he traveled westward, passing through the households of
several masters over a six-month period. Finally he arrived on the shore of a large
river, probably the Niger, which took him to a seaport where he was sold to white
slave traders bound for the West Indies.
The young slave served several English and American masters who gave him
Western names, including Gustavus Vassa, the name he used most often and in-
cluded in the title of his book: Equiano’s Travels: The Interesting Narrative of the
Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa the African. Even more important, his
various masters acknowledged his intelligence by training him to read and write
and by teaching him the navigation and business skills he needed to prosper. After
ten years of servitude he earned the money needed to buy his freedom by investing
in cargoes traded by his last master, a Philadelphia Quaker named Robert King.
Equiano’s cosmopolitan experience both as a slave and as a free man took
him to Canada, where he served Captain Pascal, a soldier with General Wolfe dur-
ing the French and Indian War, to the Arctic, where he was icebound on a ship, to
Italy, where he saw an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, and to the United States,
where he observed events leading up to the American Revolution. After the war,
he helped focus the energies of a diverse antislavery movement into an organized
force, connected with its British counterpart.
Although he was active in advocating justice for slaves and former slaves in
both countries, Equiano’s cherished dream was to return to Africa and regain title
to his ancestral lands, where he promised to entertain his abolitionist friends with
“luxuriant pineapples and the well flavoured virgin palm wine.” His hopes of re-
turning were dashed, however, when the expedition he was appointed to supervise
fell victim to corruption and political intrigue.
In 1788 Equiano settled down in the home of a London friend to write his
autobiography. It appeared in print in England the following year and in the United
States two years later. From his earliest days of literacy, Equiano had made a habit
of noting details of his experience in his journals. As a convert to Christianity and a
spokesperson for the antislavery movement, he mingled regularly with educated
English speakers. It is not surprising, therefore, that at the age of forty-four he was
able to write the first great African-American slave narrative i.
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Slavery started because there was increasing demand for sugar but not enough workers to produce it. Africans were taken as slaves to grow sugar in the Americas as they were more resistant to European diseases than native tribes. This forced transportation of slaves from Africa to the Americas to support the sugar industry became known as the Triangular Trade due to the three stages of the journey: goods to Africa, slaves to Americas, produced goods from Americas to Europe.
Slave resistance
This document discusses various forms of resistance by slaves, ranging from passive to active resistance. Passive resistance included slow working, pretending illness, and telling lies. More extreme forms of passive resistance included refusing to work, running away, and suicide. Active resistance such as sabotage, damaging property, and murdering whites on the plantation were rare due to severe punishments but did sometimes occur. Resistance was shaped by both the African cultural influences retained by slaves and the example of Native American resistance to Spanish enslavement. Overall, prolonged slave resistance made slavery an inefficient system and contributed to its eventual end.
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The document summarizes the Red Summer of 1919, when over 20 race riots broke out across many American cities. It describes the major causes of the riots as tensions between white and black communities over jobs and housing amid the Great Migration and post-WWI demobilization. It also notes that the worst violence occurred in Chicago, where a riot began after African Americans were prevented from accessing a whites-only beach, leading to days of clashes between white and black neighborhoods in which 38 people were killed and over 500 injured.
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African Americans were originally brought to the United States as slaves, arriving from Africa in 1619. Slavery ended in 1865 with the Civil War, but African Americans still faced discrimination under Jim Crow laws that enforced racial segregation until the 1950s-60s Civil Rights Movement. The movement used nonviolent protests and demonstrations led by figures like Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks to fight for equal rights and desegregation, gradually bringing about social and political change that continues today.
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The document summarizes the triangular trade route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that was central to the Atlantic slave trade. The Henrietta Marie, a slave ship from London, is used to illustrate a typical slave trading voyage. It would carry manufactured goods to Africa to trade for enslaved Africans, transporting them in horrific conditions to the Caribbean on the Middle Passage. There, the slaves were sold and the ship loaded with sugar and other goods to bring back profits to Europe, completing the triangle. The slave trade resulted in the forced migration and deaths of millions of Africans for European economic gain.
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This presentation provides a general history of American slavery (with greater emphasis on its development than on its antebellum incarnation) to give students some understanding of the institution. It is the fourth in a series of presentations designed for college students in a seminar on The Civil War and Reconstruction. Students will spend more time engaging antebellum slavery (the slavery that is more familiar to most Americans) in class.
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Slave factories were located along the coast of Africa and served as prisons where captured Africans were held until being transported overseas. Gangs would kidnap or capture Africans through debt or war and force them to make long difficult journeys in chains to the factories. Conditions in the factories were poor, with disease and violence common. Africans were sometimes held for months until being selected for transport on slave ships to the Americas, where they faced an uncertain future across the Atlantic.
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Positive and Negative Effects of Imperialization on South Africa
The colonization of South Africa by the Dutch and British had both positive and negative effects:
The Dutch established settlements and farms, bringing slavery which negatively impacted native populations. However, agriculture prospered.
The British later gained control, improving travel between Britain and India but also causing tensions as the Dutch-descended Boers migrated inland, conflicting with native groups.
This led to the establishment of independent Boer republics, but the discovery of resources attracted renewed British influence and conflict, culminating in the Anglo-Boer wars.
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Slaves resisted their owners in various ways, both violently and non-violently. Non-violent resistance included working slowly, pretending to be ill, and escaping, sometimes with the help of the Underground Railroad network. Violent resistance involved damaging owner's property, hurting or killing farm animals, and in rare cases, attacking or killing owners. Famous slave rebellions, like Nat Turner's rebellion in 1831 and the 1861 Baptist War in Jamaica, showed that some slaves were willing to take up arms against their oppressors.
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1) The transatlantic slave trade transported 10-20 million Africans to the Americas over 300 years, mostly to Brazil, the Caribbean, and Spanish colonies. Less than 5% went to North America.
2) Enslaved Africans were subjected to brutal conditions during capture, the Middle Passage voyage, and on plantations where they produced crops like cotton, sugar, and tobacco.
3) The slave trade had devastating impacts on Africa's population and development while fueling economic growth in Europe through plantation agriculture.
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This document provides an overview of slavery in the Antebellum South. It discusses the rise of cotton and slavery, the growth of the plantation system, and the emergence of three distinct regions in the South with varying levels of slavery. It also examines slave culture and resistance, the abolitionist movement in the North and South, and the impact of abolitionism over time. Key events mentioned include the invention of the cotton gin, Nat Turner's rebellion, and the establishment of abolitionist newspapers like The Liberator and North Star.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the abolition movement in the United States, including the harsh living conditions faced by slaves, Nat Turner's rebellion, and prominent abolitionist leaders and their efforts. It describes the daily hardships of slaves, such as living in poor conditions without rights. It also outlines Turner's rebellion in 1831 and the increased restrictions placed on slaves and free blacks afterwards. Furthermore, it profiles influential abolitionists like Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, Harriet Beecher Stowe, John Quincy Adams, and Harriet Tubman, and their roles in advocating for the end of slavery through newspapers, speeches, books, and aiding the Underground Railroad.
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Just who were those people
This document summarizes the presentation given by Taitu Heron on identifying the people of African descent in the context of the international year for people of African descent. It discusses the trauma experienced by Africans during the middle passage and life under slavery, including the sexual violence, family separation, harsh working conditions and punishments they endured. It examines records of the 187 enslaved people who lived on the plantation that is now the location of the University of the West Indies in 1817. The document emphasizes the importance of honoring the lives and experiences of ancestors who suffered through slavery and using history to heal from the trauma and move forward in a way that respects those who came before.
161Week Seven Reason andRevolution Part IIPerki.docx
161
Week Seven: Reason and
Revolution Part II
Perkins−Perkins:
Selections from American
Literature
Olaudah Equiano Author Bio © The McGraw−Hill
Companies, 2007
OLAUDAH EQUIANO
(1745?–1797?)
As a child of eleven, Equiano was captured by slavers. His sister was taken at the
same time, but they were soon separated, and he was to be haunted the rest of his
life by his inability to save her and by his fears about her fate. Born in what is
today Nigeria, he probably spoke the Ibo language and was able to learn several
other African dialects as he traveled westward, passing through the households of
several masters over a six-month period. Finally he arrived on the shore of a large
river, probably the Niger, which took him to a seaport where he was sold to white
slave traders bound for the West Indies.
The young slave served several English and American masters who gave him
Western names, including Gustavus Vassa, the name he used most often and in-
cluded in the title of his book: Equiano’s Travels: The Interesting Narrative of the
Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa the African. Even more important, his
various masters acknowledged his intelligence by training him to read and write
and by teaching him the navigation and business skills he needed to prosper. After
ten years of servitude he earned the money needed to buy his freedom by investing
in cargoes traded by his last master, a Philadelphia Quaker named Robert King.
Equiano’s cosmopolitan experience both as a slave and as a free man took
him to Canada, where he served Captain Pascal, a soldier with General Wolfe dur-
ing the French and Indian War, to the Arctic, where he was icebound on a ship, to
Italy, where he saw an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, and to the United States,
where he observed events leading up to the American Revolution. After the war,
he helped focus the energies of a diverse antislavery movement into an organized
force, connected with its British counterpart.
Although he was active in advocating justice for slaves and former slaves in
both countries, Equiano’s cherished dream was to return to Africa and regain title
to his ancestral lands, where he promised to entertain his abolitionist friends with
“luxuriant pineapples and the well flavoured virgin palm wine.” His hopes of re-
turning were dashed, however, when the expedition he was appointed to supervise
fell victim to corruption and political intrigue.
In 1788 Equiano settled down in the home of a London friend to write his
autobiography. It appeared in print in England the following year and in the United
States two years later. From his earliest days of literacy, Equiano had made a habit
of noting details of his experience in his journals. As a convert to Christianity and a
spokesperson for the antislavery movement, he mingled regularly with educated
English speakers. It is not surprising, therefore, that at the age of forty-four he was
able to write the first great African-American slave narrative i.
· OBSERVATION1. What type of document is this (Ex. Newspaper, t.docx
· OBSERVATION
1. What type of document is this? (Ex. Newspaper, telegram, map, letter, memorandum, congressional record)
2. For what audience was the document written?
EXPRESSION
1. What do you find interesting or important about this document?
1. Is there a particular phrase or section that you find particularly meaningful or surprising?
CONNECTION
1. What does this document tell you about life in America at the time it was written?
1.
An African Narrative by Olaudah Equiano (1791)
Chapter 3 Document:
An African Narrative by Olaudah Equiano (1791)
Please read this document and if you are assigned to do so, submit your answers to the questions on the Document Worksheet as determined by your instructor.
While there was land aplenty in America, the key to the American dream of prosperity was labor: one's own and others'. The primary labor group was the family, but added to those laborers tied by marriage and birth were those tied by wages ("free" laborers), contracts (indentured servants), and coercion (slaves). Although Indian and African slavery had been part of the colonization process in the Americas since the conquistadores, the importation and use of African slaves in the English mainland colonies did not commence in earnest until the late seventeenth century. The exploitation of enslaved Africans and their descendants then increased tremendously in the eighteenth century, especially in the southern colonies, although slaves were found in every colony.
First African and then European traders carried Olaudah Equiano (1745–1797), an Ibo of Nigeria, into the trap of trans-Atlantic slavery when he was a boy of eleven. Slavery as an institution was not new to Equiano; his father had slaves, but he found that the Euro-American concept of slavery was different from the African one. Equiano survived the passage from Africa to the colonies and was bought by a Virginia planter, and shortly thereafter, by an English naval officer. He served on warships during the Seven Years' War and then, as the property of a Quaker merchant, participated in the trade between the West Indies and the southern colonies. Equiano bought his freedom in 1766 and supported himself as a sailor. His life did not parallel the lives of most of those enslaved, for he learned to read and write and gained his own liberty. Greatly influenced by evangelical ministers who preached the equality of souls, he used his freedom and education to work for the abolition of slavery.
* * *
The first object which saluted my eyes when I arrived on the coast, was the sea, and a slave ship, which was then riding at anchor, and waiting for its cargo. These filled me with astonishment, which was soon converted into terror, when I was carried on board. I was immediately handled, and tossed up to see if I were sound, by some of the crew; and I was now persuaded that I had gotten into a world of bad spirits, and that they were going to kill me. Their complexions, too, differing so much fr.
An Appeal in Favor of that Class of Americans Called Africans
This document provides a brief history of Negro slavery, outlining its origins and spread. It began in 1442 when Portuguese explorer Prince Henry had African prisoners exchanged for 10 African slaves. It then spread to Spanish colonies in the early 1500s as native Indians died out and African slaves were imported. Englishman Sir John Hawkins was the first to engage in the slave trade, transporting 300 Africans to Hispaniola against their will in the 1560s. Over the following centuries, slavery took hold in British, French and other colonies in the Americas. The document argues slavery has had disastrous effects on Africa by fueling warfare, private kidnapping, and leaders' sale of their own people for goods from European ships. It
History 1301 7 9-05 1600's slavery ch 3 intro
This document provides an overview of early American history from the 1600s, covering the original 13 colonies. It discusses the founding and key details about Virginia, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, Connecticut, Maryland, New Hampshire, Delaware, the Carolinas and other colonies. Important figures mentioned include John Smith, the Pilgrims, Puritans like John Winthrop, Roger Williams, the Dutch presence in New York, religious tolerance in Maryland, and the origins of the colonies.
Alexander Falconbridge, The African Slave Trade (1788).htmlAle.docx
Alexander Falconbridge, The African Slave Trade (1788).html
Alexander Falconbridge, The African Slave Trade (1788)
Alexander Falconbridge served as ship’s surgeon on slaving ships during the later half of the 18th century. During his voyages across the Atlantic, Falconbridge had occasion to observe the abhorrent treatment of the slaves at the hands of the crews. During one such voyage, Falconbridge wrote this account of the conditions on the ship, including his own views on the practice of slavery. This excerpt is from An Account of the Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa, published in 1788.
As soon as the wretched Africans, purchased at the fairs, fall into the hands of the black traders, they experience an earnest of those dreadful sufferings which they are doomed in future to undergo. And there is not the least room to doubt, but that even before they can reach the fairs, great numbers perish from cruel usage, want of food, travelling through inhospitable deserts, etc. They are brought from the places where they are purchased to Bonny, etc. in canoes; at the bottom of which they lie, having their hands tied with a kind of willow twigs, and a strict watch is kept over them. Their usage in other respects, during the time of passage, which generally lasts several days, is equally cruel. Their allowance of food is so scanty, that it is barely sufficient to support nature. They are, besides, much exposed to the violent rains which frequently fall here, being covered only with mats that afford but a slight defense; and as there is usually water at the bottom of the canoes, from their leaking, they are scarcely every dry.
Nor do these unhappying beings, after they become the property of the Europeans (from whom as a more civilized people, more humanity might naturally be expected), find their situation in the least amended. Their treatment is no less rigorous. The men Negroes, on being brought aboard the ship, are immediately fastened together, two and two, by handcuffs on their wrists, and irons riveted on their legs. They are then sent down between the decks, and placed in an apartment partitioned off for that purpose. The women likewise are placed in a separate room, on the same deck, but without being ironed. And an adjoining room, on the same deck is besides appointed for the boys. Thus are they placed in different apartments.
But at the same time, they are frequently stowed so close, as to admit of no other posture than lying on their sides. Neither will the height between decks, unless directly under the grating, permit them the indulgence of an erect posture; especially where there are platforms, which is generally the case. These platforms are a kind of shelf, about eight or nine feet in breadth, extending from the side of the ship towards the centre. They are placed nearly midway between the decks, at the distance of two or three feet from each deck. Upon these the Negroes are stowed in the same manner as they are on the deck underneath..
Hogan's History- Tensions Over Slavery
The document summarizes tensions over slavery in the United States prior to the Civil War. It describes how Africans were captured and sold into the transatlantic slave trade, with millions dying during the journey or in captivity. The southern economy became dependent on slave labor to cultivate cash crops like cotton and tobacco. Slavery divided the nation along sectional lines, pitting the industrialized North against the agricultural South. Southern states defended the institution of slavery, leading to conflicts over states' rights and the expansion of slavery into new western territories. Enslaved people resisted through acts of sabotage, running away, and occasional rebellions, despite facing severe punishment if caught. The tensions over slavery and states' rights would
Atlantic slave trade
The document discusses the origins and impacts of the Atlantic slave trade. It began with African kingdoms practicing slavery for centuries before Europeans greatly increased demand. Slaves were transported in horrific conditions on ships to the Americas to work plantations growing cash crops like sugar. An estimated 11 million Africans were enslaved, with millions dying during the Middle Passage. The slave trade profoundly disrupted African societies and economies while fueling plantation economies in the Americas through centuries of slave labor.
Slavery interception reading
The Reverend Robert Walsh boarded a slave ship called the Feloz in 1829 off the coast of Africa. He found over 500 men, women, and children crammed into the ship's lower decks, confined in spaces so low they had to sit bent-kneed with no room to move. Many showed signs of illness, emaciation, and abuse. The conditions on the ship were utterly inhumane, with inadequate space, food, air and extreme heat, causing 55 of the slaves to have already died in the 17 days since leaving Africa. When brought onto the deck, the slaves were in a state of jubilation and desperation, fighting for even a small amount of fresh air and water after
Similar to The Longest Memory Background (9)
161Week Seven Reason andRevolution Part IIPerki.docx
161Week Seven Reason andRevolution Part IIPerki.docx
· OBSERVATION1. What type of document is this (Ex. Newspaper, t.docx
· OBSERVATION1. What type of document is this (Ex. Newspaper, t.docx
An Appeal in Favor of that Class of Americans Called Africans
An Appeal in Favor of that Class of Americans Called Africans
Alexander Falconbridge, The African Slave Trade (1788).htmlAle.docx
Alexander Falconbridge, The African Slave Trade (1788).htmlAle.docx
More from Kathleen Paris
Revolutionary imagery 2018
The document summarizes tensions leading up to the French Revolution. The Third Estate faced a disproportionate tax burden while owning little land. While the Estates General initially raised hopes for reform, resentment grew as the king's support for changes became unclear, as shown through popular images depicting the king taking different stances to different groups.
Ppt 4 the financial crisis
The document summarizes the financial problems that led to the French Revolution. By the 1780s, France was facing large budget deficits due to decades of war spending. Revenue was insufficient to cover expenditures, with deficits of 112 million livres in 1786 and 126 million livres in 1788. The tax system was also highly inefficient and regressive. Reform attempts by ministers Turgot and Necker failed to solve the structural financial issues, contributing to rising social tensions.
Ppt 9 crowd bastille october days
The document discusses the events surrounding the storming of the Bastille and its significance. It summarizes that while political leaders initiated calls to action, the crowds had their own agency based on traditions of protest. Most who took part in storming the Bastille were small traders and artisans rather than the bourgeoisie. This marked a shift in power away from the King towards the radical Paris population and National Assembly.
Ppt 8 the revolt of the people - the great fear, august decrees
The Great Fear was a wave of peasant uprisings across France in July-August 1789 in response to the storming of the Bastille and rumors that the nobility would seek revenge. To restore order, the National Assembly abolished feudalism by passing the August Decrees, eliminating seigneurial dues and privileges. They also introduced the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen proclaiming equality and universal rights, though it was ambiguous about political equality for all groups. While revolutionary, full equality was not yet achieved, especially for the poor.
Ppt 7 the national assembly tennis court oath fall of the bastille
1. The meeting of the Estates General in 1789 complicated the political crisis in France by changing the nature of political debate. Members of the Third Estate realized they were fighting against all three estates, not just the monarchy.
2. Sieyes proposed that the Third Estate declare itself the National Assembly, representing all of France. On June 17th, 1789, the Third Estate took this revolutionary step, claiming sovereignty over taxation and governance.
3. Support steadily grew for the National Assembly, with most clergy joining by June 19th. However, Louis XVI then attempted to assert royal authority by scheduling a Royal Session on June 23rd and locking the meeting hall of the Third Estate.
Ppt 6 election of the estates general, the pamphlet
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Ppt 5 Calonne Brienne conflict with parlements Assembly of the notables
Calonne inherited a large deficit from his predecessors and sought to reform France's inefficient tax system. He proposed a single land tax applied to all estates as well as other reforms. However, the Assembly of Notables, while supporting tax equality in principle, objected to shouldering the main tax burden and demanded transparency on royal finances before approving new taxes. This led Louis to dismiss both Calonne and the Assembly of Notables.
Ppt 4 the financial crisis
The document summarizes the financial problems that led to the French Revolution. By the 1780s, France was facing large budget deficits due to high spending from wars and a complex, inefficient tax system. Reforms attempted by ministers Turgot and Necker failed to solve the structural issues. The country was on the verge of bankruptcy by 1786, with deficits estimated at over 25% of national income. Rising prices from deregulating grain markets also contributed to public unrest among the poor.
Ppt 3 causes - short term
The document discusses several factors that contributed to the revolutionary situation in France by 1789. There were long term tensions between social classes as well as the impact of Enlightenment ideas. Short term factors included economic crisis due to poor harvests, financial difficulties exacerbated by the costly American Revolution and expensive wars with Britain and Austria, and growing political discontent with the monarchy and establishment. Food shortages, rising bread prices, unemployment and unrest against the nobility further destabilized the country on the eve of the revolution.
Ppt 2 the enlightenment
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Ppt 10 al qaeda
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Ppt 9 global crises
The document discusses state and non-state terrorism. It defines terrorism as violent and premeditated attacks against political, economic, or civilian targets intended to spread fear and achieve a political goal, such as the September 11th attacks. State terrorism refers to violence committed by governments against domestic or foreign enemies. The causes of terrorism include historical grievances, poverty, oppression, ideology, and religion. Groups use terrorism because they believe violence can create political change. Terrorism represents asymmetric warfare for weaker groups against stronger states.
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Exam Revision Part I
This document contains information about several topics:
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Eleven
A train driver's perspective shows the speed of the train increasing from 42.03 to 43.17 as it approaches a crossing. Another person asks the driver "Are you having an affair?". The speed then increases to 44.18.
Crashing
The musical interlude mirrors the issues the protagonists face through contrasting shots of Nick and Phil's computer screens as crashing electronic music plays. The director employs shifting shots between the two characters' perspectives and a building musical score to represent their clashing views and increasing tension over an undisclosed issue.
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More from Kathleen Paris (20)
Ppt 8 the revolt of the people - the great fear, august decrees
Ppt 8 the revolt of the people - the great fear, august decrees
Ppt 7 the national assembly tennis court oath fall of the bastille
Ppt 7 the national assembly tennis court oath fall of the bastille
Ppt 6 election of the estates general, the pamphlet
Ppt 6 election of the estates general, the pamphlet
Ppt 5 Calonne Brienne conflict with parlements Assembly of the notables
Ppt 5 Calonne Brienne conflict with parlements Assembly of the notables
Ppt 12 effectiveness of asymmetrical conflict al qaeda
Ppt 12 effectiveness of asymmetrical conflict al qaeda
The Longest Memory Background
- 1. Slavery in America 1619 – 1865
- 3. Most slaves came from the west coast of Africa, so many in fact, that this area was referred to by Europeans as the Slave Coast. The slave coast stretches along modern day Nigeria, Ghana, Senegal, Benin, The Gambia, Congo, Gabon and Angola.
- 4. No one knows the exact number of slaves that were taken from Africa. Philip Curtin in 1969 calculated that about 10 million slaves were taken from Africa. Many Historians refer to this as the Black Holocaust. It is a tragedy for Africa that few still know little about.
- 5. Conditions on board the slave vessels in the trip across the Atlantic were appalling. 2 in 10 Africans died in the voyage over.
- 16. ...belles of the ball...
- 18. … grand living..
- 20. … and more grand living…
- 24. Life for slaves was one of unremitting labour