Calonne inherited a large deficit from his predecessors and sought to reform France's inefficient tax system. He proposed a single land tax applied to all estates as well as other reforms. However, the Assembly of Notables, while supporting tax equality in principle, objected to shouldering the main tax burden and demanded transparency on royal finances before approving new taxes. This led Louis to dismiss both Calonne and the Assembly of Notables.
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organs of the government of bangladesh
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government: concept
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French Revolution a chapter of grade IX. This power point presentation gives detailed information about the chapter. I hope all students will benefit from this presentation.
French Revolution a chapter of grade IX. This power point presentation gives detailed information about the chapter. I hope all students will benefit from this presentation.
Yavuz Sefik12915Week 21 AnalysisThe Declaration of the Ri.docxjeffevans62972
Yavuz Sefik
1/29/15
Week 21 Analysis
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen embodies enlightenment principles articulated by Locke, Rousseau and Voltaire as those principles were understood by bourgeois leaders and members of the French National Assembly, and this is apparent in the document itself.
The “preamble” of the document begins by saying that the French people’s representatives, not the monarchy, are the ones who are setting the rights of man straight. “The representatives of the French people, organized as a National Assembly, believing that the ignorance, neglect, or contempt of the rights of man are the sole cause of public calamities and of the corruption of governments, have determined to set forth in a solemn declaration the natural, unalienable, and sacred rights of man.”
The National Assembly then lists the rights of man and the citizen. The influence of prominent Enlightenment thinkers is obvious in the document. For example, the first right states that, “Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.” This is an idea that Rousseau would emphasize. The bourgeois leaders then continue by stating each human’s natural rights, which are, “liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.” Both Locke and Rousseau have contributed ideas to French society that the assembly picked up on.
The document then continues stating rights, and allows the people the freedom to do any action that does not harm someone else. “Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society. Nothing may be prevented which is not forbidden by law, and no one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law.” This is an idea that Voltaire would have likely supported. Another right in the document that likely originated from Voltaire is the right to religious freedom. “No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions, including his religious views, provided their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law.”
Yavuz Sefik
1/28/15
Week 21 Homework
The French National Assembly came to be in a turmoil of chaos and oppression of French commoners; they had a goal of revolutionizing the French governmental system by giving more power to the people and less to the monarchy, and they were partially successful in doing this by passing the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Constitution of 1791.
In the 1780s, France was in a crisis. After paying for a costly war to ensure the independence of the Americans, the country was in deep debt. Since all taxes came from the poorest people of France, there was little that could be done in the current situation to alleviate the debt. As a result, the government called the Estates-General into session, which did not happen since 1614. Three estates, or social classes, made up this legislative body: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. Normally, each estate had one vote. However, the third estate, the commoners, did not like this, since any proposa.
ITS A PRESENTATION OF 32 SLIDES BASED ON THE HISTORY CHAPTER "FRENCH REVOLUTION" OF CLASS IX. IT COVERS ALL THE IMPORTANT CONCEPTS FROM THE
CHAPTER. THANK U....
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. Rude
Marxist historians suggest that the revolution
unfolded in 4 distinct phrases, successively
drawing in different groups of people
Aristocratic revolt – because the privileged
orders resisted the Crowns’ attempts at fiscal
reform
Then drew in bourgeoisie, urban working
classes and peasantry in multi class rebellion
3.
Tensions ins society – the Church,
nobility,Third estate
Impact of the Enlightenment
Long term causes
5. Foreign policy At war for 20 years from 1740-1783
American War of Independence 1.3 billion
livre
Awareness of political liberty for USA while
no political liberty in France – and still
taxation without representation in France,
unlike America
Economic crisis Bad harvests – rising price bread crisis – 88%
of wages
Less consumption – unemployment in
industry
Grain and food riots – FlourWar – proto
revolution
Financial crisis Inefficient and chaotic tax system –Third
Estate beared the burden
Tax farming
Regional exceptionalism and internal customs
barriers
Political crisis Louis XVI weakness
Aristocratic Revolt – power challenge by
Parlements
6. Necker’s successors,
Charles Calonne
inherited an
problematic legacy.
1.3 billion livre cost of
USWar of
Independence
1786 – 112 million livre
deficit
7. InitiallyCalonne sought control the situation
by seeking even more loans – 653 million
livres.
Seems paradoxical but Calonne wanted to
maintain wanted to maintain confidence in
the Crown (by broadcasting its ability to
spend lavishly and raise new loans) but
recognised this could not continue
indefinitely.
8. Necker’s Compte Rednu created two
problems for Calonne – firstly Calonne found
his own financial management questioned
and credibility Where had the surplus gone?
On 20th August 1786 told Louis XVI that the
government was on verge of bankruptcy and
presented a plan for new reforms
9. Two steps –
1 - Introduce a single land tax – on land and the
amount owned – not the person – so would be
applied across all three estates. Paid by
everyone. Paid in produce and to be collected by
regional assemblies.
Abolish most of the tax exemptions held by the
privileged estates. (Nobs still exempt from the
taille)
10. 2 – LikeTurgot, advocated laissez- faire grain
trade, abolish the Corvee, and abolish
internal customs barriers
3 – Calonne wanted to call an Assembly of
Notables
144 men selected by the King and Calonne
11. Important part of the legal and administrative system
of the ancien regime were the Parlements.
Very differ from English Parliament.
13 courts of appeal for the French provinces.
Paris Parlement was the sovereign court of appeal in
the nation. A jurisdiction of 10 million people
By 1780s there were 1200 magistrates who presided
over the Parlements, all of whom were noblesse du
robe and thus members of the Second Estate.
12. The Paris Parlement was the sovereign court of
appeal.
Royal edicts had to be registered with the Paris
Parlement before they became law.
The role of the Parlement was to scrutinise royal edits
– to check them in order to determine if they were in
accordance with France’s constriction and local laws
The Parlement had the right to remonstrate (point
out defects) and return to the King for reconsidering
and perhaps redrafting.
13. It did not have the power to reject edits, only
delay them.
Furthermore by publishing the remonstrance,
the Parlements could rally public support by
evoking opposition to the edicts.
Doyle ‘By deferring registration pending the kings
reply, they were able to delay and obstruct
government policy and since the death of Louis
XV, they had developed this technique into a
major vehicle of opposition’
14. As an absolute monarch, the French king could
override the their objections using a lit de justice.
But such opposition and drastic measures would
knock public confidence in the monarchy and
make royal borrowing even more expensive.
The judges of the Paris Parlement had a history
of resisting royal power.
15. Increasingly the Paris Parlement claimed its
functions gave it a king of quasi democratic
legitimacy – as if it represented the nation.
Even entrenched noble interests were couched
in the language of the philosophers – the
Parlements spoke of their role in defencing the
‘natural laws’ of ‘citizens’, ‘inalienable rights’ and
as a barrier to despotism.
(p.37 text)
16. Attemt to covert the right of remonstrance
into the right of veto and for the nobility a
chance for them to regain some of the
powers they had lost in the reign of Louis XIV.
17.
18. A rebellion led by powerful nobles early in Louis XIV reign
led him to devise a way to emasculate and weaken the
powers of the French nobility.
In the Sun King's reign the nobility had the means to raise
private armies and build fortifications.The king did not
have the means to raise and keep an army himself and had
to rely on these nobles to defend the nation.
Lesser nobles, who had the ability to read and write, also
acted as the king's agents. Effectively, they were his
representatives of government to the people.They
collected taxes, posted edicts, and administered justice.
19. Louis XIV reduced the nobles’ power by requiring
them to spend at least some portion of the year as
courtiers in residence atVersailles
. AtVersailles, the aristocracy were removed from
their provincial power centres and came under the
surveillance and control of the royal government.
Rather than seen as demeaning, the nobles took
required membership of the royal court to be a high
honour. Nobles, being granted residence atVersailles,
were generally prepared to give up their former duties
as royal representatives outside Paris.
20. While Louis was an absolute monarch for
reforms as radical as these, he needed the
approval of the Paris Parlement.
To get new loans Calonne had to convince
bankers that his reform would pass into law,
that France would be a better situation to pay
the loans and it was supported by the most
powerful groups o France.
21. Turgot has suggested as part of his Six Edicts
to replace the Corvee with a universal land
tax.
22. Your Parlement understood that the edict
substituting a universal, indefinite, and
perpetual land tax for the corvée, under the guise
of the apparent relief it offers the people, could
at first glance have seemed a beneficent act
inspired by love of humanity. But at the same
time, Sire, your Parlement was sure that a more
careful examination of the edict would reveal to
Your Majesty that it represents a policy
burdensome even for those whom you wish to
help, and contrary to the sense of justice that
motivates you.
23. The first rule of justice is to preserve for every man that which belongs to him… It
is a rule that consists not only of maintaining property rights, but also of
preserving personal rights, in addition to those which derive from the
prerogatives of birth and Estate. From this rule of law and equity it follows that
any system designed to create an equality of duties between men, even under
the guise of humanity and benevolence, would tend to destroy those distinctions
that are necessary to a well-ordered monarchy, and quickly result in disorder.The
inevitable result of absolute equality would be the overthrow of civil society,
which is maintained in harmony only through the hierarchy of power, authority,
precedence, and distinction which keeps each man in his place and protects all
states of being from confusion.
In the assembly created by these different orders, all the people of your kingdom
are your subjects, and all must contribute to the needs of the state. But general
order and harmony must be upheld even in this contribution.The personal
responsibility of the clergy is to fulfil all the functions relating to education and
religion and to aid the unfortunate through alms.The noble devotes his life to the
defence of the state and assists the sovereign by providing council.The last class
of the nation, which cannot render such distinguished service to the state, fulfils
its obligation through taxes, industry and physical labour. .These institutions
were not formed by chance, and time cannot change them.
24. Calonne's advice was for Louis to call an
Assembly of the Notables, 144 men.
Members of the Parlements, Princes of the
Blood, important nobles and clergy. Only 10
were not noble.
They were hand-picked and expected to
agree with the reforms.
26. Calonne,
cook
A contemporary cartoon depicting the Assembly of Notables as a gathering of barnyard birds
negotiating with Calonne:
Calonne: My dear delegates, I have gathered you to know with what sauce you would
like to be eaten.
Notables: But we don't want to be eaten at all !
Calonne:You are evading the question . . .
27. Surprisingly the Assembly of the Notables
supported the principle of equality on
taxation, acknowledging no should have the
privilege of not paying tax. Few voted to
maintain their privileges.
However they objected that the burden of tax
should fall mot heavily on them and
suggested other modes.
28. The biggest impediment was the Notables demand to see
the royal accounts, refusing to approve any new taxes until
ty were fully informed of state finances.
They also argued that they lacked the authority to impose
new perpetual taxes and that this should be approved by the
entire national in a meeting of the Estate General.
As a result of this standoff, Louis dismissed Calonne and
replaced him with Brienne as his finance minster in May 1787
and dismissed the Assembly.