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This document discusses biodiversity and evolution, covering several key topics: - The origins of life from chemical evolution around 4 billion years ago and the first prokaryotes 3.7 billion years ago. Biological evolution has led to the diversification of species over time. - Evidence for past life comes from the fossil record, radiometric dating, and DNA studies. Evolution occurs as populations accumulate genetic changes over generations, potentially leading to new species through mechanisms like genetic isolation and natural selection. - Natural selection drives adaptations that help organisms survive and reproduce better in their ecological niches. While some species are habitat generalists, others specialize, making them more vulnerable to extinction from environmental changes.
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- 1. BIODIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION Rosales, Keian G. 10-Del Pilar Teacher: Mr.Melanio Tolero
- 2. Key concepts - Origins of life - Evolution and evolutionary processes - Ecological niches - Species formation - Species extinction
- 3. How Did We Become Such a Powerful Species So Quickly? - Strong opposable thumbs - Walk upright - Intelligence
- 4. Origin & Evolution of Life - Chemical evolution - 1st billion yrs organic molecules, biopolymers & chemical rxns needed for formation of first cells (Age of Earth = 4.6 billion years) - Biological evolution - first life 3.7 bya (prokaryotes) “Populations - not individuals - evolve by becoming genetically different.”
- 5. Animation- Chemical Evolution Stanley Miller's experiment animation
- 6. Biological Evolution of Life
- 7. How Do We Know Which Organisms Lived in the Past? - Fossil record - Radiometric dating - Ice cores - DNA studies
- 8. Biological Evolution - Evolution= change in populations genetic makeup over time - (“Populations - not individuals - evolve by becoming genetically different.”) - “Theory” of evolution= All species descended from earlier, ancestral species - Microevolution= small genetic changes in a population - Macroevolution= long-term, large scale evolutionary changes (speciation, extinction)
- 9. Natural Selection Definition: Process where particular beneficial trait is reproduced in succeeding generations more than other traits Three Conditions: 1. Genetic Variability 2. Trait must be inherited 3. Differential Reproduction - individuals w/ trait have more offspring
- 10. Adaptations Structural- coloration, mimicry, protective, gripping Physiological - hibernate, chemical Behavioral - ability to fly, migrate
- 11. Animation Change in moth population animation “Genes mutate, individuals are selected, and populations evolve.”
- 12. Ecological niche = occupation (role) Habitats = address Fundamental niche = no competition Realized niche = with competition Ecological Niches and Adaptation
- 13. Broad and Narrow Niches and Limits of Adaptation - Generalist species - broad niche - Specialist species - narrow niche, more extinction-prone under changing environmental conditions. - Which is better? - Limits of adaptation- gene pool & reproductive capacity
- 14. Niches of Specialist and Generalist Species
- 15. Specialized Feeding Niches for Birds
- 16. Cockroaches: Nature’s Ultimate Survivors
- 17. Evolutionary Divergence of Honeycreepers
- 18. Misconceptions of Evolution “Survival of the fittest” Fitness = reproductive success ≠ strongest “Progress to perfection”
- 19. Speciation - What is speciation? - Geographic isolation - Reproduction isolation - mutation & natural selection operate independently in gene pools of geographically isolated populations - original populations become genetically distinct- unable to produce live, fertile offspring
- 20. Geographic Isolation can Lead to Speciation
- 21. Factors Leading to Extinction - Plate tectonics - Climatic changes over time - Natural catastrophes - Human impacts -
- 22. THANK YOU!