Simulated acid rain (SAR) was applied to sunflower plants at different pH levels to study its effects. SAR decreased plant growth, biomass, leaf area, photosynthetic pigments, pollen germination, and seed yield compared to the control. The decreases were greater at lower pH levels of SAR. Leaf cell sap pH and conductivity also decreased with more acidic SAR treatments. SAR negatively impacted various growth parameters and productivity of sunflower plants.
This document describes a method for controlling the number density of ZnO nanorods grown via chemical bath deposition on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates. The method involves forced hydrolysis of a zinc acetate seed precursor solution through controlled additions of water and low-temperature heating, which increases the size of the ZnO seed crystals deposited on the FTO. Larger seed crystals result in fewer but larger ZnO nanorods after chemical bath growth. Specifically, increasing the water concentration in the seed precursor solution from 0 to 1M increased the seed crystal size from 4-5 nm to 35 nm, decreased the number density of seeds deposited, and led to ZnO nanorods with larger diameters, lengths, and lower number densities after growth
This document summarizes the plant-mediated synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using extracts from Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) and Parthenium hysterophorous (Congress grass) plant leaves. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using aqueous extracts of the two plants reacted with silver nitrate solutions. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, EDX and DLS. UV-Vis analysis showed surface plasmon resonance peaks between 406-446 nm indicating silver nanoparticle formation. SEM images showed uniformly distributed nanoparticles on average sizes of 68.74 nm and 108.6 nm for Tulsi and Congress grass samples respectively, which was confirmed by DLS and EDX showed presence of silver. Applications testing of
Green synthesis of zinc oxide nano particles using flower extract cassia dens...IJERD Editor
Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is an interesting issue of the nanoscience and
nanobiotechnology. There is a growing attention to biosynthesis the metal nanoparticles using organisms.
Among these organisms, plants seem to be the best and they are suitable for large scale biosynthesis of
nanoparticles. Nanoparticles produced by plants are more stable, and the rate of synthesis is faster than that in
the case of other organisms. The present investigation was carried out to green synthesis of zinc oxide
nanoparticles by using the medicinal plant cassia densistipulata taub. The flower was collected from the campus
of Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh and their petals were separated. The petals were taken and cleaned with
dimeneralized water and soaked for an hour on dry cloth to remove moisture from the petals.
Synthesis of Zinc Nanoparticles was done by mixing 5gms of Zinc Nitrate with 50ml of aqueous
extract of cassia densistipulata taub petals. The formation of nanoparticles was monitored by visualizing color
changes and it was confirmed by Electron microscope (SEM), UV-Vis spectrophotometer and Fourier
Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results of various techniques confirmed the presence Zinc oxide
nanoparticles.
This document summarizes a student group's experiment to determine the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of various water samples using a data logger. They tested pond water, drain water, distilled water, aquarium water, and pipe water. The drain water had the highest BOD value at 0.963 mg/L, indicating it was the most polluted sample. The distilled water had the lowest BOD at 0.412 mg/L, showing it was the least polluted. Over five days, the BOD levels of all samples generally increased as bacteria broke down more organic matter over time.
Plant Mediated Synthesis of ZnO and Mn Doped ZnO Nanoparticles Using Carica P...IIJSRJournal
In this work, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were green synthesized using Carica papaya extract by the Co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed the formation of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles with the wurtzite crystal structure (hexagonal). Due to the presence of dopant Manganese (Mn) the optical spectra showed a redshift in the absorbance spectrum. Structural and optical properties of the end product showed that the manganese ions (Mn2+) substituted the Zinc ions (Zn2+) without altering the Wurtzite structure of ZnO. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra confirm the presence of metal oxide present in the end product. The antibacterial efficiency of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were studied using the agar well diffusion method against Gram-positive and Gram–negative bacteria. It is obvious from the results that Mn doped ZnO nanoparticles exhibit better antibacterial activity than ZnO nanoparticles.
Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles using Jasminum Fluminense Leaf Extract a...ijtsrd
1) The document describes the green synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using the leaf extract of Jasminum Fluminense.
2) The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).
3) UV-Visible spectroscopy showed an absorption peak at 289.9 nm confirming the formation of ZnO nanoparticles. TEM images showed the particles were hexagonal and spherical in shape with an average size of 20 nm.
This document discusses a study on the effects of light on cut chrysanthemum flowers. The study found that:
1) Light intensities between 50-400 foot candles benefited chrysanthemum leaves by preserving photosynthetic capacity, chlorophyll content, and supply of metabolites, which extended leaf lifespan.
2) Light also benefited chrysanthemum blossoms but to a lesser degree than leaves, as light preserved anthocyanin content in petals the most at the highest light intensity of 400 foot candles.
3) Overall, illuminating cut chrysanthemum flowers had positive effects on both leaves and blossoms by maintaining important biochemical constituents through photosynthesis, leading to extended vase
Independent Research Leaf Disc Photosynthesis LabHonori
The document summarizes an experiment that tested how the rate of photosynthesis is affected by the color of leaves. 15 disks were punched from two different colored leaves (light green and dark green) and their floating times in a sodium bicarbonate solution were recorded over 4 trials. The average rate of photosynthesis was then calculated for each leaf type based on the time it took for the disks to float. The results showed that the light green leaf disks floated faster, indicating a higher rate of photosynthesis, compared to the dark green leaf disks.
This document describes a method for controlling the number density of ZnO nanorods grown via chemical bath deposition on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates. The method involves forced hydrolysis of a zinc acetate seed precursor solution through controlled additions of water and low-temperature heating, which increases the size of the ZnO seed crystals deposited on the FTO. Larger seed crystals result in fewer but larger ZnO nanorods after chemical bath growth. Specifically, increasing the water concentration in the seed precursor solution from 0 to 1M increased the seed crystal size from 4-5 nm to 35 nm, decreased the number density of seeds deposited, and led to ZnO nanorods with larger diameters, lengths, and lower number densities after growth
This document summarizes the plant-mediated synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using extracts from Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) and Parthenium hysterophorous (Congress grass) plant leaves. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using aqueous extracts of the two plants reacted with silver nitrate solutions. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, EDX and DLS. UV-Vis analysis showed surface plasmon resonance peaks between 406-446 nm indicating silver nanoparticle formation. SEM images showed uniformly distributed nanoparticles on average sizes of 68.74 nm and 108.6 nm for Tulsi and Congress grass samples respectively, which was confirmed by DLS and EDX showed presence of silver. Applications testing of
Green synthesis of zinc oxide nano particles using flower extract cassia dens...IJERD Editor
Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is an interesting issue of the nanoscience and
nanobiotechnology. There is a growing attention to biosynthesis the metal nanoparticles using organisms.
Among these organisms, plants seem to be the best and they are suitable for large scale biosynthesis of
nanoparticles. Nanoparticles produced by plants are more stable, and the rate of synthesis is faster than that in
the case of other organisms. The present investigation was carried out to green synthesis of zinc oxide
nanoparticles by using the medicinal plant cassia densistipulata taub. The flower was collected from the campus
of Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh and their petals were separated. The petals were taken and cleaned with
dimeneralized water and soaked for an hour on dry cloth to remove moisture from the petals.
Synthesis of Zinc Nanoparticles was done by mixing 5gms of Zinc Nitrate with 50ml of aqueous
extract of cassia densistipulata taub petals. The formation of nanoparticles was monitored by visualizing color
changes and it was confirmed by Electron microscope (SEM), UV-Vis spectrophotometer and Fourier
Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results of various techniques confirmed the presence Zinc oxide
nanoparticles.
This document summarizes a student group's experiment to determine the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of various water samples using a data logger. They tested pond water, drain water, distilled water, aquarium water, and pipe water. The drain water had the highest BOD value at 0.963 mg/L, indicating it was the most polluted sample. The distilled water had the lowest BOD at 0.412 mg/L, showing it was the least polluted. Over five days, the BOD levels of all samples generally increased as bacteria broke down more organic matter over time.
Plant Mediated Synthesis of ZnO and Mn Doped ZnO Nanoparticles Using Carica P...IIJSRJournal
In this work, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were green synthesized using Carica papaya extract by the Co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed the formation of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles with the wurtzite crystal structure (hexagonal). Due to the presence of dopant Manganese (Mn) the optical spectra showed a redshift in the absorbance spectrum. Structural and optical properties of the end product showed that the manganese ions (Mn2+) substituted the Zinc ions (Zn2+) without altering the Wurtzite structure of ZnO. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra confirm the presence of metal oxide present in the end product. The antibacterial efficiency of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles were studied using the agar well diffusion method against Gram-positive and Gram–negative bacteria. It is obvious from the results that Mn doped ZnO nanoparticles exhibit better antibacterial activity than ZnO nanoparticles.
Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles using Jasminum Fluminense Leaf Extract a...ijtsrd
1) The document describes the green synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using the leaf extract of Jasminum Fluminense.
2) The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).
3) UV-Visible spectroscopy showed an absorption peak at 289.9 nm confirming the formation of ZnO nanoparticles. TEM images showed the particles were hexagonal and spherical in shape with an average size of 20 nm.
This document discusses a study on the effects of light on cut chrysanthemum flowers. The study found that:
1) Light intensities between 50-400 foot candles benefited chrysanthemum leaves by preserving photosynthetic capacity, chlorophyll content, and supply of metabolites, which extended leaf lifespan.
2) Light also benefited chrysanthemum blossoms but to a lesser degree than leaves, as light preserved anthocyanin content in petals the most at the highest light intensity of 400 foot candles.
3) Overall, illuminating cut chrysanthemum flowers had positive effects on both leaves and blossoms by maintaining important biochemical constituents through photosynthesis, leading to extended vase
Independent Research Leaf Disc Photosynthesis LabHonori
The document summarizes an experiment that tested how the rate of photosynthesis is affected by the color of leaves. 15 disks were punched from two different colored leaves (light green and dark green) and their floating times in a sodium bicarbonate solution were recorded over 4 trials. The average rate of photosynthesis was then calculated for each leaf type based on the time it took for the disks to float. The results showed that the light green leaf disks floated faster, indicating a higher rate of photosynthesis, compared to the dark green leaf disks.
Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater Sajjad Munir
The document summarizes a study on the isotopic and geochemical characteristics of groundwater in Islamabad, Pakistan. Samples were collected from surface water sources and tube wells to analyze contaminant transport. Water quality is deteriorating in major cities due to untreated wastewater and excessive fertilizer/pesticide use, causing health issues. The study area lies above sedimentary deposits that serve as aquifers. Samples were analyzed for physiochemical properties, isotopes, metals and major ions to characterize groundwater and help its management. Nitrate, sulfate, chloride and sodium levels were found in some samples.
A review on Recent Non-hazard Eco Friendly Synthesized ZnO Nano-Particles App...IRJET Journal
This document reviews recent research on eco-friendly green synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and their applications. It discusses how traditional synthesis methods use hazardous chemicals and high temperatures, while green synthesis uses plant extracts as reducing and capping agents in a low-cost process. Characterization techniques are outlined to analyze properties like size, structure and composition. Various plant extracts like leaves, flowers and fruits are described as green sources used to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles with different shapes. Finally, applications of green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles are summarized, including use in thin films, optical sensors, photovoltaics and biomedical areas.
Green synthesis, Characterization and anti microbial activity of silver nano ...IJERA Editor
The exploitation of various plant materials for the biosynthesis of silver nano particles is considered a green
technology. Because it does not involve any harmful chemicals. Nanotechnology field is one of the most
attractive researches. The field of nanotechnology is applied to bio materials. This review focuses on the green
synthesis of silver nanoparticles using various plant sources. A detailed study on the reduction of silver ions to
silver nanoparticles from medical plant leaves extract were demonstrated with a brief experimental procedure.
Characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles performed through UV spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infra
Red spectroscopy analysis, X-Ray Diffraction analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission
Electron Microscopy. This review mainly focus on anti microbial activities of synthesized silver nano particles.
This document summarizes the biogenic synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using papaya leaf extract. The objectives are to characterize the synthesized ZnO NPs using UV-Vis spectroscopy and XRD, and to synthesize them through a green pathway using papaya leaf extract. Zinc acetate and ammonium carbonate solutions were added dropwise to the extract to form a precipitate, which was filtered, dried, and calcined. XRD characterized the crystalline size as 19.22 nm, while UV-Vis determined the band gap energy to be 3.3406 eV.
This document summarizes a study that used the leaves of lemongrass (Cymbopogan citratus) to rapidly synthesize silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles formed within 8-10 minutes when a lemongrass leaf extract reacted with silver nitrate under microwave irradiation. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The silver nanoparticles showed antimicrobial activity against bacteria such as E. coli and S. aureus as well as fungi such as C. albicans, inhibiting their growth in laboratory assays. When combined with antibiotics, the silver nanoparticles enhanced the antibiotics' effectiveness against drug-resistant microbial strains.
The document describes a lab experiment that tested how the rate of photosynthesis is affected by leaf color. Students used leaf disks of light green, dark green, and yellow leaves submerged in a sodium bicarbonate solution. They measured the time it took for each disk to rise to the surface as photosynthesis replaced air space with oxygen. Results showed yellow leaf disks rose fastest, suggesting color affects light absorption and therefore photosynthesis rate.
BIOSYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLE USING FICUS RELI...Arvind Singh Heer
This document summarizes the biosynthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Ficus religiosa leaves extract. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using zinc nitrate as a precursor and Ficus religiosa leaves extract and distilled water as the medium. The nanoparticles were characterized using techniques such as XRD, UV-Visible spectroscopy, EDX, SEM, and FTIR. XRD analysis confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite structure of the nanoparticles. SEM images showed that the nanoparticles had a cubic structure with sizes between 70-80 nm. EDX results indicated that the nanoparticles had good purity with zinc content of 72.48% and oxygen content of 27.52%.
Synthesis of Silver Nano Particles from Marine Bacteria Pseudomonas aerogenosaKamalpreet Sarna
This document summarizes a study that isolated a marine bacterial strain called Pseudomonas aeruginosa and used it to synthesize silver nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, FTIR, and XRD. UV-Vis analysis showed a peak at 420nm indicating the presence of silver nanoparticles. SEM images showed the nanoparticles were spherical in shape with sizes ranging from 50-80nm. FTIR and XRD further confirmed the presence of silver. The silver nanoparticles showed potent antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as antifungal activity. This study demonstrates the potential of using marine bacteria as a green synthesis method for producing silver nanoparticles with biological applications.
Effect of colour of light on the rate of photosynthesisheejjung
The document investigates how the color of light affects the rate of photosynthesis. It describes an experiment where leaf discs were submerged in water of different colors and the time taken for the first 10 discs to float was recorded, with floating indicating photosynthesis had occurred. The results showed blue light had the fastest rates, with discs floating quickest in blue water, while green light had the slowest rates. This supports the hypothesis and demonstrates that the color of light influences the rate of photosynthesis, with more light absorption by chloroplasts under blue than other colors.
Wastewater Analysis and Study of Soil Microorganisms of Koparkhairane Nullah.Priyesh Waghmare
The document is a project dissertation submitted by Priyesh Waghmare to Padmashree Dr. D.Y. Patil University for a Bachelor's degree in Biotechnology. The project involved wastewater analysis and study of soil microorganisms from Koparkhairane Nullah near industrial areas in Navi Mumbai. Physiochemical analysis of wastewater from the nullah showed high levels of color, foul smell, alkalinity, temperature, BOD and COD indicating pollution from nearby industries. Soil samples from the nullah were then used to isolate microorganisms and characterize them. Studies were also conducted to evaluate the tolerance of isolated soil microorganisms to heavy metals for their potential use in
IRJET- Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized using Ficus Re...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that characterized silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using Ficus religiosa plant leaf extract. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by adding Ficus religiosa leaf extract to silver nitrate solution, indicated by a color change from green to brown. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, XRD analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, and SEM analysis. UV-visible spectroscopy showed a peak at 424nm confirming nanoparticle synthesis. XRD analysis revealed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles. FTIR confirmed the presence of functional groups that may stabilize the nanoparticles. SEM analysis showed the nanoparticles were spherical in morphology.
ESA 2015 OOS-55
Shared from the session "Head in the Clouds: Advancing Our Understanding of How Fog and Dew Affect Plants in Ecosystems Around the World"
Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using ficus benghal...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document describes the development and validation of an active sampler called the In Situ Sampler for Bioavailability Assessment (IS2B) that can sample both surface water and porewater simultaneously. The IS2B was tested at a contaminated site to assess concentrations of select hydrophobic organic contaminants like fipronil and its degradation products in surface water and porewater. Results found sub-parts per trillion detection limits were possible with the IS2B and concentrations measured with it were comparable to those from conventional grab sampling and extraction in the lab. The IS2B provides an easy means to sample both water types without the drawbacks of other sampling methods.
This document discusses the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using fenugreek leaf extract. It defines nanoparticles and green chemistry approaches. The fenugreek leaf extract is used to biologically synthesize ZnO nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are characterized through UV-visible spectroscopy and FT-IR analysis. UV-visible spectroscopy shows a peak at 410nm, indicating the presence of ZnO nanoparticles. FT-IR analysis shows a peak at 464.80 cm-1, which is consistent with literature values for ZnO. The green synthesis method is described as eco-friendly, low cost, and able to produce nanoparticles without toxic chemicals or high energy requirements.
IRJET- Study of In-Vitro and in Vivo Antibacterial Effects of Silver Nanopart...IRJET Journal
This study explored the antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro assays found that silver nanoparticles were effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive, with Staphylococcus aureus exhibiting the largest zone of inhibition. The minimum inhibitory concentration needed to show effects was lower for gram-positive compared to gram-negative bacteria. In vivo assays in mice found that silver nanoparticles were effective in reducing symptoms and improving survivability when administered after bacterial injection.
ABSTRACT- In our present study, we account for eco-friendly biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles using aqueous leaves extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus against first to fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. The synthesized CuNPs were characterized by UV, XRD, FTIR and SEM analyses were clearly distinguishable. The four different immature mosquito larval stages of A. aegypti were exposed to varying concentrations of aqueous leaf extract of A. heterophyllus, copper sulphate (CuSO4) and synthesized CuNPs for 24 h. The mortality was observed at aqueous extract (LC50= 48.40, 60.55, 70.36, and 82.79 mg/ml), CuSO4 (LC50=21.81, 26.92, 41.38, and 55.12 mg/ml) synthesized CuNPs against first to fourth instars of A. aegypti (LC50= 3.85, 4.24, 4.66, and 5.08 mg/ml), respectively. The novel properties created not only improve the quality of human’s life; it also helps in saving energy and environment.
Key-words: Copper nanoparticles, Jackfruit, Aedes aegypti, aqueous leaf extract
This document summarizes the green synthesis of silver nanorods and wires using plant extracts from Zoysia japonica lawn grass, Azadarichta indica neem leaves, and Prunus dulcis almond. The aim was to produce silver nanoparticles using these plant extracts as reducing agents. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by adding plant extracts to a silver nitrate solution and incubating for 24 hours, resulting in color changes. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, which showed absorption peaks varying between 300-500 nm depending on the plant extract used. Further analysis using techniques like iodometric titration, TEM, and FTIR were proposed to understand stabilization and structure of the synthesized silver nanoparticles.
1. The study monitored the degradation of two major metabolites (endosulfan diol and endosulfan sulfate) of the insecticide endosulfan in soil under sterile and non-sterile conditions.
2. It found that both metabolites degraded to CO2, demonstrating they are not ultimate degradation products of endosulfan in soil. Endosulfan diol degraded to a greater extent than endosulfan sulfate.
3. Of the originally applied endosulfan diol, 6.5% was mineralized to CO2 over the 9 week study period under non-sterile conditions, approximately 20 times greater than for endosulfan sulfate.
Effect of palm oil mill effluent on soil samples on the environmentchinwe eze
This document analyzes the effect of palm oil mill effluent (POME) on soil samples in Isiala Mbano LGA, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from sites with POME discharge (locations A) and without POME discharge (locations B). Physicochemical analysis found higher levels of COD, BOD, nutrients and lower pH in location A soils, indicating pollution from POME. Microbial analysis identified higher counts of Pseudomonas, Bacillus and fungi in location A soils. While POME increased soil nutrients, it also decreased microbial populations and made the soil dark, damp, and prevented vegetation growth due to pollution. The study concludes POME significantly impacts soil properties and quality.
This document presents the results of a study on the effect of different rates of single superphosphate fertilizer and frequencies of Megagreen application on nodulation, nitrogen fixation, and yield of cowpea. The study found that higher rates of superphosphate and more frequent Megagreen applications generally improved various growth parameters, nodulation rates, and yield components of cowpea. Soil and plant tissue analysis also showed that the treatments affected soil phosphorus levels and plant nitrogen content. The results indicate that cowpea responds positively to optimized phosphorus and Megagreen application rates and frequencies.
Isotope geochemistry of islamabad groundwater Sajjad Munir
The document summarizes a study on the isotopic and geochemical characteristics of groundwater in Islamabad, Pakistan. Samples were collected from surface water sources and tube wells to analyze contaminant transport. Water quality is deteriorating in major cities due to untreated wastewater and excessive fertilizer/pesticide use, causing health issues. The study area lies above sedimentary deposits that serve as aquifers. Samples were analyzed for physiochemical properties, isotopes, metals and major ions to characterize groundwater and help its management. Nitrate, sulfate, chloride and sodium levels were found in some samples.
A review on Recent Non-hazard Eco Friendly Synthesized ZnO Nano-Particles App...IRJET Journal
This document reviews recent research on eco-friendly green synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and their applications. It discusses how traditional synthesis methods use hazardous chemicals and high temperatures, while green synthesis uses plant extracts as reducing and capping agents in a low-cost process. Characterization techniques are outlined to analyze properties like size, structure and composition. Various plant extracts like leaves, flowers and fruits are described as green sources used to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles with different shapes. Finally, applications of green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles are summarized, including use in thin films, optical sensors, photovoltaics and biomedical areas.
Green synthesis, Characterization and anti microbial activity of silver nano ...IJERA Editor
The exploitation of various plant materials for the biosynthesis of silver nano particles is considered a green
technology. Because it does not involve any harmful chemicals. Nanotechnology field is one of the most
attractive researches. The field of nanotechnology is applied to bio materials. This review focuses on the green
synthesis of silver nanoparticles using various plant sources. A detailed study on the reduction of silver ions to
silver nanoparticles from medical plant leaves extract were demonstrated with a brief experimental procedure.
Characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles performed through UV spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infra
Red spectroscopy analysis, X-Ray Diffraction analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission
Electron Microscopy. This review mainly focus on anti microbial activities of synthesized silver nano particles.
This document summarizes the biogenic synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using papaya leaf extract. The objectives are to characterize the synthesized ZnO NPs using UV-Vis spectroscopy and XRD, and to synthesize them through a green pathway using papaya leaf extract. Zinc acetate and ammonium carbonate solutions were added dropwise to the extract to form a precipitate, which was filtered, dried, and calcined. XRD characterized the crystalline size as 19.22 nm, while UV-Vis determined the band gap energy to be 3.3406 eV.
This document summarizes a study that used the leaves of lemongrass (Cymbopogan citratus) to rapidly synthesize silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles formed within 8-10 minutes when a lemongrass leaf extract reacted with silver nitrate under microwave irradiation. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The silver nanoparticles showed antimicrobial activity against bacteria such as E. coli and S. aureus as well as fungi such as C. albicans, inhibiting their growth in laboratory assays. When combined with antibiotics, the silver nanoparticles enhanced the antibiotics' effectiveness against drug-resistant microbial strains.
The document describes a lab experiment that tested how the rate of photosynthesis is affected by leaf color. Students used leaf disks of light green, dark green, and yellow leaves submerged in a sodium bicarbonate solution. They measured the time it took for each disk to rise to the surface as photosynthesis replaced air space with oxygen. Results showed yellow leaf disks rose fastest, suggesting color affects light absorption and therefore photosynthesis rate.
BIOSYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLE USING FICUS RELI...Arvind Singh Heer
This document summarizes the biosynthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Ficus religiosa leaves extract. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using zinc nitrate as a precursor and Ficus religiosa leaves extract and distilled water as the medium. The nanoparticles were characterized using techniques such as XRD, UV-Visible spectroscopy, EDX, SEM, and FTIR. XRD analysis confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite structure of the nanoparticles. SEM images showed that the nanoparticles had a cubic structure with sizes between 70-80 nm. EDX results indicated that the nanoparticles had good purity with zinc content of 72.48% and oxygen content of 27.52%.
Synthesis of Silver Nano Particles from Marine Bacteria Pseudomonas aerogenosaKamalpreet Sarna
This document summarizes a study that isolated a marine bacterial strain called Pseudomonas aeruginosa and used it to synthesize silver nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, FTIR, and XRD. UV-Vis analysis showed a peak at 420nm indicating the presence of silver nanoparticles. SEM images showed the nanoparticles were spherical in shape with sizes ranging from 50-80nm. FTIR and XRD further confirmed the presence of silver. The silver nanoparticles showed potent antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as antifungal activity. This study demonstrates the potential of using marine bacteria as a green synthesis method for producing silver nanoparticles with biological applications.
Effect of colour of light on the rate of photosynthesisheejjung
The document investigates how the color of light affects the rate of photosynthesis. It describes an experiment where leaf discs were submerged in water of different colors and the time taken for the first 10 discs to float was recorded, with floating indicating photosynthesis had occurred. The results showed blue light had the fastest rates, with discs floating quickest in blue water, while green light had the slowest rates. This supports the hypothesis and demonstrates that the color of light influences the rate of photosynthesis, with more light absorption by chloroplasts under blue than other colors.
Wastewater Analysis and Study of Soil Microorganisms of Koparkhairane Nullah.Priyesh Waghmare
The document is a project dissertation submitted by Priyesh Waghmare to Padmashree Dr. D.Y. Patil University for a Bachelor's degree in Biotechnology. The project involved wastewater analysis and study of soil microorganisms from Koparkhairane Nullah near industrial areas in Navi Mumbai. Physiochemical analysis of wastewater from the nullah showed high levels of color, foul smell, alkalinity, temperature, BOD and COD indicating pollution from nearby industries. Soil samples from the nullah were then used to isolate microorganisms and characterize them. Studies were also conducted to evaluate the tolerance of isolated soil microorganisms to heavy metals for their potential use in
IRJET- Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized using Ficus Re...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that characterized silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using Ficus religiosa plant leaf extract. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by adding Ficus religiosa leaf extract to silver nitrate solution, indicated by a color change from green to brown. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, XRD analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, and SEM analysis. UV-visible spectroscopy showed a peak at 424nm confirming nanoparticle synthesis. XRD analysis revealed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles. FTIR confirmed the presence of functional groups that may stabilize the nanoparticles. SEM analysis showed the nanoparticles were spherical in morphology.
ESA 2015 OOS-55
Shared from the session "Head in the Clouds: Advancing Our Understanding of How Fog and Dew Affect Plants in Ecosystems Around the World"
Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using ficus benghal...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document describes the development and validation of an active sampler called the In Situ Sampler for Bioavailability Assessment (IS2B) that can sample both surface water and porewater simultaneously. The IS2B was tested at a contaminated site to assess concentrations of select hydrophobic organic contaminants like fipronil and its degradation products in surface water and porewater. Results found sub-parts per trillion detection limits were possible with the IS2B and concentrations measured with it were comparable to those from conventional grab sampling and extraction in the lab. The IS2B provides an easy means to sample both water types without the drawbacks of other sampling methods.
This document discusses the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using fenugreek leaf extract. It defines nanoparticles and green chemistry approaches. The fenugreek leaf extract is used to biologically synthesize ZnO nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are characterized through UV-visible spectroscopy and FT-IR analysis. UV-visible spectroscopy shows a peak at 410nm, indicating the presence of ZnO nanoparticles. FT-IR analysis shows a peak at 464.80 cm-1, which is consistent with literature values for ZnO. The green synthesis method is described as eco-friendly, low cost, and able to produce nanoparticles without toxic chemicals or high energy requirements.
IRJET- Study of In-Vitro and in Vivo Antibacterial Effects of Silver Nanopart...IRJET Journal
This study explored the antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro assays found that silver nanoparticles were effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive, with Staphylococcus aureus exhibiting the largest zone of inhibition. The minimum inhibitory concentration needed to show effects was lower for gram-positive compared to gram-negative bacteria. In vivo assays in mice found that silver nanoparticles were effective in reducing symptoms and improving survivability when administered after bacterial injection.
ABSTRACT- In our present study, we account for eco-friendly biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles using aqueous leaves extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus against first to fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. The synthesized CuNPs were characterized by UV, XRD, FTIR and SEM analyses were clearly distinguishable. The four different immature mosquito larval stages of A. aegypti were exposed to varying concentrations of aqueous leaf extract of A. heterophyllus, copper sulphate (CuSO4) and synthesized CuNPs for 24 h. The mortality was observed at aqueous extract (LC50= 48.40, 60.55, 70.36, and 82.79 mg/ml), CuSO4 (LC50=21.81, 26.92, 41.38, and 55.12 mg/ml) synthesized CuNPs against first to fourth instars of A. aegypti (LC50= 3.85, 4.24, 4.66, and 5.08 mg/ml), respectively. The novel properties created not only improve the quality of human’s life; it also helps in saving energy and environment.
Key-words: Copper nanoparticles, Jackfruit, Aedes aegypti, aqueous leaf extract
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Power point presentation of sar
1. EFFECTS OF SIMULATED ACID RAIN (SAR) ON
SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.) GROWTH,
PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS AND YIELD
For the award Degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN
BOTANY
Submitted By
HEM LATA SINGH
M.Sc. (Botany), B. Ed.
2. INTRODUCTION
• Pollution is an undesirable change in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of
soil, water and air.
• Pollution is the result of industrial technological revolution and speedy exploitation of
every bit of resources.
• The progress in agriculture, industry, transportation, technology and industrial
agglomerations bring about severe adverse side effects which are often hard to predict and
mostly remain uncontrolled.
• Air pollution is indeed of great immediate concern than any other aspect of pollution.
Generally air pollution is created by all over the crust in the form of oil and coal burned to
run factories, machinery and all forms of transportation.
• The discharge of industrial effluents, emissions and automobile gases into natural air
reservoir, water and soil exerts detrimental effects on natural ecology of air, soil and other
life supporting systems.
• The automobile discharges contain many toxic organic and inorganic pollutants, which
affect the biochemistry of living organisms.
• The damages caused by acid precipitation include corrosive action damaging building,
wood, steel and cements concrete structures, release of toxic metals and trace element
drastic effects on aquatic system, mainly due to low mineral content and disturbing the
entire soil chemistry.
• Acid rain is the common name for acid deposition, such as rain, snow, sleet, hail and other
forms of polluted precipitation.
• Acid deposition is a worldwide problem for all natural things including bodies of water,
forests and other things.
• Acid precipitation has been moving more around the world.
3. • The problem of acid rain has become a concern for agriculture.
• Leaf is the most sensitive and reliable part than any other parts of plant like stem, root,
flower, fruit and seed; it may act as a persistent absorber and exploiter in polluted
environment.
• Acidic rain solutions enter the leaf tissue through the cuticle and produce toxic effects
on plants.
• Researches conducted using SAR have shown that it decreases the plant productivity.
• Among the plant metabolites, plant pigments are very sensitive to air pollutants and
identified as indicator of the physiological states of plants influenced by acid rain.
• The decrease in growth occurs when the acidity is due to sulfuric acid or together with
nitric acid.
• Scientists have reported that the impact of acid rain on plant biomass (fresh and dry
weight) differs with cultivars.
• Histological examination of plant tissues has been a useful tool for diagnosing the
sensitivity of plants to pollutants and acid rain.
4. Figure: 1 Formation of Acid Rain from Air Pollutant
Gases
Certain chemical compounds such as nitrogen oxides and sulfur
dioxide mix with the moisture in the air and are formed into clouds
and then produce acid precipitation.
5. OBJECTIVES
• The major objectives of the proposed study were to:
• Evaluate the effect of simulated acid rain on plant growth
behavior particularly roots, shoots and leaves.
• Study the effect of simulated acid rain on flowering behavior
and pollen germination.
• Investigate the effect of simulated acid rain on pH and
conductivity of leaf cell sap.
• Study the effect of simulated acid rain on leaf
photosynthetic pigment contents.
• Record the effect of simulated acid rain on seed yield.
6. MATERIAL
• The proposed study has been conducted with sunflower
(Helianthus annuus L.) variety ‘Morden’ was used as test
plant.
• The present study was carried out in the experimental plot
available at Oilseed Farm, C.S.A.U.A.T., Kanpur.
• The experiments works were conducted in Zaid season (April
to June) to find out the effect of simulated acid rain on
sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.).
8. METHODS
• Sowing of sunflower seeds was done on 12 April 2006 and 2007
• 60 cm inter-row and 30 cm inter-plant spacing (within the row) was
finally maintained.
• The field experiment was conducted in a randomized block design.
• The pH of the acid rain solution was adjusted to different pH by
mixing 1N HNO3 and 1N H2SO4 at 1:2 ratio in all acidic solutions.
• Three concentrations of SAR i.e. pH 3.0, 4.5, 5.7 and control (pH 7.0)
were applied in their respective plots.
• These plots were then irrigated regularly with normal deionized water.
• All treatments of SAR and control plants were treated with 30 ml
solution/plant of different pH, starting from two leaves stage till
initiation of flower buds at weekly intervals with the help of hand
sprayer.
• Acid rain sprayings were given in the early morning.
• Data were recorded at peak growth and maturity stages.
• Data were collected on nine replications for each parameter using
randomly selected from plants in each treatment.
9. • The observations on plants treated with various SAR levels were
recorded for twelve different parameters.
• Biomass (fresh weight and dry weight) and length of root, shoot
and leaf at peak growth and maturity stage.
• Leaf area at peak growth stage.
• Budding behavior and flowering behavior
• Leaf abscission behavior
• pH and conductivity of leaf cell sap
• In vitro pollen germination and pollen tube measurement.
• Photosynthetic pigment contents of leaf at peak growth stage in
terms of total Chl, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids,
chlorophyll a: b ratio, total chlorophyll: carotenoid ratio.
• Seed yield
• Percent phytotoxicity
10. RESULTS
• The results are described under following heads.
• 1. Analyses of variance (ANOVA)
• 2. Biomass Studies
• 3. Leaf area at peak growth
• 4. Study of budding, flowering and leaf abscission
behavior
• 5. pH and conductivity of leaf cell sap
• 6. In vitro pollen germination and pollen tube growth
• 7. Photosynthetic pigment contents of leaf
• 8. Seed yield
• 9. Percent phytotoxicity
11. ANOVA
• The analyses of variance (ANOVA) for various
variables of the experiments are presented in
Tables.
• These values showed that means have wide
variations for all the characters under study.
12. TABLE: ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Root Biomass (fresh weight and dry weight) and Length Shoot Biomass (fresh weight and dry weight) and Length Leaf Biomass (fresh weight and dry weight) and Length
Source of D.F. FW DW Length FW DW Length FW DW Length
variation
PG MS PG MS PG MS PG MS PG MS PG MS PG MS PG MS PG MS
Replication 8 0.6775 0.6183 0.1395 0.2474 0.5924 0.1149 24.312 32.687 5.626 2.487 5.3402 6.415 0.0816 0.0094 0.000436 0.000565 0.0958 0.032113
Treatment 3 83.866** 288.296** 19.567** 22.479** 29.676** 75.613** 12188.66** 13130.91** 4144.47** 4595.36** 2096.88** 2100.33** 5.4505** 9.6283** 0.369456** 0.220137** 18.7499** 20.28373**
Error 24 1.0859 0.5315 0.3269 0.3231 0.2909 0.4343 21.645 26.479 7.904 3.17 8.701 5.823 0.0837 0.0092 0.000656 0.001708 0.5125 0.044575
Leaf Area Bud initiation Flowering Leaf cell sap In vitro Pollen Photosynthesis pigment
Total Chl:
Source of Degree of
Carotenoid
variation freedom
PG First Duration First Period Size pH Conductivity germination tube length Total Chl Chl a Chl b Carotenoid Chl a: b ratio ratio Seed yield
Replication 8 11.22603 0.548611 0.548611 0.375 0.465278 0.0867 0.014624 0.000003 5.125 0.000507 0.015928 0.114 0.000475 0.00105 0.04254 0.010181 3.395277
Treatment 3 4620.1814** 57.36111** 29.74074** 68.259** 20.472** 23.75** 15.3179** 1.02784** 3457.361** 3.01208** 0.41918** 0.2766** 0.0176** 0.05309** 0.9216 0.00062 1097.4195**
Error 24 9.552294 0.548611 1.344907 0.717593 0.659722 0.08396 0.011483 0.000005 3.319444 0.000647 0.002925 0.001765 0.000525 0.00039 0.04901 0.004806 2.994536
13. • The ANOVA showed highly significant differences of SAR
treatments for the characters like root biomass (fresh weight
and dry weight) and length at peak growth and maturity stage,
shoot (biomass and length) at peak growth and maturity stage
and leaf (biomass and length) at peak growth and maturity stage
in Table.
• Leaf area at peak growth stage, behavior of budding, flowering,
pH and conductivity of leaf cell sap, in vitro pollen germination
and pollen tube growth, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a,
chlorophyll b, carotenoids and seed yield.
• Non-significant differences of simulated acid rain treatments
were observed for the characters like chlorophyll a: b ratio and
total chlorophyll: carotenoid ratio.
14. Biomass Studies
• The effects of simulated acid rain (SAR) treatment
on biomass (fresh weight and dry weight) and
length of root, shoot and leaf at peak growth and
maturity stages of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
plants are summarized in Figure 3 to 11.
15. Figure: 3 Effect of SAR on Root Fresh Weight at
peak growth and maturity stage
Peak growth Maturity stage
30
25
20
Root Fresh Weight (g)
15
10
5
0
7 5.7 Treatments (SAR pH) 4.5 3
16. Figure: 4 Effect of SAR on Root Dry Weight at
peak growth and maturity stage
Peak growth Maturity stage
9
8
7
6
Root Dry Weight (g)
5
4
3
2
1
0
7 5.7 4.5 3
Treatments (SAR pH)
17. Figure: 5 Effect of SAR on Root Length at peak
growth and maturity stage
18. Figure: 6 Effect of SAR on Shoot Fresh Weight at
peak growth and maturity stage
Peak growth Maturity stage
200
180
160
140
Shoot Fresh Weight (g)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
7 5.7
Treatments (SAR pH) 4.5 3
19. Figure: 7 Effect of SAR on Shoot Dry Weight at
peak growth and maturity stage
Peak growth Maturity stage
90
80
Shoot Dry Weight (g)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
7 5.7 4.5 3
Treatments (SAR pH)
20. Figure: 8 Effect of SAR on Shoot Length at peak
growth and maturity stage
Peak growth Maturity stage
100
90
80
70
Shoot Length (cm)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
7 5.7Treatments (SAR pH) 4.5 3
21. Figure: 9 Effect of SAR on Leaf Fresh Weight at
peak growth and maturity stage
22. Figure: 10 Effect of SAR on Leaf Dry Weight at
peak growth and maturity stage
23. Figure: 11 Effect of SAR on Leaf Length at peak
growth and maturity stage
24. Leaf Area
• Leaf Area showed significant difference with
control. Comparison of SAR treatments showed
that the leaf area decreased from control (167.18
cm²) to pH 3.0 (113.61 cm²).
26. BUDDING BEHAVIOR
• It was observed that bud initiation took minimum
days in control which got increased with
decreasing pH level of 5.7, 4.5 and 3.0 to
53.11, 54.11 and 57.88 days, respectively. The
maximum difference of first bud initiation was
recorded between pH 4.5 and pH 3.0.
• Budding period decreased with increasing level of
acidity. The minimum difference was recorded
between control to pH 5.7 i.e. 1.11 (4.28 %) and
maximum difference between pH 4.5 and pH 3.0
i.e. 1.78 (7.59 %).
27. Figure: 13 Effect of SAR on Budding behavior
and Duration of bud initiation(days)
Days taken to First bud initiation Duration of bud initiation
70
60
Budding Behavior (days)
50
40
30
20
10
0
7 5.7 4.5 3
Treatments (SAR pH)
28. Figure: 14 Effect of SAR on First flower
opening, Duration of Flowering(days) and Average
flower size(cm)
29. FLOWERING BEHAVIOR
• The acidity was increased days taken to first flower
opening increased accordingly. It was 57.88 in pH
4.5 followed by pH 3.0 with 62.11 days (maximum).
• An increasing acidity showed decreasing trend on
duration of flowering (days) in the plants. The pH
5.7, 4.5 and pH 3.0 showered plants, period of
flowering were showed 27.22, 25.88 and 24.77
days, respectively.
• The decrease over the control in head diameter was
recorded by 3.87 cm or 33.87 % in pH 3.0, 2.74 cm
or 17.08 % in pH 4.5 and 1.79 cm or 11.15 % in pH
5.7.
31. FLOWER
• An observation of Figure 15 clearly reveals that
the days taken to first flower opening was
significantly affected by different level of pH.
33. LEAF SYMPTOMS
• When young leaves were exposed to acid rai n at
pH 3.0 during the early development stage, they
became severely necrotic, crinkled and wrinkled.
However, mature leaves were only slightly injured
(Figure 17).
• Leaves abscissions was maximum at pH 3.0 (15.10
%) as compared to control.
37. CONDUCTIVITY
• The comparative study of entire treated plants
showed that the pH 4.5 and 3.0 was
maximum difference of reduced pH of leaf cell
sap observed as compared to control.
• The maximum difference was observed between
pH 4.5 and pH 3.0 (26.43 %). The values also
showed significant increases in conductivity of leaf
cell sap as compared to entire treated plants.
•
38. Figure: 19 Effect of SAR on pH of leaf cell
sap at peak growth stage
39. Figure: 20 Effect of SAR on Conductivity of
leaf cell sap at peak growth stage
40. IN VITRO POLLEN
• Comparison of SAR treatment showed that the
pollen germination decreased from control (86.88
%) to pH 3.0 (43.22 %). Pollen exposed to SAR at
pH 3.0 was minimum germinated among all
treated pollens.
• It is clear from the Figure 22 that measurement of
pollen tube was decreased significantly with as
increase in the level of acidity.
41. Figure: 21 Effect of SAR on in vitro Pollen
Germination
100
90
80
70
Pollen Germination (%)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
7 5.7 4.5 3
Treatments (SAR pH)
42. Figure: 22 Effect of SAR on in vitro Pollen Tube
Length
3
2.5
Pollen Tube Length (μm)
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
7 5.7 4.5 3
Treatments (SAR pH)
43. Photosynthetic pigment contents
• SAR application showed decreasing trend in
chlorophyll content.
• Chl a and Chl b contents followed similar trend in
change as was observed in case of total chlorophyll.
• The carotenoids content showed highest difference
between pH 4.5 and pH 3.0 i.e. (0.084). It has lowest
difference between pH 5.7 and pH 4.5 i.e. (0.023).
• The values were statistically at par in case of
chlorophyll a: b ratio at peak growth (Figure 23b).
• These values showed unaffected total chlorophyll to
carotenoid ratio from SAR.
44. Figure: 23a Effect of SAR on Photosynthetic
pigment contents at peak growth stage
Total Chl Chl a Chl b
2.5
Photosynthetic Pigment Contents (mg g-1 fw)
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
7 5.7 4.5 3
Treatments (SAR pH)
45. Figure: 23b Effect of SAR on Carotenoids, Chl
a:b ratio and Total Chl : carotenoid ratio
Carotenoid Chl a: b ratio Total Chl: Carotenoid ratio
4.5
Photosynthetic Pigments Contents (mg g -1 fw)
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
7 5.7 4.5 3
Treatments (SAR pH)
46. Figure: 24 Effect of SAR on Seed Yield
50
45
40
35
30
Seed Yield (g)
25
20
15
10
5
0
7 5.7 4.5 3
Treatments (SAR pH)
47. SEED YIELD
• The comparison of different SAR treatments
showed that the seed yield per head decreased
highest at pH 3.0 from control.
• Average seed weight and size were decreased with
increasing level of acidity (Figure 25).
48. Figure: 25 Comparison Showing Effect of
SAR on variation of the Seeds size
(a) pH 7.0 (b) pH 5.7
-
(c) pH 4.5 (d) pH 3.0
49. PHYTOTOXICITY
• The effects of simulated acid rain (SAR) treatment
on percent phytotoxicity in shoot and root tissues
at peak growth and maturity stage was measured
keeping pH 7.0 as control and results are
summarized below.
50. Figure: 26 Effect of SAR on Percent Shoot phytotoxicity
at peak growth and maturity stage
51. PERCENT SHOOT PHYTOTOXICITY
• Percent phytotoxicity in shoot tissues at peak
growth stage was measured keeping pH 7.0 as
control. SAR application caused increase in
percent shoots phytotoxicity and was 27.30, 35.81
and 38.90 at pH 5.7, 4.5 and 3.0, respectively.
52. Figure: 27 Effect of SAR on Percent Root phytotoxicity
at peak growth and maturity stage
53. PERCENT ROOT PHYTOTOXICITY
• Comparative evaluation of SAR treated plants
showed that the percent root phytotoxicity was
highest at pH 3.0. SAR effect on roots showed
significantly increasing trend of percent
phytotoxicity from pH 4.5 (34.01) to 3.0 (46.73).
54. Shoot and Root Percent Phytotoxicity
• Comparison between shoot and root percent
phytotoxicity of sunflower variety Morden exposed
to simulated acid rain revealed that percent shoot
phytotoxicity and percent root phytotoxicity could
serve as good biological parameters for evaluating
relative sensitivity.
55. CONCLUSION
• The study reveals that acid rain decreased length and biomass
accumulation of root, shoot and leaf.
• The adverse effects of simulated acid rain reported here and elsewhere
demonstrate the potential for acute effects of atmospheric acidic
depositions on growth parameters, photosynthetic pigment content in
terms of Total Chl, Chl a, Chl b, carotenoids, Chl a: b ratio, Total Chl:
carotenoid ratio, seed yield and yield contributing characters like
pollen germination and pollen tube length in treated plants.
• The percent phytotoxicity determination in plant roots and shoot
provides indicators for biomonitoring the sensitivity to acid rain in the
sunflower plant.
56. • The results further suggest that problems related to acid rain are
likely to arise in future in view of rapid and uncontrolled
industrialization in the all parts of the world, particularly
developed countries as acid rain is harmful for normal
survival, growth and yield in major crops. However, this clue needs
to be examined widely before making generalizations.
• There is a need to identify suitable variety to be grown in acid rain
affected zones.
• The concentration of SAR may increase to an extent causing an
acidification of cytoplasm to decrease intracellular pH.
• The capacity of acidic buffering and the mechanism(s) involved are
still unclear and require further in depth investigation.