Power Measurement with IoT

MEASUREMENT OF POWER CONSUMPTION BY
VARIOUS DEVICES USING IoT TECHNOLOGY
FOR
CONTROL SYSTEMS LAB

ABSTRACT
In today’s world, with the rise in usage of electricity in various fields, there is a need of
even keeping track of the usage of power, so that it can be arranged into proper data, can be
analysed, which can be used for prediction of future power usage, and accumulating the
required resources to comply for the future, and this can be done using a technology named
IoT (Internet of Things). The project uses a NodeMCU module, along with ESP8266,
ADS1115 and an open source IoT platform, ThingSpeak. The project focuses on monitoring
and measuring the power used by various devices used in our daily life, calculating other
parameters and creating a database of the data collected, this data being seen through
ThingSpeak.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
DESCRIPTION PAGE NUMBER
LIST OF FIGURES 5
ABBREVIATIONS/ NOTATIONS/ NOMENCLATURE 6
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Electrical Energy and its consumption in India 7
1.2 Traditional Electricity Meters vs Smart Electricity Meters 8
1.3 Advantages of Smart Electricity Metering System 9
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE COMPONENTS
2.1 NodeMCU 10
2.2 ADS1115 12
2.3 Non-invasive AC current sensor 13
2.4 ThingSpeak 16
3 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM AND THE CODE 17
4 WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT 20
5 OUTPUT OF THE PROJECT 22
6 CONCLUSION 22
7 REFERENCES 23

LIST OF FIGURES
Page 8:
Traditional Electromechanical Meter Architecture
Smart Meter Architecture
The important function carried by smart meter.
Page 10:
NodeMCU v0.9
NodeMCU v1.0
Page 11:
NodeMCU Pin Configuration
Page 13:
Pinout of ADS1115
Page 14:
Current Sensor
Page 15:
Layout of Current Sensor and its other versions
Page 17:
Circuit diagram 1
Page 18:
Circuit diagram 2
Page 21:
Output values of the project, in the form of a graph.

ABBREVIATIONS/ NOTATIONS/ NOMENCLATURE
TOE: Tonnes of Oil Equivalent
MCU: Microcontroller Unit
SoC: System on Chip
SDK: Software Development Kit
UART: Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter
SPI: Serial Peripheral Interface
I2C: Inter-Integrated Circuit
IDE: Integrated Development Environment
Lua: A programming language
GPIO: General-Purpose input/output
PWM: Pulse Width Modulation
SDA: Serial Data Line
SCL: Serial Clock line
API: Application Programming Interface
HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. ElectricalEnergyand its consumption in India
Electrical energy is the most convenient form of energy for most human uses.
Electrical energy is easy to move from one location to another and easy to use, but it is almost
impossible to store in any large quantity. It can be used for running computers and
most appliances, home heating, and even transportation. Electricity is used by industry,
households, and businesses, and accounts for 18% of end use energy worldwide.
Energy consumption in India has gone up manifold in recent years and demand is
expected to rise further due to speedy electrification, increase in household purchasing power,
technology advancement, e-mobility prospects, industrial and agricultural advancements.
According to the ministry of power, in terms of TOE, energy demand in the country is
expected to increase to about 1,250 million TOE(as per the integrated energy policy report) to
1,500 million TOE (as per the International Energy Agency) by 2030.
Of the above, residential electricity consumption constitutes 24% of the total electricity
consumption in India. In this sector, lighting and cooling requirements constitute 75% of the
total household electricity consumption. Here, requirements are further projected to grow by
260% by 2021, according to World Bank estimates.
The Indian Power sector has grown significantly since independence and the generation
capacity has increased from 1,362 MW in 1947 to over 250,257 MW in July, 2014. Despite
significant increase in electricity generation, the shortage of Power continues to persist
primarily on account of the growth in electrification and demand for Power outsmarting the
growth in generation and capacity addition. Even after considerable growth in the Power sector
and improvement in the electricity supply, many parts of the country continue to face Power
shortages.
From developing insight into consumer behaviour, customising solutions for end users,
to plugging gaps and spillage in the transmission systems by purging malpractices, the future

of energy management lies in the integration of digital technology with the existing
infrastructure, and strategic usage of data across applications.
1.2. Traditional Electricity Meters vs Smart Electricity Meters:
Traditional Electromechanical Meter Architecture
Smart Meter Architecture
The important function carried by smart meter.

1.3. Advantages of Smart metering system:
Advantages of Smart Meters for Utilities:
•With the advent of advanced monitoring technology, the number of personnel required will
be less.
• The increased ability for load management during peak load times.
• Makes more efficient use of grid resources.
• The system offers the latest tariff model for electricity market.
Advantages of Smart Meters for Consumers:
• Benefits the consumers in more accurate and timely electrical billing.
• Allows the consumer to schedule the electrical usage in the most optimal manner.
• Allows the user to think about the better plan for using the electrical equipment during the
expensive hours.
• Allows the consumer to switch between conventional to renewable resources based on the
tariff.
Advantages of Smart Meters for Government:
• The encouragement for smart meters will allow utilities to perform better in monitoring and
controlling aspects of power systems.
• Encourages the renewable energy resources by consumers.
• An encouragement for environmental conditions with less CO2 emissions.
• Prevents blackout by better monitoring and load forecasting for power grid.
So, our project focuses on smart metering using NodeMCU module with ESP8266-12 and
ADS1115, wherein we measure the power consumed by a load, convert the data into required
type, and sent to an online database, which displays the result in the form of a graph.

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE COMPONENTS
2.1. NodeMCU
The NodeMCU is an open source software and hardware development environment
that is built around a very inexpensive SoC called the ESP8266. The ESP8266, designed and
manufactured by Espressif Systems, contains all crucial elements of the modern computer:
CPU, RAM, networking, and even a modern operating system and SDK.
The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. It is based on the eLua project.
NodeMCU v0.9 NodeMCU v1.0
NodeMCU Dev Kit has Arduino like Analog (i.e. A0) and Digital (D0-D8) pins on its
board.
It supports serial communication protocols i.e. UART, SPI, I2C etc.
Using such serial protocols, we can connect it with serial devices like I2C enabled LCD
display, Magnetometer HMC5883, MPU-6050 Gyro meter + Accelerometer, RTC chips, GPS
modules, touch screen displays, SD cards etc.

NodeMCU Pin Configuration
How to write codes for NodeMCU?
After setting up ESP8266 with Node-MCU firmware, let’s see the IDE required for
development of NodeMCU.
NodeMCU with ESPlorer IDE:
Lua scripts are generally used to code the NodeMCU. Lua is an open source,
lightweight, embeddable scripting language built on top of C programming language.
NodeMCU with Arduino IDE:
Here is another way of developing NodeMCU with a well-known IDE i.e. Arduino
IDE. We can also develop applications on NodeMCU using Arduino development
environment. This makes easy for Arduino developers than learning new language and
IDE for NodeMCU.

Features:
 NodeMCU Lua ESP-12E WIFI Development Board
 Wireless 802.11 b/g/n standard
 Support STA / AP / STA + AP three operating modes
 Built-in TCP / IP protocol stack to support multiple TCP Client connections (5 MAX)
 D0 ~ D8, SD1 ~ SD3: used as GPIO, PWM, IIC, etc., port driver capability 15mA
 AD0: 1 channel ADC
 Input: 4.5V ~ 9V (10VMAX), USB-powered
 Current: continuous transmission: ≈70mA (200mA MAX), Standby: <200uA
 Transfer rate:110-460800bps
 Support UART / GPIO data communication interface
 Remote firmware upgrade (OTA)
 Support Smart Link Smart Networking
 Working temperature: -40 ℃ ~ + 125 ℃
 Drive Type: Dual high-power H-bridge driver
2.2. ADS1115
The ADS1115 4-channel breakout board is perfect for adding high-resolution
analog to digital conversion to any microprocessor-based project. This board can run with
power and logic signals between 2v to 5v, so this is compatible with all common 3.3v and
5v processors. As many of 4 of these boards can be controlled from the same 2-wire I2C
bus, giving you up to 16 single-ended or 8 differential channels. A programmable gain
amplifier provides up to x16 gain for small signals.

Pinout of ADS1115
ADS1115 Features:
 Resolution: 16 Bits
 Programmable Sample Rate: 8 to 860 Samples/Second
 Power Supply/Logic Levels: 2.0V to 5.5V
 Low Current Consumption: Continuous Mode: Only 150µA Single-Shot Mode:
Auto Shut-Down
 Internal Low-Drift Voltage Reference
 Internal Oscillator
 Internal PGA: up to x16
 I2C Interface: 4-Pin-Selectable Addresses
 Four Single-Ended or 2 Differential Inputs
 Programmable Comparator
2.3. Non-invasive AC Current Sensor
A current sensoris a device that detects electric current in a wire and generates a
signal proportional to that current. The generated signal could be analog voltage or current or
even a digital output. The generated signal can be then used to display the measured current in

an ammeter or can be stored for further analysis in a data acquisition system or can be used for
the purpose of control.
The sensed current and the output signal can be:
Alternating current input,
 Analog output, which duplicates the wave shape of the sensed current.
 Bipolar output, which duplicates the wave shape of the sensed current.
 Unipolar output, which is proportional to the average or RMS value of the sensed
current.
Direct current input,
 Unipolar, with a unipolar output, which duplicates the wave shape of the sensed current
 Digital output, which switches when the sensed current exceeds a certain threshold
Technologies:
 Hall effect IC sensor.
 Transformer or current clamp meter, (suitable for AC current only).
 Fluxgate Transformer Type, (suitable for AC or DC current).
 Resistor, whose voltage is directly proportional to the current through it.
 Fiber optic current sensor, using an interferometer to measure the phase change in the light
produced by a magnetic field.
 Rogowski coil, electrical device for measuring alternating current (AC) or high speed
current pulses.
Current Sensor

Layout of Current Sensor and its other versions
This non-invasive current sensor (also known as a “split core current transformer”)
can be clamped around the supply line of an electrical load to tell you how much current is
passing through it. It does this by acting as an inductor and responding to the magnetic field
around a current-carrying conductor. By reading the amount of current being produced by the
coil, you can calculate how much current is passing through the conductor.
Applications:
 Suitable for the current measuring
 Monitoring and protection of AC motor
 Lighting equipment

 Air compressor
Specifications:
 Input Current: 0~30A AC
 Output Mode: DC 0~1V
 Non-linearity：2-3%
 Build-in sampling resistance, Rl: 62Ω
 Turn Ratio: 1800:1
 Resistance Grade: Grade B
 Work Temperature: -25°C ~ ﹢70°C
 Dielectric Strength (between shell and output): 1000V AC/1min 5mA
 Leading Wire in Length: 1m
 Open Size: 13mm x 13mm
2.4. ThingSpeak:
According to its developers, ThingSpeak is an open source IoT application and API to
store and retrieve data from things using the HTTP protocol over the Internet or via a Local
Area Network. ThingSpeak enables the creation of sensor logging applications, location
tracking applications, and a social network of things with status updates.
ThingSpeak was originally launched by ioBridge in 2010 as a service in support of IoT
applications.
ThingSpeak has integrated support from the numerical computing
software MATLAB from MathWorks, allowing ThingSpeak users to analyse and visualize
uploaded data using MATLAB without requiring the purchase of a MATLAB license from
MathWorks.
Sensor data can be sent to ThingSpeak from Arduino, Raspberry Pi, BeagleBone Black,
and other hardware.

3. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM AND THE CODE
Schematic Diagramof the project:
Circuit diagram 1

CODE:
/*
* This sketch sends ads1115 current sensor data via HTTP POST request to
thingspeak server.
* It needs the following libraries to work (besides the esp8266 standard
libraries supplied with the IDE):
*
* - https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_ADS1X15
*
* designed to run directly on esp8266-01 module, to where it can be
uploaded using this marvelous piece of software:
*
* https://github.com/esp8266/Arduino
*
* 2015 Tisham Dhar
* licensed under GNU GPL
*/
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <Wire.h>
#include <Adafruit_ADS1015.h>
// replace with your channel's thingspeak API key,
String apiKey = "XXXXXXXXXXXXX";
//WIFI credentials go here
// replace with your router/hotspot name
const char* ssid = "XXXXXXXXXXX";
// replace with router/hotspot password
const char* password = "XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX";
Adafruit_ADS1115 ads; /* Use this for the 16-bit version */
const char* server = "api.thingspeak.com";
WiFiClient client;
double offsetI;
double filteredI;
double sqI,sumI;
int16_t sampleI;
double Irms;
double squareRoot(double fg)
{
double n = fg / 2.0;
double lstX = 0.0;
while (n != lstX)
{
lstX = n;
n = (n + fg / n) / 2.0;
}
return n;
}
double calcIrms(unsigned int Number_of_Samples)
{
/* Be sure to update this value based on the IC and the gain settings! */
float multiplier = 0.125F; /* ADS1115 @ +/- 4.096V gain (16-bit results)
*/
for (unsigned int n = 0; n < Number_of_Samples; n++)
{

sampleI = ads.readADC_Differential_0_1();
// Digital low pass filter extracts the 2.5 V or 1.65 V dc offset,
// then subtract this - signal is now centered on 0 counts.
offsetI = (offsetI + (sampleI-offsetI)/1024);
filteredI = sampleI - offsetI;
//filteredI = sampleI * multiplier;
// Root-mean-square method current
// 1) square current values
sqI = filteredI * filteredI;
// 2) sum
sumI += sqI;
}
Irms = squareRoot(sumI / Number_of_Samples)*multiplier;
//Reset accumulators
sumI = 0;
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------
return Irms;
}
void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200);
delay(10);
// We start by connecting to a WiFi network
Serial.println();
Serial.println();
Serial.print("Connecting to ");
Serial.println(ssid);
WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
delay(500);
Serial.print(".");
}
Serial.println("");
Serial.println("WiFi connected");
Serial.println("IP address: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());
ads.setGain(GAIN_ONE); // 1x gain +/- 4.096V 1 bit = 2mV
0.125mV
ads.begin();
}
void loop() {
//Serial.print("Differential: "); Serial.print(results); Serial.print("(");
Serial.print(trans_volt); Serial.println("mV)");
double current = calcIrms(2048);

if (client.connect(server,80)) { // "184.106.153.149" or
api.thingspeak.com
String postStr = apiKey;
postStr +="&field1=";
postStr += String(current);
postStr += "rnrn";
client.print("POST /update HTTP/1.1n");
client.print("Host: api.thingspeak.comn");
client.print("Connection: closen");
client.print("X-THINGSPEAKAPIKEY: "+apiKey+"n");
client.print("Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencodedn");
client.print("Content-Length: ");
client.print(postStr.length());
client.print("nn");
client.print(postStr);
}
client.stop();
//Serial.println("Waiting...");
// thingspeak needs minimum 15 sec delay between updates
delay(20000);
}
4. WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT
At the start of the project, we have to take a load (either a resistive load, inductive
load, or a capacitive load), which has its phase and neutral wires separated, i.e., both the
wires aren’t kept together in another wire.
Now, take either a phase wire, or a neutral wire, and place it in the current sensor,
by clamping it.
Now, connect the current sensor to the circuit, as shown in the above diagram, and
powerup the circuit with a DC source (a mobile charger, or a power bank, with a USB 2.0
version wire to connect to the NodeMCU).
Make sure that the code which you have uploaded has the correct WiFi username
and password.
Now, go to the ThingSpeak site, login into your account, and create a new channel
named “Raw Measurement”, for getting the values.

5. OUTPUT OF THE PROJECT
Output values of the project, in the form of a graph.
6. CONCLUSION
So, in here, we have used an MC named “NodeMCU”, which has an inbuilt
WiFi module in it, along with a ADC named “ADS1115”, and a current sensor of clamp type,
to measure the values. We have powered the project with an external source of 5V DC. We
have measured the values of various loads and conceived the data in a website named
“ThingSpeak”. So, we can be able to measure the amount of power that we consume. This
project is a prototype of a bigger one, which can measure the real power, current, voltage and
power factor of the loads, which can be useful for evaluation of usage.

7. REFERENCES:
1. https://www.hackster.io/whatnick/esp8266-iot-energy-monitor-b199ed
2. https://www.google.co.in/
3. https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/Nhci8SHdMKvTw0uH21RL3N/Achieving-
energy-efficiency-key-to-meeting-lower-emissions-c.html
4. https://www.livemint.com/Politics/0rHdVkJjPMArShNdxZ3DVJ/Energy-efficiency-
green-concerns-key-to-Indias-development.html
5. http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/how-data-driven-solutions-will-charge-up-
indias-power-sector/1103203/
6. http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=16469
7. http://www.electricalindia.in/blog/post/id/14765/role-of-smart-meters-in-smart-grid
8. http://www.electronicwings.com/nodemcu/introduction-to-nodemcu
9. https://learn.adafruit.com/adafruit-4-channel-adc-breakouts
10. http://henrysbench.capnfatz.com/henrys-bench/arduino-voltage-
measurements/arduino-ads1115-module-getting-started-tutorial/
11. http://esp8266.net/
12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_sensor
13. https://www.itead.cc/esp-12e-nodemcu-lua-wifi-development-board.html

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