The document discusses power and politics in organizations. It defines power as the ability to influence others and identifies different types of power including legitimate, reward, coercive, expert, and referent power. It also distinguishes between position power, which comes from one's role, and personal power, which comes from the individual. The document provides guidelines for effectively using different powers and examines political behavior in organizations.
This document discusses different types of authority and forms of government. It defines three types of authority - traditional authority, which is legitimacy based on longstanding cultural traditions; rational-legal authority, which comes from following established legal rules and bureaucratic procedures; and charismatic authority, which depends on an individual's extraordinary personality and abilities to inspire devotion. It then contrasts different political systems like monarchy, which is ruled by a hereditary monarch, versus democracy, which is ruled by the people through elections and stresses individual rights and freedoms. Finally, it examines other forms of government like authoritarianism, totalitarianism, and dictatorships.
1. Communism
2. Socialism
3. Liberalism
4. Conservatism
5. Fascism
6. Feminism
** Disclaimer:
All of the pictures and pieces of information on this site are the property of the respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
The document discusses the history of American governance in the Philippines from 1898 to 1935. It describes how the US established military rule after defeating Spain in 1898, with three successive military governors, before inaugurating civilian rule in 1901 headed by a civil governor. In 1905, the title was changed to Governor-General, who had legislative powers. The document then outlines the establishment of the Philippine Commission and Assembly as the legislature, as well as representation in the US Congress, before discussing the transition to a self-governing Commonwealth in 1935 in the lead up to full independence in 1946.
The history and development of the philippine administrative system copyJohnRealVernonPanoli
The document traces the evolution of the Philippine bureaucracy through different historical periods. During Spanish colonial rule, the bureaucracy was highly centralized, nepotistic, and allowed colonial officials to exercise wide discretion. Under early American rule, reforms established a merit-based civil service. In the early Philippine republic, the bureaucracy was vulnerable to nepotism and spoils but helped implement development programs. Martial law centralized power and bloated the bureaucracy. The post-Marcos period focused on decentralization, accountability, and efficiency. The bureaucracy remains executive-dominated and centralized but aims to improve its image and capacity to address complex problems.
Executive Power
Vested in the President of the Philippines. The President is elected by popular vote. The principal workplace of the President is the Malacañang Palace in San Miguel, Manila. The executive branch is currently headed by President Rodrigo Duterte. The President is also the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
The document discusses the Philippine judiciary system. It is comprised of regular courts organized into four levels - the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, Regional Trial Courts, and Metropolitan/Municipal Trial Courts. There are also special courts like the Sharia Court and Court of Tax Appeals that have limited jurisdiction. Quasi-judicial agencies that help support the judiciary include the Civil Service Commission, Commission on Elections, and Commission on Audit. The Supreme Court is the highest court and has the Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices who must be natural born Filipinos over 40 with 15+ years experience as a lower court judge or practicing law.
1) Bureaucracies are large, hierarchical organizations that carry out specific functions in both the public and private sectors.
2) There are three main models of bureaucracy: the Weberian model views them as rational and hierarchical, the acquisitive model sees leaders seeking to expand their budgets and power, and the monopolistic model argues they become inefficient without competition.
3) The U.S. federal bureaucracy includes cabinet departments, independent agencies, regulatory commissions, and government corporations. It employs over 2.8 million people and accounts for a large portion of government spending.
This document discusses different types of authority and forms of government. It defines three types of authority - traditional authority, which is legitimacy based on longstanding cultural traditions; rational-legal authority, which comes from following established legal rules and bureaucratic procedures; and charismatic authority, which depends on an individual's extraordinary personality and abilities to inspire devotion. It then contrasts different political systems like monarchy, which is ruled by a hereditary monarch, versus democracy, which is ruled by the people through elections and stresses individual rights and freedoms. Finally, it examines other forms of government like authoritarianism, totalitarianism, and dictatorships.
1. Communism
2. Socialism
3. Liberalism
4. Conservatism
5. Fascism
6. Feminism
** Disclaimer:
All of the pictures and pieces of information on this site are the property of the respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
The document discusses the history of American governance in the Philippines from 1898 to 1935. It describes how the US established military rule after defeating Spain in 1898, with three successive military governors, before inaugurating civilian rule in 1901 headed by a civil governor. In 1905, the title was changed to Governor-General, who had legislative powers. The document then outlines the establishment of the Philippine Commission and Assembly as the legislature, as well as representation in the US Congress, before discussing the transition to a self-governing Commonwealth in 1935 in the lead up to full independence in 1946.
The history and development of the philippine administrative system copyJohnRealVernonPanoli
The document traces the evolution of the Philippine bureaucracy through different historical periods. During Spanish colonial rule, the bureaucracy was highly centralized, nepotistic, and allowed colonial officials to exercise wide discretion. Under early American rule, reforms established a merit-based civil service. In the early Philippine republic, the bureaucracy was vulnerable to nepotism and spoils but helped implement development programs. Martial law centralized power and bloated the bureaucracy. The post-Marcos period focused on decentralization, accountability, and efficiency. The bureaucracy remains executive-dominated and centralized but aims to improve its image and capacity to address complex problems.
Executive Power
Vested in the President of the Philippines. The President is elected by popular vote. The principal workplace of the President is the Malacañang Palace in San Miguel, Manila. The executive branch is currently headed by President Rodrigo Duterte. The President is also the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
The document discusses the Philippine judiciary system. It is comprised of regular courts organized into four levels - the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, Regional Trial Courts, and Metropolitan/Municipal Trial Courts. There are also special courts like the Sharia Court and Court of Tax Appeals that have limited jurisdiction. Quasi-judicial agencies that help support the judiciary include the Civil Service Commission, Commission on Elections, and Commission on Audit. The Supreme Court is the highest court and has the Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices who must be natural born Filipinos over 40 with 15+ years experience as a lower court judge or practicing law.
1) Bureaucracies are large, hierarchical organizations that carry out specific functions in both the public and private sectors.
2) There are three main models of bureaucracy: the Weberian model views them as rational and hierarchical, the acquisitive model sees leaders seeking to expand their budgets and power, and the monopolistic model argues they become inefficient without competition.
3) The U.S. federal bureaucracy includes cabinet departments, independent agencies, regulatory commissions, and government corporations. It employs over 2.8 million people and accounts for a large portion of government spending.
This document provides an overview of the fundamentals of political science. It begins by defining politics as the activity through which people make, preserve and amend the general rules under which they live. It discusses different approaches to defining politics, including politics as the art of government, public affairs, compromise and consensus, and power. Key concepts of politics like power, order and justice are also explained. The document then discusses studying politics, including different methods and purposes as well as challenges in defining the subject. It outlines major subfields in political science like political theory, government and politics, comparative politics, and international relations.
The legislative power in the Philippines is vested in the Philippine Congress, which is comprised of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate has 24 members who serve 6-year terms, while the House has between 250-300 members who serve 3-year terms. Both chambers must pass a bill through multiple readings before it can be sent to the President for approval. The Congress also exercises diplomatic powers such as declaring war and ratifying treaties.
The document discusses the role of local governments in the Philippines according to the Local Government Code. It outlines that the code aims to devolve responsibilities to local governments to empower them and make them effective partners in national development. It also describes the structure of local governments from provinces down to barangays and their powers and functions based on the code. Key aspects covered are services devolved to local governments, revenue sharing, and the executive and legislative branches of each local government unit.
Executive Branch of the Government of the PhilippinesApple Salva
The President has control over all executive departments, bureaus, and offices. As Commander-in-Chief, the President may call out armed forces to prevent lawless violence, invasion, or rebellion. The President may also suspend the writ of habeas corpus or declare martial law for up to 60 days if invasion or rebellion requires it. Congress can revoke these actions and review them for sufficient factual basis. The President has powers like pardon and amnesty but these are limited and subject to Congressional consent in some cases.
This document discusses different political ideologies including liberalism, conservatism, socialism, social democracy, communism, fascism, and feminism. It provides definitions and key beliefs for each ideology. Liberalism promotes individual welfare, freedom, and peaceful political change. Conservatism seeks to preserve traditions and gives greater attention to social groups than individuals. Socialism advocates for government ownership of production and services to achieve social equality and stability.
The document discusses levels of local government in the Philippines and decentralization. It outlines the different levels which include autonomous regions, provinces, cities/municipalities, and barangays. Autonomous regions have more powers than other local governments. Provinces are the highest level outside autonomous regions. Cities can be independent, component, or part of provinces. Municipalities are always part of provinces. Barangays are the smallest division. The document also defines decentralization as transferring power and authority from central to local governments to make them more self-reliant. The aims of decentralizing include improving economic development and services at regional/local levels.
Political Parties And Electoral Politicsvenerallonza
The document discusses political parties and electoral politics in the Philippines. It defines political parties, describes their characteristics and types based on membership, activities, and ideological orientation. It also examines the functions and importance of elections, voting activities, and challenges to the quality of elections in the Philippines.
This document defines and describes various political institutions and forms of government. It discusses that a government is a ruling body recognized by the people it governs, with the ability to make and enforce rules. Types of governments include monarchies, where power is passed through families, and democracies, where citizens periodically elect officials. Other forms are authoritarianism, with no citizen participation, and totalitarianism, with tight government control over citizens' lives. The document also examines the concepts of power, authority, and legitimacy in political systems. It provides examples of political participation such as voting, lobbying, and advocacy campaigns.
The document discusses the concept of power. It defines power as the ability to control and influence others and direct events. It outlines four main objectives which are to define power, identify the nature and types of power and consequences of power, explain the nature, dimensions, and types of power and consequences of power, and explain how power is exercised in different situations. It then discusses different types of power including reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, informational power, expert power, and referent power. It analyzes how power can be used and the dimensions of power.
The Philippine Congress is the bicameral legislative branch of the Philippine government. It consists of the Senate, with 24 senators serving 6-year terms, and the House of Representatives with 200 district representatives and 50 party-list representatives serving 3-year terms. Bills pass through committees and three readings in each chamber before being sent to the President for approval or veto. Congress has the power to create laws, approve the budget, and ratify treaties.
The role of local government in development involves administering basic services at the local level as delegated by national government. These include health, agriculture, infrastructure, and regulatory functions. Local governments generate revenue through taxes and shares of national taxes to fund their operations. While the Local Government Code of 1991 devolved many responsibilities and increased autonomy of local governments, issues remain such as inadequate funding, interference in personnel matters, and the need to further broaden tax bases and devolve additional powers and functions.
The document outlines the powers and responsibilities of the President and Vice President of the Philippines according to the 1987 Constitution. Some key points:
- The executive power is vested in the President, who must be a natural-born citizen over 40.
- The Vice President has the same qualifications and is elected jointly with the President.
- The President and Vice President serve 6-year terms and the President cannot serve more than one.
- The President appoints cabinet members and other government officials with congressional approval.
- Presidential powers include commanding armed forces, declaring martial law, granting pardons, and entering treaties with congressional approval.
Lesson 1 philippine politics and governancekenny auxilio
This document discusses Philippine politics and governance. It defines key political science concepts like politics, the state, legitimacy, governance and ideology. It also outlines the different branches of government - executive, legislative and judicial. The three basic attitudes toward politics are described as active participation, rejection and indifference. The document provides an overview of political science topics for understanding Philippine politics.
The document provides an overview of institutionalism. It defines institutions as patterns, norms, rules and schemes that govern social thought and action. Institutionalism aims to understand how these become embedded in social consciousness. It discusses isomorphism, by which institutions adopt similar forms to gain legitimacy and survival. There are three functions of isomorphism: coercive, through rules and laws; normative, through social obligations; and mimetic, through uncertainty. The document contrasts formal institutions, which are official rules from governments, and informal institutions, which are social practices. It provides examples of important theorists in institutionalism like David Mitrany, Jean Monnet, and Stephen Krasner. Finally, it outlines different types of institutionalism.
The document summarizes the structure and roles of the judicial branch in the Philippines. It begins with an overview of the judiciary and doctrine of separation of powers. It then describes the key courts in the system from highest to lowest: the Supreme Court acts as the court of final appeal. Below it are the Court of Appeals, Sandiganbayan, Court of Tax Appeals, Regional Trial Courts, Municipal Trial Courts, Metropolitan Trial Courts, and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts. It also discusses the Shari'a District Courts and Shari'a Circuit Courts, which handle cases involving Muslim personal laws.
Japan retained its culture while modernizing. It established its first legislature called the Imperial Diet in 1890. The Japanese constitution established representative democracy, though citizens only have the powers granted by the constitution. Local residents have broader participation rights. Political participation is limited, so many citizens are uninterested. Japanese political relations are based on hierarchy and accepting authority. A sense of conformism and group loyalty dominates. Politicians rise through consensus building, not personality. Factions have long influenced domestic politics.
PPG - Nature of Elections and Political Parties W 5.pptxJOVELLCONDE2
This document discusses the nature of elections and political parties in the Philippines. It describes how the Philippines has a multi-party system with elections managed by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC). National elections follow a plurality vote system to elect the president, vice president, senators, and House representatives. Local elections similarly follow a plurality vote system to elect local government officials. Political parties are formally organized groups that participate in the electoral process to gain government power.
Philippine Constitution - Article X - Local GovernmentJohn Paul Espino
Article 10 - X - Local Government of the Philippines
PREAMBLE
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society, and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
The document discusses the judicial power of the Philippines as outlined in Article VIII. It states that judicial power shall be vested in the Supreme Court and lower courts established by law. It also describes the duties of the courts, which include settling actual controversies involving legally enforceable rights and determining if there has been a grave abuse of discretion by government bodies.
Federalism is a power-sharing arrangement between national and state governments where some powers are granted solely to the national government, some are reserved for state governments, and some are shared. American federalism involves multiple levels of government, including 50 states and thousands of local governments, that are related through the federal system outlined in the US Constitution. The Constitution makes the central government supreme in some matters but also makes clear that state governments have independent powers over issues within their own boundaries, uniting the levels of government only on issues concerning foreign nations.
The document discusses several definitions and perspectives on politics and power. It notes that politics involves both cooperation and conflict in the formulation and execution of binding decisions that govern social groups. Power is a key aspect of politics and can take various forms including political, economic, and military power. Legitimacy, influence, and control are important dimensions of how power is exercised.
This document provides an overview of the fundamentals of political science. It begins by defining politics as the activity through which people make, preserve and amend the general rules under which they live. It discusses different approaches to defining politics, including politics as the art of government, public affairs, compromise and consensus, and power. Key concepts of politics like power, order and justice are also explained. The document then discusses studying politics, including different methods and purposes as well as challenges in defining the subject. It outlines major subfields in political science like political theory, government and politics, comparative politics, and international relations.
The legislative power in the Philippines is vested in the Philippine Congress, which is comprised of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate has 24 members who serve 6-year terms, while the House has between 250-300 members who serve 3-year terms. Both chambers must pass a bill through multiple readings before it can be sent to the President for approval. The Congress also exercises diplomatic powers such as declaring war and ratifying treaties.
The document discusses the role of local governments in the Philippines according to the Local Government Code. It outlines that the code aims to devolve responsibilities to local governments to empower them and make them effective partners in national development. It also describes the structure of local governments from provinces down to barangays and their powers and functions based on the code. Key aspects covered are services devolved to local governments, revenue sharing, and the executive and legislative branches of each local government unit.
Executive Branch of the Government of the PhilippinesApple Salva
The President has control over all executive departments, bureaus, and offices. As Commander-in-Chief, the President may call out armed forces to prevent lawless violence, invasion, or rebellion. The President may also suspend the writ of habeas corpus or declare martial law for up to 60 days if invasion or rebellion requires it. Congress can revoke these actions and review them for sufficient factual basis. The President has powers like pardon and amnesty but these are limited and subject to Congressional consent in some cases.
This document discusses different political ideologies including liberalism, conservatism, socialism, social democracy, communism, fascism, and feminism. It provides definitions and key beliefs for each ideology. Liberalism promotes individual welfare, freedom, and peaceful political change. Conservatism seeks to preserve traditions and gives greater attention to social groups than individuals. Socialism advocates for government ownership of production and services to achieve social equality and stability.
The document discusses levels of local government in the Philippines and decentralization. It outlines the different levels which include autonomous regions, provinces, cities/municipalities, and barangays. Autonomous regions have more powers than other local governments. Provinces are the highest level outside autonomous regions. Cities can be independent, component, or part of provinces. Municipalities are always part of provinces. Barangays are the smallest division. The document also defines decentralization as transferring power and authority from central to local governments to make them more self-reliant. The aims of decentralizing include improving economic development and services at regional/local levels.
Political Parties And Electoral Politicsvenerallonza
The document discusses political parties and electoral politics in the Philippines. It defines political parties, describes their characteristics and types based on membership, activities, and ideological orientation. It also examines the functions and importance of elections, voting activities, and challenges to the quality of elections in the Philippines.
This document defines and describes various political institutions and forms of government. It discusses that a government is a ruling body recognized by the people it governs, with the ability to make and enforce rules. Types of governments include monarchies, where power is passed through families, and democracies, where citizens periodically elect officials. Other forms are authoritarianism, with no citizen participation, and totalitarianism, with tight government control over citizens' lives. The document also examines the concepts of power, authority, and legitimacy in political systems. It provides examples of political participation such as voting, lobbying, and advocacy campaigns.
The document discusses the concept of power. It defines power as the ability to control and influence others and direct events. It outlines four main objectives which are to define power, identify the nature and types of power and consequences of power, explain the nature, dimensions, and types of power and consequences of power, and explain how power is exercised in different situations. It then discusses different types of power including reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, informational power, expert power, and referent power. It analyzes how power can be used and the dimensions of power.
The Philippine Congress is the bicameral legislative branch of the Philippine government. It consists of the Senate, with 24 senators serving 6-year terms, and the House of Representatives with 200 district representatives and 50 party-list representatives serving 3-year terms. Bills pass through committees and three readings in each chamber before being sent to the President for approval or veto. Congress has the power to create laws, approve the budget, and ratify treaties.
The role of local government in development involves administering basic services at the local level as delegated by national government. These include health, agriculture, infrastructure, and regulatory functions. Local governments generate revenue through taxes and shares of national taxes to fund their operations. While the Local Government Code of 1991 devolved many responsibilities and increased autonomy of local governments, issues remain such as inadequate funding, interference in personnel matters, and the need to further broaden tax bases and devolve additional powers and functions.
The document outlines the powers and responsibilities of the President and Vice President of the Philippines according to the 1987 Constitution. Some key points:
- The executive power is vested in the President, who must be a natural-born citizen over 40.
- The Vice President has the same qualifications and is elected jointly with the President.
- The President and Vice President serve 6-year terms and the President cannot serve more than one.
- The President appoints cabinet members and other government officials with congressional approval.
- Presidential powers include commanding armed forces, declaring martial law, granting pardons, and entering treaties with congressional approval.
Lesson 1 philippine politics and governancekenny auxilio
This document discusses Philippine politics and governance. It defines key political science concepts like politics, the state, legitimacy, governance and ideology. It also outlines the different branches of government - executive, legislative and judicial. The three basic attitudes toward politics are described as active participation, rejection and indifference. The document provides an overview of political science topics for understanding Philippine politics.
The document provides an overview of institutionalism. It defines institutions as patterns, norms, rules and schemes that govern social thought and action. Institutionalism aims to understand how these become embedded in social consciousness. It discusses isomorphism, by which institutions adopt similar forms to gain legitimacy and survival. There are three functions of isomorphism: coercive, through rules and laws; normative, through social obligations; and mimetic, through uncertainty. The document contrasts formal institutions, which are official rules from governments, and informal institutions, which are social practices. It provides examples of important theorists in institutionalism like David Mitrany, Jean Monnet, and Stephen Krasner. Finally, it outlines different types of institutionalism.
The document summarizes the structure and roles of the judicial branch in the Philippines. It begins with an overview of the judiciary and doctrine of separation of powers. It then describes the key courts in the system from highest to lowest: the Supreme Court acts as the court of final appeal. Below it are the Court of Appeals, Sandiganbayan, Court of Tax Appeals, Regional Trial Courts, Municipal Trial Courts, Metropolitan Trial Courts, and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts. It also discusses the Shari'a District Courts and Shari'a Circuit Courts, which handle cases involving Muslim personal laws.
Japan retained its culture while modernizing. It established its first legislature called the Imperial Diet in 1890. The Japanese constitution established representative democracy, though citizens only have the powers granted by the constitution. Local residents have broader participation rights. Political participation is limited, so many citizens are uninterested. Japanese political relations are based on hierarchy and accepting authority. A sense of conformism and group loyalty dominates. Politicians rise through consensus building, not personality. Factions have long influenced domestic politics.
PPG - Nature of Elections and Political Parties W 5.pptxJOVELLCONDE2
This document discusses the nature of elections and political parties in the Philippines. It describes how the Philippines has a multi-party system with elections managed by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC). National elections follow a plurality vote system to elect the president, vice president, senators, and House representatives. Local elections similarly follow a plurality vote system to elect local government officials. Political parties are formally organized groups that participate in the electoral process to gain government power.
Philippine Constitution - Article X - Local GovernmentJohn Paul Espino
Article 10 - X - Local Government of the Philippines
PREAMBLE
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society, and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
The document discusses the judicial power of the Philippines as outlined in Article VIII. It states that judicial power shall be vested in the Supreme Court and lower courts established by law. It also describes the duties of the courts, which include settling actual controversies involving legally enforceable rights and determining if there has been a grave abuse of discretion by government bodies.
Federalism is a power-sharing arrangement between national and state governments where some powers are granted solely to the national government, some are reserved for state governments, and some are shared. American federalism involves multiple levels of government, including 50 states and thousands of local governments, that are related through the federal system outlined in the US Constitution. The Constitution makes the central government supreme in some matters but also makes clear that state governments have independent powers over issues within their own boundaries, uniting the levels of government only on issues concerning foreign nations.
The document discusses several definitions and perspectives on politics and power. It notes that politics involves both cooperation and conflict in the formulation and execution of binding decisions that govern social groups. Power is a key aspect of politics and can take various forms including political, economic, and military power. Legitimacy, influence, and control are important dimensions of how power is exercised.
This document discusses politics within social organizations such as families, local governments, communities, and the use of religion in politics. It addresses who holds power in these structures, degrees and bases of power, and abuses of power. Politics exists in families along class and gender dimensions, with earning members typically holding more power. Local governments have evolved over time and local politics involves informal power structures. Communities involve various interests and decision-makers. Understanding community politics requires examining socio-economic and cultural dynamics as well as conflicts and potential solutions.
The document discusses sociopolitical anthropology and the cross-cultural study of social organization, informal social control, and governance. It covers common forms of social grouping such as by gender, age, associations, and social class. It also discusses concepts like egalitarian societies, ranked societies, stratified societies, bands, tribes, chiefdoms, states, legitimacy, and power versus authority.
Introduction to Sociology and AnthropologyMonte Christo
This document provides an overview of sociology and anthropology. It defines sociology as the systematic study of human social behavior and groups, focusing on how social relationships influence behavior and society develops. Anthropology is defined as the study of past and present human cultures. The document then discusses the origins and history of sociology and anthropology, including key early thinkers in each field. It also outlines three major theoretical perspectives in sociology: functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism.
Anthropology and sociology are both social sciences that study humans, but they have different focuses. Anthropology takes a broader view, examining humans' physical and cultural evolution over time, as well as artifacts from the past. Sociology focuses more on how and why humans behave in certain ways within societies. While anthropology looks more at history and cultures across different groups, sociology examines current social behaviors and their development. Both fields provide insight into cultural practices and social norms.
POWER AND POLITICS
Study questions.
What is power?
How do managers acquire the power needed for leadership?
What is empowerment, and how can managers empower others?
What are organizational politics?
Study questions.
How do organizational politics affect managers and management?
Can the firm use politics strategically?
“Power tends to corrupt; absolute power corrupts absolutely”
--- Lord Acton
POWER
A capacity that A has to influence the behavior of B so that B acts in accordance with A’s wishes.
DEPENDENCY
B’s relationship to A when A possesses something that B requires.
This document discusses power and politics in organizations. It defines power as the ability to influence others' behavior to act according to one's wishes. There are five bases of power: coercive, reward, legitimate, expert, and referent. It also distinguishes between "power to" which is empowerment, versus "power over" others. Politics in organizations involves activities to influence the distribution of advantages that are not formally required, and three questions can help determine the ethics of political actions: if they serve self-interest over organizational goals, respect individuals' rights, and are fair.
We'd like to take a break on presentation techniques and share with our viewers a slideshow featuring leadership lessons from former South African President Nelson Mandela.
Transcript Below:
1.) “A good leader can engage in a debate frankly and thoroughly, knowing that at the end he and the other side must be closer, and thus emerge stronger. You don't have that idea when you are arrogant, superficial, and uninformed.”
“I learned that courage was not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it. The brave man is not he who does not feel afraid, but he who conquers that fear.”
2.) “It is better to lead from behind and to put others in front, especially when you celebrate victory when nice things occur. You take the front line when there is danger. Then people will appreciate your leadership.”
“Resentment is like drinking poison and then hoping it will kill your enemies.”
3.) “Long speeches, the shaking of fists, the banging of tables and strongly worded resolutions out of touch with the objective conditions do not bring about mass action and can do a great deal of harm to the organization and the struggle we serve.”
“Do not judge me by my successes, judge me by how many times I fell down and got back up again.”
4.) “Real leaders must be ready to sacrifice all for the freedom of their people.”
"Action without vision is only passing time, vision without action is merely day dreaming, but vision with action can change the world."
5.) “What counts in life is not the mere fact that we have lived. It is what difference we have made to the lives of others that will determine the significance of the life we lead.”
“Courageous people do not fear forgiving, for the sake of peace.”
We hope you enjoyed our latest SlideShare presentation!
The document outlines the principles of sociology and anthropology as academic disciplines. It discusses the key areas and branches of each field. Sociology involves the scientific study of human interaction and social processes. It examines groups, institutions, and social change. Anthropology focuses on the study of human culture, behavior, and evolution across time and space. The main branches of anthropology described are physical, cultural, archaeology, and linguistics. Both sociology and anthropology aim to understand human societies and cultures through empirical, objective study.
Power and politics are important dynamics in organizational behavior. Power is the ability to influence and achieve goals, even in the face of resistance from others. There are various sources of power, including reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, referent power, and expert power. Organizational politics involves the distribution of power and strategies for obtaining and retaining power. Conditions of scarce resources, ambiguous decisions, unclear goals, and change can increase organizational politics and political behavior.
This document discusses various aspects of group behaviour, including:
1. It defines formal and informal groups and provides examples.
2. It describes social identity theory and how people develop social identities through similarity, distinctiveness, status, and uncertainty reduction.
3. It outlines five stages of group development: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. It also discusses an alternative punctuated equilibrium model for temporary groups.
4. It covers key group properties like roles, norms, status, size, and cohesiveness and how they impact group functioning.
5. It discusses phenomena like social loafing, conformity, and groupthink that can influence group decision-making and
Power refers to the ability to influence others and make things happen according to one's will. There are various sources of power in organizations, including legitimate power, reward power, coercive power, expert power, and referent power. Managers acquire power through their position, expertise, visibility, and expanding their networks. Empowerment involves helping employees acquire power to make decisions affecting themselves and their work. Organizational politics involves intentionally enhancing self-interest through activities to develop and use power and resources to achieve preferred outcomes. Managing politics effectively involves establishing credibility, building support networks, implementing clear policies, and acting consistently.
1. POWER AND POLITICS
POWER
POWER IS POTENTIAL ABILITY OF A
PERSON OR GROUP TO INFLUENCE
ANOTHER PERSON OR GROUP
01/05/13 1
2. TYPE OF POWER
TYPES OF POWER ARE DESCRIBED IN TERMS OF
BASES OF POWER AND POSITION V/S PERSONAL
POWER
(A) BASES OF POWER
1. LEGITMATE POWER
LEGITMATE IS GRANTED BY VIRTUE OF ONE’S
POSITION IN THE ORGANIZATION.
2. REWARD POWER
REWARD POWER IS THE EXTENT TO WHICH A
PERSON CONTROLS REWARDS THAT ANOTHER
PERSON VALUES.
01/05/13 2
3. 3. COERCIVE POWER
COERCIVE POWER IS THE EXTENT TO WHICH A
PERSON HAS THE ABILITY TO PUNISH OR
PHYSICALLY OR PSYCHOLOGICALLY HARM
SOME ONE ELSE.
4. EXPERT POWER
EXPERT POWER IS THE EXTENT TO WHICH A
PERSON CONTROLS INFORMATION THAT IS
VALUABLE TO SOME ONE ELSE.
5. REFERENT POWER
REFERENT POWER EXISTS WHEN ONE PERSON
WANTS TO BE LIKE OR IMITATES SOME ONE
ELSE.
01/05/13 3
4. (B) POSITION POWER V/S PERSONAL POWER
1. POSITION POWER
POSITION POWER RESIDES IN THE POSITION,
REGARDLESS OF WHO IS FILLING THAT
POSITION.
(LEGITIMATE, REWARD AND SOME ASPECT OF
COERCIVE AND EXPERT)
2. PERSONAL POWER
PERSONAL POWER RESIDES IN THE PERSON
REGARDLESS OF THE POSITION BEING FILLED.
(EXPERT, COERCIVE AND REWARD)
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5. POSITION AND PERSONAL POWER
HIGH
MODERATE STRONGEST
OVERALL OVERALL
POWER POWER
POSITION
POWER WEAKEST MODERATE
OVERALL OVERALL
POWER POWER
LOW
LOW PERSONAL HIG
POWER H
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6. THE USES & OUTCOMES OF POWER
SOURCE OF TYPE OF OUTCOME
LEADER
INFLUENCE
COMMITMENT COMPLIANCE RESISTANCE
REFERENT LIKELY IF REQUEST IS POSSIBLE IF POSSIBLE IF
POWER BELIEVED TO BE REQUEST IS REQUEST IS FOR
IMPORTANT TO LEADER PERCEIVED TO BE SOMETHING THAT
UNIMPORTANT TO WILL BRING HARM TO
LEADER LEADER
EXPERT LIKELY IF REQUEST IS POSSIBLE IF POSSIBLE IF LEADER
POWER PERSUASIVE AND REQUEST IS IS ARROGANT AND
SUBORDINATES SHARE PERSUASIVE BUT INSULTING, OR
LEADER’S TASK GOALS SUBORDINATES ARE SUBORDINATES
APATHETIC ABOUT OPPOSE TASK GOALS
TASK GOALS
LEGITIMATE POSSIBLE IF REQUEST IS LIKELY IF REQUEST POSSIBLE IF
POWER POLITE AND VERY OR ORDER IS SEEN ARROGANT
APPROPRIATE AS LEGITIMATE DEMANDS ARE MADE
OR REQUEST DOES
NOT APPEAR
PROPER
REWARD POSSIBLE IF USED IN A LIKELY IF USED IN A POSSIBLE IF USED IN
POWER SUBTLE, VERY PERSONAL MECHANICAL, A MANIPULATIVE,
WAY IMPERSONAL WAY ARROGANT WAY
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COERCIVE VERY UNLIKELY POSSIBLE IF USED IN 6LIKELY IF USED IN A
7. GUIDELINES FOR USING POWER
BASIS OF POWER GUIDELINES FOR USE
REFERENT POWER TREAT SUBORDINATES FAIRLY
DEFEND SUBORDINATES’ INTERESTS
BE SENSITIVE TO SUBORDINATES’ NEEDS, FEELING
SELECT SUBORDINATES SIMILAR TO ONESELF
ENGAGE IN ROLE MODELING
EXPERT POWER PROMOTE IMAGE OF EXPERTISE
MAINTAIN CREDIBILITY
ACT CONFIDENT AND DECISIVE
KEEP INFORMED
RECOGNIZE EMPLOYEE CONCERNS
AVOID THREATENING SUBORDINATES’ SELF-ESTEEM
LEGITIMATE POWER BE CORDIAL AND POLITE
BE CONFIDENT
BE CLEAR AND FOLLOW UP TO VERIFY UNDERSTANDING
MAKE SURE REQUEST IS APPROPRIATE
EXPLAIN REASONS FOR REQUEST
FOLLOW PROPER CHANNELS
EXERCISE POWER REGULARLY
ENFORCE COMPLIANCE
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BE SENSITIVE TO SUBORDINATES’ CONCERNS
8. REWARD POWER VERIFY COMPLIANCE
MAKE FEASIBLE, REASONABLE
REQUESTS
MAKE ONLY ETHICAL, PROPER
REQUESTS
OFFER REWARDS DESIRED BY
SUBORDINATES
OFFER ONLY CREDIBLE REWARDS
COERCIVE POWER INFORM SUBORDINATES OF RULES
AND PENALTIES
WARN BEFORE PUNISHING
ADMINISTER PUNISHMENT
CONSISTENTLY AND UNIFORMLY
UNDERSTAND THE SITUATION BEFORE
ACTING
MAINTAIN CREDIBILITY
FIT PUNISHMENT TO THE INFRACTION
PUNISH IN PRIVATE
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9. ORGANIZATION POLITICS
ORGANIZATIONAL POLITICS ARE ACTIVITIES
CARRIED OUT BY PEOPLE TO ACQUIRE, ENHANCE
AND USE POWER AND OTHER RESOURCES TO
OBTAIN THEIR DESIRED OUT COMES. (IT IS
CLOSELY RELATED TO POWER IN
ORGANIZATIONAL SETTINGS).
ORGANIZATIONAL POLITICS ARE PERVASIVE IN
MOST ORGANIZATIONS. BUT IT GAINS POWER
HENCE RATHER IGNORING OR TRYING TO
ELIMINATES, THE MANAGERS SHOULD USE
FRUITFULLY FOR CONSTRUCTIVE GAINS.
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10. MANAGERIAL PERCEPTION OF POLITICAL BEHAVIOUR
(A SURVEY ANALYSIS)
STATEMENT MEAN STANDARD STRONG
SCORE DEVIATION OR
o MODERATE
AGREEMEN
T %
A THE EXISTENCE OF WORKPLACE 1.59 0.71 93.2
POLITICS IS COMMON TO MOST
ORGANIZATIONS
B SUCCESSFUL EXECUTIVES MUST BE 1.75 0.88 89.0
GOOD POLITICIANS
C THE HIGHER YOU GO IN ORGANIZATIONS, 1.99 1.10 76.2
THE MORE POLITICAL THE CLIMATE
BECOMES
D ONLY ORGANIZATIONALLY WEAK PEOPLE 2.21 1.17 68.5
PLAY POLITICSB
E ORGANIZATIONS FREE OF POLITICS ARE 2.34 1.09 59.1
HAPPIER THAN THOSE WHERE THERE IS A
LOT OF POLITICS
F YOU HAVE TO BE POLITICAL TO GET 2.37 1.13 69.8
AHEAD IN ORGANIZATIONS
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G POLITICS IN ORGANIZATIONS ARE 2.57 1.14 55.1
11. STATEMENT MEAN STANDARD STRONG
SCORE DEVIATION OR
o
MODERATE
AGREEMEN
T %
H TOP MANAGEMENT SHOULD TRY TO GET 2.67 1.23 48.6
RID OF POLITICS WITHIN THE
ORGANIZATION
I POLITICS HELP ORGANIZATIONS 2.76 1.13 42.1
FUNCTION EFFECTIVELYB
J POWERFUL EXECUTIVES DON’T ACT 3.87 1.15 15.7
POLITICALLYB
O
score: 1-Strongly agree; 2-Slightly agree; 3-neither agree nor disagree; 4-
slightly disagree; 5-strongly disagree.
b
Reverse scoring
Survey result of 428 managers of different organizations
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12. A MODEL OF ETHICAL POLITICAL BEHAVIOUR
DOES THE PBA (POLITICAL BEHAVIOR
ALTERNATIVE) RESULT IN THE EFFICIENT NO
OPTIMIZATION OF THE SATISFACTIONS
OF INTEREST INSIDE AND OUTSIDE THE
ARE THERE OVERWHELMING
ORGANIZATION?
FACTORS THAT JUSTIFY SUB-
YES YES OPTIMIZING THESE GOALS AND
SATISFACTION?
NO
DOES THE PBA RESPECT THE RIGHTS
OF ALL THE AFFECTED PARTIES? REJECT PBA
NO
ARE THERE OVERWHELMING FACTORS
YES YE THAT JUSTIFY THE ABROGATION OF A
S RIGHT?
NO
DOES THE PBA RESPECT THE
CANONS OF JUSTICE? REJECT PBA
NO
ARE THERE OVERWHELMING
YES YES FACTORS THAT JUSTIFY THE
VIOLATION OF A CANON OF JUSTICE
NO
ACCEPT PBA
REJECT PBA
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13. MANAGING POLITICAL BEHAVIOUR
REASONS FOR AND POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF
POLITICAL BEHAVIOUR
RESOURCES POLITICAL POSSIBLE RESULTS
BEHAVIOUR
AMBIGUOUS GOALS PERSONAL GAIN DISGUISED
AS PURSUIT OF GOALS
SCARECE RESOURCE PURSUIT OF MAXIMUM
SHARE OF RESOURCES
TECHNOLOGY AND PERSONAL GAINS VIA
ENVIRONMENT UNCERTAINTY
NON-PROGRAMMED PAROCHIAL DECISION
DECISIONS MAKING
ORGANIZATIONAL PURSUIT OF POLITICAL ENDS
CHANGE DURING REORGANIZATION
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14. TECHNIQUES OF POLITICAL BEHAVIOUR
OPPORTUNITIES POLITICAL POSSIBLE
FOR POLITICAL TECHNIQUES
RESULTS
BEHAVIOUR
• CONTROLLING INFORMATION
• CONTROLLING LINES OF COMMUNICATION
• USING OUTSIDE EXPERTS
• CONTROLLING THE AGENDA
• GAME PLAYING
• IMAGE BUILDING
• BUILDING COALITIONS
• CONTROLLING DECISION PARAMETERS
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