The document summarizes information about three viral disease outbreaks: 1) The 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa began in a rural village and spread rapidly to urban areas across borders, becoming a global epidemic. Factors like population growth and bushmeat consumption may have contributed to the virus's spread. 2) The Zika virus epidemic from 2015 to the present is transmitted through mosquito bites and can cause birth defects if a pregnant woman is infected. Symptoms include fever, rash, joint pain and red eyes. 3) The H1N1 swine flu pandemic from 2009-2010 was first detected in the US and spread globally. While a vaccine was produced, it was not

1. WEST AFRICAN
EBOLA EPIDEMIC
Natasha Almasan

2. EBOLA VIRUS (2014-2016)
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▸ Ebola virus disease (EVD), one of the deadliest viral diseases,
was discovered in 1976 when two consecutive outbreaks of
fatal hemorrhagic fever occurred in different parts of Central
Africa.
▸ The second outbreak occurred in what is now South Sudan,
approximately 500 miles (850 km) away.
▸ The first outbreak occurred in the Democratic Republic of Congo
(formerly Zaire) in a village near the Ebola River, which gave the virus
its name.

3. History
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▸ Public health officials assumed these outbreaks were a single
event associated with an infected person who traveled
between the two locations.
▸ The 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa began in a rural setting of
southeastern Guinea, spread to urban areas and across borders within
weeks, and became a global epidemic within months.
▸ Factors like population growth, encroachment into forested areas,
and direct interaction with wildlife (such as bushmeat consumption)
may have contributed to the spread of the Ebola virus.

4. Signs and Symptoms
Primary signs and symptoms of Ebola often include some or several of the following:
▸ Fever
▸ Aches and pains, such as severe headache and muscle and joint pain
▸ Weakness and fatigue
▸ Sore throat
▸ Loss of appetite
▸ Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting
▸ Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising
▸ Other symptoms may include red eyes, skin rash, and hiccups (late-stage).
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5. Prevention and Vaccine
▸ Avoid contact with blood and body fluids (such as urine, feces, saliva,
sweat, vomit, breast milk, amniotic fluid, semen, and vaginal fluids) of
people who are sick.
▸ Avoid contact with semen from a man who has recovered from EVD, until
testing shows that the virus is gone from his semen.
▸ Avoid contact with items that may have come in contact with an infected
person’s blood or body fluids (such as clothes, bedding, needles, and
medical equipment).
▸ Avoid funeral or burial practices that involve touching the body of
someone who died from EVD or suspect EVD. 5

6. Zika Virus Epidemic
2015-Present Day

7. ZIKA VIRUS (2015-Present Day)
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▸ Zika is spread mostly by the bite of an infected Aedes species
mosquito (Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus). These mosquitoes
bite during the day and night.
▸ There is no vaccine or medicine for Zika.
▸ Zika can be passed from a pregnant woman to her fetus. Infection
during pregnancy can cause certain birth defects.

8. Signs and Symptoms
Primary signs and symptoms of Zika Virus often include some or several of the following:
▸ Fever
▸ Severe headache
▸ Red eyes
▸ Joint pain
▸ Muscle pain
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9. H1N1 Swine Flu Pandemic
2009-2010

10. SWINE FLU (20O9-2010)
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▸ In the spring of 2009, a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus
emerged. It was detected first in the United States and spread
quickly across the United States and the world.
▸ Since the (H1N1)pdm09 virus was very different from circulating H1N1
viruses, vaccination with seasonal flu vaccines offered little cross-
▸ This virus was designated as influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus. Ten
years later work continues to better understand influenza, prevent
disease, and prepare for the next pandemic.

11. Prevention and Vaccine
▸ While a monovalent (H1N1)pdm09 vaccine was
produced, it was not available in large quantities
until late November—after the peak of illness
during the second wave had come and gone in
the United States.
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12. 60.8 million
cases
12,469
deaths
274,304
hospitalizations
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13. REFERENCES
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▸ https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/index.html
▸ https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-
resources/2009-h1n1-pandemic.html
▸ https://www.cdc.gov/zika/index.html

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END OF PRESENTATION
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