The organic manures provide a way for reducing the indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and help to maintain the soil health with a positive impact on organic matter recycling. The liquid organic manures help to achieve higher growth and development of the crops through improved physiological and biochemical processes of the plant, as their application results in rapid availability of macronutrients, micronutrients, growth regulators and other beneficial substances to the plants in addition to enhanced tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. They also increase the beneficial microflora of the soil and their activity to a large extent upon soil application and thereby increase the availability of soil nutrients. These liquid organic manures are low-cost production technologies as they can be easily prepared from naturally and locally available materials by the farmers, thereby they also offer eco-friendly nature. Thus, use of liquid organic manures in agriculture plays prime role to sustain the soil fertility and crop productivity.

1. DOCTORAL SEMINAR
ON
ROLE OF ORGANIC MANURES IN AGRICULTURE
Advisor: Presented by:
Dr. Biswarup Mehera Vikram Pal
Dean (NAI SHUATS) Ph.D. Agronomy
Department of Agronomy. ID.No.21PHAGRN102

2. Introduction
 The manures are organic in nature, plant or animal origin and contain organic matter in
large proportion and plant nutrients in small quantities and used to improve soil
productivity by correcting soil physical, chemical and biological properties.
 It is the most natural and chemical free substance to increase the yield of crops to
improve the production efficiency of the soil.
Nutrients are added to soil for healthy growth of plants.
Manures are organic substances obtained from decomposition of plant and animal wastes.

3. Classification of Organic Manure-
The different types of organic manures available in the market are classified into two
broad groups:
1. Bulky Organic manure
2. Concentrate Organic manure
Advantages of Manure
These are a good source of macronutrients.
Improves soil fertility.
Cost-effective
Reduces soil erosion and leaching.
Improves the physical properties of the soil and aerates the soil.
Improves the water and nutrient holding capacity of the soil.
The crops grown on the land treated with manure produces healthy crops.

4. 1. Bulky Organic manure
Bulky organic manures contain small percentage of nutrients and they are applied in large
quantities.
Farm yard manure (F.Y.M.) It is a mixture of material such as cattle dung, urine, litter or
crop straw etc. The part of the fodder which is not consumed by the cattle and the domestic
waste such as ash etc. is collected and thrown in a pit or heap in the corner of the backyard.
It is left there and allowed to rot until it is taken out and planted in the fields.
Sheep and goat manure: - Manure prepared from the feces of sheep and goats contains
more nutrients than farmyard manure and compost.
Poultry manure: - Poultry manure contains more nitrogen and phosphorus than other
heavy organic manures.
Green manure :- Green manure crops are grown in the field either as pure crop or as an
intercrop with the main crop and are suppressed before maturity in the same field. The green
manure crops are sun hemp, dhaincha and guar.

5. Table 1: - The average nutrient content of different bulky organic manure is presented
in the following table.
S. No Manure N (%) P2O5 (%) K2O (%)
1 F.Y.M. 0.5 0.2 0.5
2 Sheep Manure 0.8-0.9 0.35 1
3 Poultry Manure 1.2-1.8 1.4-1.8 0.8-0.9
4 Compost Manure 0.4-0.5 0.4-0.8 0.8-1.2
Katyayan, A. (2019)

6. Concentrated organic manures
 Concentrated organic manures are those that are organic in nature and
contain higher percentages of major plant nutrients like N, P2O5 and K2O
compared to bulky organic manures.
These concentrated manures are made from raw materials of animal or plant
origin.
Table 2: The Average nutrient content of different animal based concentrated
organic manures is presented in the following table.
S. No Organic manures
Nutrient content (%)
N P2O5 K2O
1. Blood meal 10 - 12 1 - 2 1.0
2. Meat meal 10.5 2.5 0.5
3. Fish meal 4 - 10 3 - 9 0.3 - 1.5
4. Horn and Hoof meal 13 - -
5. Raw bone meal 3 - 4 20 - 25 -
6. Steamed bone meal 1 - 2 25 - 30 -
Sathyamarayana, et al. (2020)

7. • Oil seeds Cake : - After oil is extracted from oilseeds, the remaining solid part is dried
into cake form which can be used as manure. There are two types of oily oilseeds:
 Edible oil cakes: - which can be safely fed to animals; like peanut cake, coconut cake
etc.
Non-edible oil cakes: - Which are not suitable for feeding animals; Like Castor Cake,
Neem Cake, and Mahua Cake etc.
• Other animal-borne concentrated organic manures: The blood of animal can be dried and
their powdered form to be used as manure. Concentrated organic manure has more
nutrients than heavy organic manure.
1) Important concentrated organic fertilizers are oilseeds, blood powder, fish powder etc.
2) These are also known as organic nitrogen fertilizers. Before their organic nitrogen is
used by crops, it is converted through bacterial action to the easily usable ammonia
nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen.
3) Therefore, these organic fertilizers are relatively slow acting, but they supply the
available nitrogen for a longer period.

8. Characteristics of manures:
 Manure required in large quantity.
 Bulky and costly.
 Nutrients are slowly available upon decomposition.
 It has long lasting effect on soil and crop.
 Manure is organic in nature so used it is used in organic farming.
Importance of organic manures:
1. Organic manure binds soil particles into structural units called aggregates.
2. These aggregates help to maintain a loose, open, granular condition. Water
infiltrates and percolates more readily. The granular condition of soil
maintains favorable condition of aeration and permeability.

9. 3. Water-holding capacity is increased by organic matter. Organic matter
definitely increases the amount of available water in sandy and loamy
soils. Further, the granular soil resulting from organic matter
additions, supplies more water than sticky and impervious soil.
4. Surface run off and erosion are reduced by organic matter as there is
good infiltration.
5.Organic matter or organic manure on the soil surface reduces
losses of soil by wind erosion.

10. Table 3 : Effect of organic manures, fertilizer levels and biofertilizers on plant height at
different stages of wheat
R. Chopra (2016)
Organic manures
2013 2014 Pooled 2013 2014 Pooled 2013 2014 Pooled 2013 2014 Pooled
FYM (l0 t ha-1) 6.11 7.34 6.72 35.34 37.07 36.21 79.82 83.26 81.54 80.91 84.23 82.57
VC(4 t ha-1) 6.39 7.85 7.12 36.77 38.18 37.47 81.83 86.41 84.12 84.29 87.40 85.84
PM(5 t ha-1) 6.50 8.02 7.26 37.39 39.69 38.54 84.25 88.55 86.40 87.37 89.82 88.60
SEm ± 0.085 0.151 0.087 0.551 0.569 0.396 1.161 1.274 0.862 1.348 1.366 0.960
CD (P=0.05) 0.256 0.454 0.250 1.652 1.705 1.141 3.480 3.818 2.482 4.042 4.094 2.764
Fertilizerlevels
50% NPK 6.14 6.60 6.37 34.49 35.49 34.99 79.24 83.22 81.23 81.17 84.49 82.83
75% NPK 6.40 8.29 7.34 37.36 39.37 38.37 82.88 86.64 84.76 85.27 87.02 86.15
100% NPK 6.46 7.91 7.18 37.24 39.49 38.47 83.78 88.37 86.08 86.13 89.73 88.03
SEm ± 0.085 0.151 0.087 0.551 0.569 0.396 1.161 1.274 0.862 1.348 1.366 0.960
CD (P=0.05) 0.256 0.454 0.250 1.652 1.705 1.141 3.480 3.818 2.482 4.042 4.094 2.764
Biofertilizers
Azotobacter 6.24 7.64 6.94 36.35 37.91 37.13 80.95 85.13 83.04 83.14 86.18 84.66
PSB 6.15 7.57 6.86 35.20 37.64 36.42 80.71 84.85 82.78 82.64 85.98 84.31
Azatobacter +PSB 6.61 8.00 7.31 37.94 39.39 38.67 84.24 88.24 86.24 86.79 89.28 88.04
SEm ± 0.081 0.113 0.070 0.389 0.387 0.274 0.765 0.678 0.511 0.805 0.828 0.577
CD (P=0.05) 0.233 0.325 0.196 1.115 1.111 0.773 2.195 1.945 1.441 2.308 2.374 1.627
Treatments Plant height (cm) at 30 DAS Plant height (cm) at 60 DAS Plant height (cm) at 90 DAS Plant height (cm) at harvest

11. Table 4 : Effect of integrated nutrient management on effective tillers, no. of grains per
ear and test weight of wheat
R. Chopra (2016)
2013 2014 Pooled 2013 2014 Pooled 2013 2014 Pooled
Organic manures
FYM(10 t ha-1) 98.16 100.80 99.48 38.14 40.89 39.51 39.71 40.30 40.01
VC(4 tha-1) 100.93 101.89 101.41 40.19 41.17 40.68 42.07 42.72 42.40
PM(5 t ha-1) 106.79 107.71 107.25 41.88 42.91 42.40 43.23 43.61 43.42
SEm ± 1.633 1.719 1.186 0.419 0.517 0.333 0.532 0.514 0.370
CD (P=0.05) 4.895 5.154 3.415 1.256 1.550 0.958 1.596 1.540 1.065
Fertilizer levels
50% NPK 98.74 99.54 99.14 39.09 40.70 39.90 39.94 40.77 40.35
75% NPK 102.00 103.62 102.81 40.54 41.38 40.96 42.46 42.87 42.66
100% NPK 105.13 107.24 106.19 40.58 42.89 41.73 42.61 43.01 42.81
SEm ± 1.633 1.719 1.186 0.417 0.517 0.333 0.532 0.514 0.370
CD (P=0.05) 4.895 5.154 3.415 1.256 1.550 0.958 1.596 1.540 1.065
Biofertilizers
Azotobacter 101.92 103.01 102.47 39.00 40.96 39.98 41.07 41.80 41.43
PSB 99.14 101.34 100.24 38.80 40.52 39.66 40.98 41.57 41.27
Azotobacter +PSB 104.82 106.05 105.43 41.41 42.49 41.95 42.96 43.28 43.12
SEm± 0.977 1.039 0.713 0.416 0.483 0.319 0.420 0.447 0.307
CD (P=0.05) 2.802 2.979 2.010 1.193 1.386 0.899 1.205 1.282 0.865
Treatments Effective Tillers m-1 row No.ofgrainsear-1 Testweight (g)
length

12. 2013 2014 Pooled 2013 2014 Pooled 2013 2014 Pooled 2013 2014 Pooled
Organic manures
FYM(10 t ha-1) 4.15 4.64 4.40 8.32 8.14 8.23 12.47 12.79 12.63 33.63 34.50 34.06
VC(4 t ha-1) 4.40 4.94 4.67 8.49 9.31 8.90 12.88 14.25 13.57 33.10 34.91 34.05
PM(5 t ha-1) 4.63 5.44 5.04 9.50 9.88 9.69 14.14 15.33 14.73 33.96 35.76 34.86
SEm ± 0.083 0.111 0.069 0.172 0.183 0.126 0.222 0.233 0.161 0.464 0.625 0.389
CD (P = 0.05) 0.248 0.331 0.199 0.516 0.550 0.362 0.666 0.698 0.463 NS NS NS
Fertilizer levels
50% RDF 4.04 4.68 4.36 8.14 8.30 8.22 12.18 12.98 12.58 33.31 36.08 34.69
75% RDF 4.54 5.13 4.84 8.98 9.49 9.24 13.53 14.62 14.07 33.77 35.52 34.64
100% RDF 4.60 5.22 4.91 9.18 9.54 9.36 13.78 14.76 14.27 32.60 35.58 34.09
SEm ± 0.083 0.111 0.069 0.172 0.183 0.126 0.222 0.233 0.161 0.464 0.625 0.389
CD (P = 0.05) 0.248 0.331 0.199 0.516 0.550 0.362 0.666 0.698 0.463 NS NS NS
Biofertilizers
Azotobacter 4.28 5.01 4.65 8.42 8.91 8.67 12.70 13.92 13.31 33.92 34.37 34.15
PSB 4.16 4.72 4.44 8.19 8.82 8.50 12.35 13.55 12.95 33.68 35.00 34.34
Azotobacter + PSB 4.74 5.29 5.01 9.70 9.61 9.65 14.44 14.89 14.67 33.09 35.80 34.45
SEm ± 0.080 0.083 0.058 0.154 0.125 0.099 0.195 0.149 0.123 0.447 0.537 0.349
CD (P = 0.05) 0.228 0.239 0.162 0.441 0.358 0.279 0.559 0.426 0.346 NS NS NS
Treatments Grain Yield (t ha-1) Straw Yield (t ha-1) Biological Yield (t ha-1) Harvest Index (%)
TABLE 5: Effect of integrated nutrient management on grain yield, straw yield, biological yield and harvest index of wheat
R. Chopra (2016)

13. Conclusion
Organic matter is an important soil property. It is associated with a
variety of other important soil physical, chemical and biological
characteristics.
It is not easy to show a clear link between soil organic matter
concentrations and crop yield and quality. Many other factors affect yield
and quality to a greater extent.
These organic manures play an important role in sustaining the soil
health through improved soil available nutrients and increased beneficial
microbial population. Thus, use of liquid organic manures helps to avoid
the dependency of farmers on chemical fertilizers and provide a way for
sustaining the crop productivity in agriculture.

14. References
Channabasana gowda, Patil, N.K., Patil, B.N., Awaknavar, J.S., Ninganur, B.T. and Hunje, R. 2008. Effect of
organic manures on growth, seed yield and quality of wheat. Karnataka Journal of Agriculture Science,
21(3): 366-368.
Chopra, R. and Mir, M.S. 2016. Effect of integrated nutrient management on yield and yield –attributing
characters of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Indian Journal of Agronomy, 51(3): 189-192.
Katyayan, A. 2019 Fundamental of Agriculture, Kushal Publication’s and Distribution, pp231-235.
Reddy, S.R.2005. Principles of Agronomy. Kalyani Publisher, Ludhiana.
Sathyamaraana, E. et al, 2020. A Text Book of “Glimpse of soil science” published by JAYA publishing
house Delhi India p.p. 557