Potential of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Cultivation in Jharkhand

1. FACULTY OF FORESTRY
BIRSA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
PRESENTATION ON: - EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING
(EL II)
UNDER THE GUIDANCE : -
DR. JAI KUMAR
DEPTT. OF
FOREST PRODUCTS &
UTILIZATION
PRESENTED BY: -
MALOTH SURESH
ROLL NO: - 65
SEMESTER: - VI
SESSION: - 2018-19
B.SC(HONS) FORESTRY
1

2. INTRODUCTION
2
 A medicinal plant is any plant which, in one or more of its organs, contains substances
that can be used for therapeutic purposes or which are precursors for the synthesis of
useful drugs.
 Aromatic plants are those that contain aromatic compounds – basically essential oils that
are volatile at room temperature. These essential oils are odorous, volatile, hydrophobic
and highly concentrated compounds. They can be obtained from flowers, buds, seeds,
leaves, twigs, bark, wood, fruits and roots.
 Medicinal & Aromatic Plants (MAPs) are botanical raw materials, also known as herbal
drugs that are mostly utilized for therapeutic, aromatic and/or culinary purposes as
components of cosmetics, health, medicinal products and other natural health products.
 The mechanical properties of wood are its fitness and ability to resist applied or external
forces. By external force is meant any force outside of a given piece of material which
tends to deform it in any manner. It is largely such properties that determine the use of
wood for structural and building purposes and innumerable other uses of which furniture,
vehicles, implements, and tool handles are a few common examples.

3. POTENTIAL OF
MEDICINAL AND
AROMATIC
PLANTS
CULTIVATION IN
JHARKHAND
3
MAPs used in various items like pharmaceutical industry, health
care items, cosmetics, organic food items etc. MAPs are gaining
global admire and most of the pharmaceutical companies filing
patents on medicinal plants and their derivatives and about 40%
newly approved drugs during last two decades are formulated from
natural origin. Multitude of socio-economic factors influence
economic values of medicinal plants both locally and at international
level.

4. 4
AGRO CLIMATIC ZONES OF INDIA

5.  An “Agro-climatic zone” is a land unit in terms of major climates, suitable for
a certain range of crops and cultivars.
 Agro-climatic regions were devised by planning commission in 1989. It was
based on land survey, soil survey and agricultural survey of rural India.
 The Planning Commission and the National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA)
have divided the country into 15 agro-climatic regions.
 Agro-climatic conditions mainly refer to soil types, rainfall, temperature and
water availability which influences the type of vegetations.
Agro Climatic Zones
of India
5

6. OBJECTIVES
 To optimize agricultural
production.
 To increase farm income.
 To generate more rural
employment.
 To make a judicious use of the
available irrigation water.
 To reduce the regional
inequalities in the development
of agriculture.
6

7. 12.West Coast Plains and
Ghat Region
3.Trans-
Gangetic Plains
Region
14.Western Dry
Region
13.Gujarat Plains
and Hills Region
9.Western Plateau and
Hills Region
11.East Coast Plains and
Hills Region
15.The
Islands
Region
8.Central Plateau and Hills
Region
7.Eastern Plateau and Hills
Region
6.Lower Gangetic Plains
Region
5.Upper Gangetic Plains
Region
2.Eastern
Himalayan Region
4.Middle Gangetic Plains
Region
1.Western Himalayan Region
10.Southern Plateau
and Hills Region
7

8. 8
Eastern Plateau and Hills Region
Location and topography: This region include the Chotanagpur Plateau, extending over Jharkhand,
Orissa, Chhattisgarh and Dandakaranya.
Climatic Conditions:
 The region enjoys 26 °C to 34 °C of temperature in July, 10 °C to 27°C in January and 80
cm-150 cm of annual rainfall.
 The region is deficient in water resources due to plateau structure and nonperennial
streams
Agricultural information:
 Soils are red and yellow with occasional patches of lateritic and alluviums.
 Rain fed agriculture is practiced growing crops like rice, millets, maize, oilseeds, ragi,
gram and potato.
Socio economic aspects and suggestions

9. Steps to improve agricultural productivity and income includes:
 Cultivation of high value crops of pulses like tur, groundnut and soybean etc. on upland rain-
fed areas
 Growing crops like urad, castor, and groundnut in kharif and mustard and vegetables in
irrigated areas.
 Improvement of indigenous breeds of cattle and buffaloes.
 Extension of fruit plantations.
 Renovation including desilting of existing tanks and excavation of new tanks.
 Development of inland fisheries in permanent water bodies, and adopting integrated
watershed development approach to conserve soil and rain water
 The climate of the Jharkhand ranges from dry semi-humid to humid semi-arid type.
 The state comes under hyperthermic thermal regime class. The mean annual temperature ranged
from 22.5-25o C. The temperature is lowest in December and highest in May with average
temperature may be as higher as 450 C
 The mean annual precipitation is about 1388.6 mm. The average distribution of rainfall in the year
is about 82.2% fall in the month of June-Oct., 10.5% during Oct-March and 7.3% in between
March to May.
9

10. 10
AGRO-CLIMATIC REGIONS OF JHARKHAND

11. 11
Central and
north eastern
plateau zone
Districts:- Dumka, Deogarh, Godda, Sahebganj, Pakur,
Jamtara, Giridih, Bokaro, Dhanbad, Koderma, Hazaribagh,
Chatra, Ramgarh and part of Ranchi
Major rivers:-Damodar, Ajay, Mayurrakshi
Altitude (m above msl):- 275-670
Latitude:-230 25’-250 30’N
Longitude:-840 25’-870
Break of Monsoon:-2nd week of June in Normal year
Assured Irrigation:-9-10% of cultivable area in Rabi. Major
area of the Zone is rainfed
Major Crops:-Rice, Maize, Arhar, Kulthi, Niger, Til,
Linseed, Wheat, Moong, Gram, Marua and Vegetables.

12. 12
Western
plateau zone
Districts:- Palamu, Garhwa, Lohardaga, Gumla, Latehar,
Khunti, Simdega & part of Ranchi
Major rivers:- Koel, Sankh, Auranga, Amanat, Kanahar
Altitude (m above msl):-222-1142
Latitude:- 220 30’-240 30’N
Longitude:- 830 22’-850 06’E
Break of Monsoon:- Monsoon starts from last week of
June and continues up to Mid of September
Major Crops:- Rice, Maize, Gram, Barley, Mustard,
Wheat, Arhar, Lentil, Urd.

13. 13
South eastern
plateau zone
Districts:- East Singhbhum, Saraikella Kharsawa and West
Singhbhum
Major rivers:- Subernrekha, Baitarni North Karo and
Phulijhar
Altitude (m above msl):- 250-1000
Latitude:- 210 28’-230 36’N
Longitude:- 850 05’-860 54’E
Break of Monsoon:- Monsoon breaks in the last week of
June
Assured Irrigation:- 13-14% of cultivable area in Rabi
Major Crops:- Paddy, Vegetables, Maize, Linseed, Niger,
Wheat, Moong, Gram, Urd and Arhar

14. 14

15. Central and
North Eastern
Plateau Zone
Medicinal
15

16. 16
Climate:- Humid and sub-humid Tropical Monsoon
Soil Type:- Neutral (Rajmahal) to Moderately acidic (Koderma, Hazaribagh and Ranchi). Soil
fertility is poor
Mostly thick sandy soil is found in this area. Apart from this, black soil, abrasive soil and some
alluvial soils are also found.
Features: -
• Here comes late monsoon and goes earlier.
• Most of the ponds in this region dry up in the months of February-March.
• In this area, irrigation is also done by river.

17. Rainfall pattern
The distribution of rainfall in this region is uneven. Most of the rainfall here comes from the
Bay of Bengal branch (about 80%). This region is more dependent on monsoon rain. In the
north-eastern part of this region, there is thunderstorm rain in the months of May which is
beneficial for mango plants, hence it is also called mango rain. The average rainfall here is
140 to 152 cm.
Abiotic stresses
(A) The soil has low water holding capacity which increases the problem of water for
agriculture.
(B) Due to uncertainty of rainfall and uneven distribution, irrigation of crops is not done
properly. This is the biggest problem of this region.
(C) In this region, frost falling on cool days is harmful for the Rabi crop.
(D) The fertile power of soil of this region is low but the productivity of soil of the region is
higher than other agro-climatic regions of Jharkhand. 17

18. Distribution
Cultivation
practices
Parts
Used
Uses
Uses
Economic
Pongamia pinnata
 Karanja is a drought resistant semi-deciduous nitrogen fixing
leguminous tree. A medium sized glabrous tree with a short bole and
spreading crown up to 18 feet high or sometimes even more and 1.5
feet in girth, bark greyish green or brown.
 Pongamia pinnata is a very fast-growing medium size plant with an
average height of 30–40 feet and spreads canopy for casting moderate
shade.
 Pongamia pinnata has a varied habitat distribution and can grow in a
wide range of conditions. It can grow in various types of soil like
salty, alkaline, hefty clay, sandy, stony, and waterlogged soils and also
shows high tolerance against drought bearing temperature up to 50°C.
18

19. Distribution
Cultivation
practices
Parts
Used
Uses
Uses
Economic
 Karanja is a fast-growing species occurring in the humid tropics
from sea level up to 1200 m (not above 600 m in the Himalayan
foothills).
 It requires an annual rainfall ranging from 500 to 2500 mm with a
2-6 months dry period, and temperatures between 1°C and 38°C.
 Karanja is highly tolerant of salinity and alkalinity, and can grow
on seashores. However, saline soils are thought to reduce tree
nodulation and growth. Karanja does well on most soils (sandy,
stony to clayey) at a pH ranging from 6 to 9.
 The Karanja tree prefers well-drained soils with assured moisture
for optimal growth, particularly at the early stages of growth.
19

20. Distribution
Cultivation
practices
Parts
Used
teams
Uses
Economic
• Karanja can be sown or propagated by branch cuttings or root
suckers. Its growth is fairly slow in its early stages of
development, and annual weed control is necessary during the
first 3 years after planting. It should be planted in blocks with 2
x 2 m or 5 x 5 m spacing. It produces profuse root suckers and is
not suitable as an agroforestry species.
• Pongamia pinnata is one of the few nitrogen-fixing trees which
are predominantly cultivated easily through seeds. The genetic
diversity has been conserved through storage of seeds which is
the most common conventional and economical method.
• The successful propagation methods of Pongamia pinnata are
comprised of through seeds, through cuttings, and through
layering and drafting. It can be easily propagated through seeds
by direct sowing both in the nursery bed and in the polybags.
• Moreover, air layering and cleft drafting is the other process for
successful propagation.
20

21. Distribution
Cultivation
practices
Parts
Used
Uses
Uses
Economic
Parts Used
Seeds, Stem, Leaves, Fruit, Root. Seed is valued for
production of Oil
21

22. about
Cultivat
i
on
practices
Parts
Used
Uses
Uses
Economic
 The main use of Karanja Oil is in the tanning industry for
dressing of E.I. leathers.
 The Karanja Oil is mainly used as a raw material for
manufacturing of washing soaps, candles and for
illumination purposes. The main constraints for usage of
Karanja oil in soaps are its colour and odour.
 The oil has been known for its curative effect for skin
problems such as herpes, leucoderma, psoriasis, scabies and
skin itches. The root is ground with water and is used for
cure of wounds.
• The oil and its active component Karanja possess insecticidal
and antibacterial properties, 2% Karanja oil resin soap spray
is reported to be effective against the nymph and adult stages
of the green bug of coffee.
22

23. Distribution
Cultivation
practices
Parts
Used
Uses
Uses
Economic
 Indigestion problem
 Karanja helps in loss of appetite
 Arthritis
 Common cough and cold
 Skin problem
 Piles
 Reduces Joint pain
 Ulcer problem
 Healing wounds
23

24. Distribution
Cultivation
practices
Parts
Used
Uses
Uses
Economic
 Market Price of Karanja Oil is Rs 170/ Kilogram(s).
 It has been estimated that approximately 550 karanja trees are planted
in one hectare which yield about 7.7 tons of seeds and 1.8095 tons of
oil. It is considered that about 90% biodiesel is obtained through
transesterification of karanja oil. Hence, one hectare yields about
1.62855 tons of biodiesel.
 It has been estimated that about 5 tons of fuel wood can be obtained
from one hectare per year which has a calorific value of
19.25 MJ/ton. Considering 90% conversion factor about 1.62855 tons
of biodiesel is estimated from oil and the remaining by product is
glycerin which accounts for 0.18095 tons. Besides, one hectare
produces about 8.65 tons of pod shell . Total energy content of
karanja per hectare was calculated by considering the calorific value
of each item and estimated to be about 402.95 GJ/year. Accordingly,
Bangladesh can utilize 128.95 PJ energy per year from karanja which
is equivalent to 4.4 million tons of coal.
24

25. 25
Western
plateau
Medicinal

26. Climate:- Sub humid to subtropical
Annual Rainfall: - 1030.6mm 75% rainfall received from July to September. This zone is drought
prone as the pattern of rainfall is very erratic and unpredictable
Soil Type
Shallow to medium deep, reddish yellow to yellow in colour and moderately acidic to neutral in
reaction and poor in fertility.
Features: -
(A) This region is the highest altitude agro-climatic region in entire Jharkhand.
(B) Laterite soil and red soil are found more in this area.
(C) The water holding capacity of the soil of this region is low.
(D) The fertile power of soil of this region is low.

27. Rainfall pattern
The distribution of rainfall in this region is uneven. There is uncertainty of rainfall here. Some parts of it
remain drought prone, but rain is normal in other parts. 'The Pat region' of this region receives more rainfall
than other parts. It usually receives rainfall due to the southwest monsoon.
Abiotic stresses
(A) The biggest problem of this region is the acidic soil and the very low fertile strength. Due to this, this
area is backward in terms of agriculture.
(B) The soil has a low water holding capacity.
(C) Uneven distribution of rainfall is also a major problem in this region.
(D) The temperature in this region is also high. But it is important to note that 'Netarhat' located in this region
is the coldest area in the state.

28. about
Distribution
Cultivation
Parts
Used
Uses
Uses
Buchanania cochinchinensis
 Buchanania cochinchinensis (Chironji) is a tree species
which belongs to the family Anacardiaceae and is
commercially very useful. This is found throughout India,
Burma, and Nepal.
 The plant grows on yellow sandy-loam soil and is
commonly found in the dry forests of Jharkhand, Madhya
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Varanasi and Mirzapur districts of
Uttar Pradesh Chironji is an almost evergreen, moderate
sized tree, with straight, cylindrical trunk, up to 10-15 m
height and tormentors branches. Bark is rough, dark grey or
black, fissured into prominent squares, 1.25-1.75 cm thick,
and is reddish inside.
 The fruits of Chironji mature in 4 to 5 months and are
harvested manually in the month of May and June.
28

29. about
Distribution
Cultivation
Parts
Used
services
Uses
 In order to remove the skin, fruits are usually soaked overnight
in plain water and rubbed between palms or with a jute sack.
The water containing fine skin are decanted and washed with
fresh water to obtain cleaned nuts. The cleaned nuts are then
dried in sunlight and stored for further processing, i.e., shelling.
The dried nuts are shelled by rubbing with a stone-slab on a
rough surface followed by manual separation of kernels.
 The plant is found growing in semi-evergreen forests, open and
dry forests, lowland forests, dry and moist deciduous forests.
The plant can withstand adverse climatic conditions and usually
thrives well on yellow sandy-loam soils.
 Fruits are initially green and turn to purplish-black as they
mature, whereas seeds are small creamish-brown with dark
spots.
29

30. about
Distribution
Cultivation
Parts
Used
Uses
Uses
• The distribution pattern for the current scenario shows that agro-
climatic sub zone V has maximum present probability
distribution area (1978 km2) followed by sub zone IV (674
Km2) and sub zone VI (186 km2). The future distribution of
Buchanania cochinchinensis in Jharkhand showed 84.86% and
8.79% increase in sub zone IV and sub zone V respectively.
• However, a prominent decrease in area of about 43% was
observed in sub zone VI. The probable distribution area of B.
cochinchinensis in Jharkhand was 7.3% for sub-zone IV,
25.62% for sub-zone V and 2.62% for sub-zone VI of total
forest area.
• Bioclimatic variable “Mean temperature of driest quarter”
ranging from 13.800 C to 30.400 C emerged to be the most
sensitive parameter for the distribution of B.
cochinchinensis both under the present and future climatic
scenarios.
30

31. about
Distribution
Cultivation
Parts
Used
Uses
Uses
The seed germination studies were conducted in the nursery. For studies
on plant survival and growth, one-year-old seedlings of Buchanania
cochinchinensis were planted in the field in red gravelly soil. Seed
germination of 83% within 18 days was achieved with satisfactory
seedling growth by mechanically damaging the stony endocarp before
sowing in the month of June. Plant survival of 93-96% with satisfactory
plant growth was obtained when one year-old seedlings were planted in
60×60×60 cm pits filled with red soil and 10 kg of well-rotted farmyard
manure (FYM), coupled with proper mulching around the plants during
winter and summer seasons and with or without thatching during the hot
summer. They undertook studies on scientific harvesting for quality
seed collection of B. cochinchinensis for its conservation and
sustainable management. Author observed that fruits become dark red
after ripening. The fruit collections take place from April to June.
It is also reported that in natural forests, its regeneration is varied scanty
due to unscientific and pre-mature harvesting of its seeds and site
degradation on account of growing biotic pressure.
31

32. about
Distribution
Cultivation
Parts
Used
Uses
Uses
• The seed kernel in Chironji consists of
about 50-52% of oil which is usually
extracted by the cold compression
method.
• The oil extracted from the fruits
generally goes by the name ‘char’ and
has incredible medicinal uses including
treating skin diseases. It can also be
used as an expectorant and tonic.
32

33. about
history
Cultivation
Parts
Used
uses
Uses
 The entire Chironji tree holds a special position in both Ayurveda and
modern medicines. Each and every part possesses therapeutic qualities
and is extensively used for treating numerous conditions.
 The leaves portray digestive, cooling, expectorant, aphrodisiac
properties and are hence used in the treatment of constipation,
flatulence, seminal weakness, cold, cough, bronchitis, skin diseases
and burning sensation in the body.
 The latex or gum exuding from the tree is useful in loose motions
whereas consumption of the seed powder gives strength.
 The powdered seed kernel can be applied topically on skin diseases to
cure itching, spots and blemishes on the face and the oil is applied on
glandular swellings on the neck to reduce pain and inflammation.
 The fruits and seeds of the Chironji plant also contain a bulk of
essential oils and bioactive constituents like flavonoids, galactosidase,
8-cineole, camphene, myrcene, triglycerides, sabinene, Y-terpinene
and tannins. The presence of such an exemplary combination of
constituents offers incredible benefits in the cosmetic, therapeutic and
food industry.
33

34. about
history
Cultivation
Parts
Used
Uses
Uses
• Aids In Digestion
• Boosts Immunity
• Enhances Cardiac Functioning
• Treats Wounds And Ulcers
• Purifies Blood
• Enhances Skin Quality
• DIY Chironji Face Packs:
• Remedies Pain And Inflammation
• Regulates Diabetes
• Improves Cognitive Functioning
• Enhances Fertility And Libido
• Remedies Respiratory Troubles
• Culinary Uses 34

35. 35
South Eastern
Plateau
Medicinal

36. Climate:- Humid to sub-humid tropical
Annual Rainfall:- 1199.7mm varies from 1250 to 1500mm. Nearly 80% of annual
rainfall received from last week of June to September.
Soil Type:- Red soils are common soils found all over the granite and gneissic plateau
of Singbhum. Upland soils are red in colour and acidic in reaction (pH 5-6)
Features: -
(A) The soil of this region is rich in metal.
(B) The water holding capacity of the soil of this region is also low.
(C) There is abundance of forests in this region.
(D) In this area, irrigation is also done by river.
(E) This area comes under the ocean affected climate due to which the humidity
remains here.
36

37. Rainfall pattern
Uneven distribution of rainfall is found in this region. The eastern part
of this region receives more rainfall. It also rains in the summer season.
The average annual rainfall of the region is 142 cm to 155 cm.
Abiotic stresses
The biggest problem of this region is the low fertility of the soil due to
the presence of metals in the soil.
37

38. about
Cultivation
MEDICINAL
PROPERTIES
Parts
used
treatments Moringa oleifera
Moringa oleifera is a fast-growing, drought-resistant tree of the family
Moringaceae, native to the Indian subcontinent. Common names
include moringa, drumstick tree (from the long, slender, triangular seed-
pods), horseradish tree (from the taste of the roots, which
resembles horseradish), and ben oil tree or benzolive tree.
It is widely cultivated for its young seed pods and leaves, used
as vegetables and for traditional herbal medicine. It is also used for water
purification. Although listed as an invasive species in several countries, M.
oleifera has "not been observed invading intact habitats or displacing native
flora", so "should be regarded at present as a widely cultivated species with
low invasive potential.“
Moringa trees will flower and fruit annually and, in some regions, twice
annually. During its first year, a Moringa tree will grow up to five meters in
height and produce flowers and fruit. Left alone, the tree can eventually reach
12 meters in height with a trunk 30cm wide;
Within three years a tree will yield 400-600 pods annually and a mature tree
can produce up to 1,600 pods. 38

39. about
Cultivation
MEDICINAL
PROPERTIES
Parts
used
treatments Moringa is a sun- and heat-loving plant, and does not
tolerate freezing or frost. Moringa is particularly suitable for dry
regions, as it can be grown using rainwater without expensive
irrigation techniques.
Moringa oleifera is believed to be native to sub-Himalayan tracts of
northern India but is now found worldwide in the tropics and sub-
tropics. It grows best in direct sunlight under 500 meters altitude. It
tolerates a wide range of soil conditions, but prefers a neutral to
slightly acidic (PH. 6.3-7.0), well-drained sandy or loamy soil.
Minimum annual rainfall requirements are estimated at 250mm with
maximum at over 3,000mm, but in waterlogged soil the roots have a
tendency to rot. (In areas with heavy rainfall, trees can be planted on
small hills to encourage water run-off). Presence of a long taproot
makes it resistant to periods of drought. Trees can be easily grown
from seed or from cuttings. Temperature ranges are 25-35 degrees
Celsius (0-95 degrees Fahrenheit), but the tree will tolerate up to 48
degrees in the shade and it can survive a light frost.
39

40. about
Cultivation
MEDICINAL
PROPERTIES
Parts
used
treatments
Soil preparation and sowing- The soil combination should be light and
somewhat acidic, with one part sand to three parts soil (6.2 to 7.0 pH).
Moringa is a plant that grows best in the summer. As a result, its seeds are
planted in late winter. After seeds are placed in 30 cm deep and 30 cm
broad holes, the remaining space in the holes can be filled with loose soil
and manure.
After 5-10 days after seeding, the seeds will begin to germinate. Weeds
should not be allowed to grow between the plants. Drumstick plants do not
require much irrigation in general but water them frequently throughout the
summer and in dry conditions
Harvesting of Drumstick
Harvesting of drumstick pods should be done when pods are immature (1
cm diameter). Mature pods are also edible but they develop tough outer
structures.
Leaves of drumstick can be harvested when plant grows 150 -200 cm tall,
which take 3-4 months in fertile soil.
 Prepare planting pit first, water, and then fill in the pit with soil with
manure or fertilizers before planting a seed. After four harvests in a
year, yield of dry leaves is 2400 kg per acre. 40

41. about
Cultivation
MEDICINAL
PROPERTIES
Parts
used
treatments
 The Moringa plant provides a rich and rare combination of zeatin, quercetin,
beta-sitosterol, caffeoylquinic acid and kaempferol. In addition to its compelling
water purifying powers and high nutritional value, M. oleifera is very important
for its medicinal value. Various parts of this plant such as the leaves, roots,
seed, bark, fruit, flowers and immature pods act as cardiac and circulatory
stimulants, possess antitumor, antipyretic, antiepileptic, anti-inflammatory,
antiulcer, antispasmodic, diuretic, antihypertensive, cholesterol lowering,
antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antibacterial and antifungal
activities, and are being employed for the treatment of different ailments in the
indigenous system of medicine, particularly in South Asia. This review focuses
on the detailed phytochemical composition, medicinal uses, along with
pharmacological properties of different parts of this multipurpose tree.
 Moringa has many important vitamins and minerals. The leaves have 7 times
more vitamin C than oranges and 15 times more potassium than bananas. It also
has calcium, protein, iron, and amino acids, which help your body heal and build
muscle.
 It's also packed with antioxidants, substances that can protect cells from damage
and may boost your immune system. There's some evidence that some of these
antioxidants can also lower blood pressure and reduce fat in the blood and body.
 Protecting and nourishing skin and hair
41

42. about
Cultivation
timeline
Parts
used
treatments
42

43. about
Cultivation
MEDICINAL
PROPERTIES
Parts
used
treatments
 Treating edema
 Protecting the liver
 Preventing and treating cancer
 Treating stomach complaints
 Fighting against bacterial diseases
 Making bones healthier
 Treating mood disorders
 Protecting the cardiovascular system
 Helping wounds to heal
 Treating diabetes
 Treating asthma
 Protecting against kidney disorders
 Reducing high blood pressure
 Improving eye health
 Treating anemia and sickle cell disease
43

44. 44
IMPORTANCE OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
WOOD THROUGH STATIC BENDING, COMPRESSIVE
TEST ACROSS AND ALONG THE GRAIN

45. 45
 The mechanical properties of wood are its fitness and ability to resist
applied or external forces. By external force is meant any force outside of
a given piece of material which tends to deform it in any manner. It is
largely such properties that determine the use of wood for structural and
building purposes and innumerable other uses of which furniture,
vehicles, implements, and tool handles are a few common examples.
 Resistance to such forces depends on their magnitude and manner of
application and to various characteristics of the wood such as moisture
content and density.
 It is important to note that wood has drastically different strength
properties parallel to the grain (i.e., in the axial direction) than it does
across the grain (in the transverse direction).
 The mechanical properties of wood include strength in tension and
compression (as measured in axial and transverse directions), shear,
cleavage, hardness, static bending, and shock (impact bending and
toughness).

46. 46
Density is the best index of the strength of clear wood; higher density indicates
greater strength. The strength of wood is also influenced by its moisture content
when it fluctuates below the fibre saturation point. Generally, a decrease in moisture
content is accompanied by an increase in most strength properties. Temperature and
duration of loading also affect strength. In general, strength falls as temperature
rises.
Determination of Wood Properties for Structural Design", all procedures for carrying
out tests are described. One of these tests is the static bending test for determination
of the modulus of elasticity and the conventional strength value
1. Prepare the specimens as described in the test method.
2. Insert the test specimen into the support apparatus fixture. Selection of the
proper reaction bearing plate span, reaction supports, and load bearing block
diameters will depend on specimen size.
3. Apply load to the specimen at the rate of speed in the standard until specimen
failure. Since mechanical properties of wood depend on the speed of testing, it is
important to select the speed of testing appropriate for the purpose of the test
program.

47. DETERMINATION OF STATIC
BENDING STRENGTH
47
TEST SPECIMEN
The specimen for static bending
test shall be 5 X 5 cm in cross-
section and 75 cm in length or 2
X 2 cm in cross-section and 30
cm in length. The specimens
shall be free from any defect and
shall not have a slope of grain
more than I in 20 parallel to
longitudinal edges

48. 48
PROCEDURE
Placing of the Specimen - The test shall be conducted on a suitable testing
machine. The test specimen shall be so placed on a rig that the load is
applied through a loading block to the tangential surface nearer to the heart.
The specimen shall be supported on the rig in such a way that it will be
quite free to follow the bending action and will not be restrained by friction.
The bottom surface of the loading block shall be cylindrical having radius
equal to 75 cm in case of 5 X 5 cm cross-section and 30 mm in case of 2 x 2
cm cross-section of the specimen. Load shall be applied centrally on a span
of 70 cm for 5 X 5 cm cross-section and 28 cm for 2 X 2 ern cross-section.
Thin metal plate shall be placed between the loading block and the specimen
so as not to cause indentation.
Rate of Loading
The load shall be applied continuously throughout the test such that the
movable head of the testing machine moves at a constant rate of 2.5 mm per
minute in case of 5 X 5 X 75 ern and 1.0 mm per minute in case of 2 X 2 X
30 cm.

49. 49
Measurement of Load and Deflection
a) Deflections of the neutral plane at the centre of the length shall
be taken with respect to the points in the neutral plane above the
supports.
b) Deflections of the neutral axis shall be measured at the centre
of the beam to the following accuracy either by a suitable
deflectometer or by means of a dial gauge, or by telescope and
scale:
Up to 30 mm correct to 0.02 mm
Over 30 mm correct to 0.2 mm
c) Deflection shall be measured at suitable load intervals such
that about 8-10 readings are available up to limit of
proportionality. Beyond the limit of proportionality up to
maximum load or beyond maximum load as the case may be, the
load and deflection shall be measured either at suitable intervals
of load or of deflection. d) The load and deflection at the first
failure, the maximum load and the points of sudden changes in
deflection and load shall be recorded even if they may not occur at
any of the regular load or deflection increments.

50. 50
RECORDING OF DATA AND CALCULATION
The readings of deflections and the loads shall be
recorded as explained and a load-deflection curve
shall be drawn. While drawing a load deflection curve,
the following rules shall be adopted:
a) The straight line of proportionality shall be drawn
in such a way that maximum number of points shall be
on the straight line or nearest to it.
b) For the above purpose, the initial two or three
points need not be given much importance.
Record of Failure - The failure of the
specimen shall be recorded according to its
appearance and development as indicated

51. 51
c) When the straight line does not pass through the origin, a parallel line shall be drawn through the origin and the
deflection and load at the limit of proportionality shall be measured on this line.
d) If a planimeter is used for finding the areas up to the maximum load or the final load, the planimeter shall pass
through the point where the load deflection curve actually ends and then extended in a line parallel to Y-axis until it
cuts the abscisca.
e) The points beyond the elastic limit and up to maximum load may be connected by a smooth curve but the points
beyond the maximum load shall be joined from point to point for evaluating total work.
The various characteristics shall be determined by the following formulae and from the load-deflection curve. The
area shall be measured by a calibrated planimeter:

52. 52

53. 53

54. DETERMINATION OF
COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
PARALLEL TO GRAIN
The compressive strength test defines the crushing strength of
the timber. Furthermore, this test determines the load which the
wood can support over a period.
54

55. 55
TEST SPECIMEN
The test specimen shall be 5 X 5 cm in cross-section and 20 cm in length or 2 X 2 ern in cross-section and 8 cm in
length. The specimen shall be free from defects and shall not have a slope of grain more than 1 in 20 parallel to its
longitudinal edges. The end planes of the specimen shall be perfectly at right angles to the length of the specimens.
PROCEDURE
Placing the Specimen
The tests shall be carried out on a suitable testing machine. At least one platen of the testing machine shall be
equipped with a hemispherical bearing to obtain uniform distribution of load over the ends of the specimen. The
specimen shall be so placed that the centre of the movable head is vertically above the centre of the cross-section of
the specimen.
NOTE - It is essential that the ends of the rectangular test specimen are smooth and parallel and normal to the axis and
that the testing machines are of such construction that the surfaces between which the test specimen is placed are
parallel to each other and remain so during the whole period of test.

56. 56
Rate of Loading
The load shall be applied continuously during the test such that the movable head of the testing machine travels at a
constant rate of 0'6 mm per minute for both the sizes.
Measurement of Load and Deformation
For 5 X 5 X 20 cm specimen a load of 250 kg shall initially be applied to set the specimen. Deformation under
compression shall then be measured correct to 0.002 mm by means of a suitable compressometer over a central
gauge length of 15 cm. Where possible direct points shall be obtained on a graph sheet. The reading shall be
continued well beyond the proportional limit. The final reading at the maximum load shall be recorded. It would be
preferable to remove the compressometer before the maximum load. The deformation shall be read at suitable load
intervals such that 8 to 10 readings are obtained before limit of proportionality is reached. For 2 X 2 X 8 cm
specimen final reading of the maximum load shall only be recorded. In case deformation readings are also required
for evaluation of modulus of elasticity under compression the same shall be recorded correct to 0.01 mm by means
of a dial gauge. The deformation shall be read at suitable load intervals such that 10 to 15 readings are obtained
before proportional limit is reached. If required a load not more than 20 kg shall initially be applied to set the
specimen.

57. 57
Record of Failures
To obtain satisfactory and uniform
results the failure may be made to
develop on the body of the specimen
by continuing the machine to run for a
longer time. Compression failures shall
be recorded according to the
appearance of the frictured surface. In
case two or more kinds of failures
develop, they shall be described in the
order of their occurrence (for example,
shearing followed by crushing).

58. 58
CALCULATION
The load deformation curves shall be drawn observing the rules explained this standard. Load and deformation at
limit of proportionality shall then be read accordingly. The various characteristics shall be determined by the
following formulae:
RATIO
For the purpose of comparison, the ratio of results of 5 X 5 cm and 2 X 2 cm cross-section shall
be taken as 0.98.

59. DETERM1NATION OF COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH PERPENDICULAR TO
GRAIN
59
TEST SPECIMEN
▪ The test specimen shall be 5 X 5 cm in cross-section and 15 ern in length or 2 X 2 ern cross-section and 10
cm in length. The specimen shall be free from defects and faces shall approach closely to the true radial and
tangential direction.
PROCEDURE
▪ Placing the Specimen - The tests shall be carried out on a suitable testing machine. The load shall be applied
through metal bearing plate 5 cm in width of at least 15 mm thickness placed centrally across the upper
surface of the specimen at equal distances from the ends and at right angles to the length. The load shall be
applied to the radial surface.
Rate of Loading
▪ The load shall be applied continuously throughout the test such that the movable head of the testing
machine travels at a constant rate of 0'6 mm per minute for both the sizes.

60. 60
Measurement of Load and Deformation
A small load not more than 50 kg on 5 X 5 X 15 cm and 10 kg on 2 X 2 X 10 cm specimen shall
initially be applied to set the specimen. The deformation then shall be measured correct to 0.02
mm by means of dial gauge or mirror and scale technique at suitable load intervals so that 8 to 10
readings are available up to limit of proportionality and is continued up to a deformation of 2.5
mm. If a maximum load is reached at some lesser value of compressive deformation, the same
shall be recorded along with corresponding deformation.
CALCULATION
A curve between load and deformation shall be drawn observing the rules explained in 4.1 of Part
5 of this standard. The load and deformation at limit of proportionality is then read. Load at 2'5
mm compression shall also be recorded; the various characteristics shall be determined by the
following formulae:

61. RATIO
For the purpose of comparison of compressive stress perpendicular to grain at elastic limit the ratio
of the results of 5 X 5 cm and 2 X 2 cm cross-section shall be taken as 1.07.
61

62. CONCLUSION
 Due to tremendous industrialization, globalization and changes in sustenance economy, there
is a great requirement of the local peoples and the botanists, so that the plants are properly
documented and conserved for the benefit of the present as well as for future generations.
 This enriched knowledge is currently viewed as extremely indispensable source of information
to develop plant- based medication for various diseases.
 More than 160 species of plants having their medicinal value arwhich have lack of modern
medical facilities. Still the knowledge is inadequate and needs further knowledge in full
spectrum
 One of the most characteristic and more usually applied wood loading types is compression.
The aim of this is to investigate the behavior of timber loaded perpendicular to the fiber
direction. In the study different calculation models for bearing strength from the literature will
be compared with the results from an experimental study.
62

63. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First Of All, We Would Like to Take This Opportunity to Express Our Heartfelt Gratitude to Our
Honourable Dr. Onkar Nath Singh, Vice-Chancellor, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi and Dr. M. S. Malik, Dean,
Faculty of Forestry for Experiential Learning Programme.
To Dr. Jai Kumar, Instructor for their Untiring Guidance, Concern, Support, Encouragement, Understanding
and Most of All for The Love That They Gave to All the Students. We Also Like to Extend Our Gratitude to Them for
Their Expert Supervision.
Immeasurable Appreciation and Deepest Gratitude to My Batchmates Deepak Kumar, Rupesh Kumar, Hassan
Shafique, Amit Kumar, Sandeep Kumar, Gulam Murtaza, Balram Kumar, Nivedita Priya, Arpana Kujur, Nandni Priya.
Along With Juniors for Their Needful Suggestions and Encouragement Throughout the Preparation of Reports.
I Would Like to Thank My Dear Parents for Their Untiring Support, Financial Assistance, For Their Love, Care,
Advice, And Encouragement to make this report complete on time.
And Above All, To Our God Almighty for Giving the Strength, Patience, Guidance, And for The Continuous
Blessings and Undying Love. -Maloth Suresh
63

64. Thanks!
64