This PPT made by Manish Soni & his Best Friend Neelam ( Prdhaan Ji ) .

1. MANISH SONI NEELAMDHULL
Acharya narendradev college , NEWDELHI

2. INTRODUCTION
Botanical Name – Nicotiana spp.
Family – Solanaceae
Tobacco , derived from N.tabacum &
N.rustica ; is one of the American gifts to the people of the old
world . In pre-Columbian times , American Indians used tobacco
in much the same way as it is used today & believed that it
possessed medicinal virtues .

3. HISTORY
In 1492 , Christopher Columbus found the native using tobacco leaves for
pleasure in the form of primitive handmade cigars , snuff & as a chewing
material .
In 1558 , tobacco was introduced into Spain by a Spanish physician & from
there it spread rapidly to southern Europe & the Middle East .
In 1560 , it was introduced in France by Jean Nicot , The French
Ambassador to Portugal , In whose honour the plant was named Nicotiana
by Linnaeus .

4. In 1565 , Sir John Hawkins was responsible for the introduction of
Florida tobacco to England .
Portuguese & Spanish explorers carried tobacco to different parts of
the world .
In 1600 , Portuguese brought Tobacco In India through Goa for the
purpose of Trade .

6. MORPHOLOGY
MORPHOLOGY
 Stout , Sticky annual herb
 Height – 1.2 to 2.7 meters.
 Leaves - large ( 16 cm long & 25 cm
broad ) , Alternate, Ovate & usually
sessile.
 Glandular hairs(on surface of leaves) –
secretesgums & oils – sticky surface.
 Flowers – Tubular , born in terminal
panicle & usually pink .
 Fruits – Two valved ovoid capsulewith
numerous tiny oval to spherical seeds.

7. GROWING CONDITIONS
Tobacco demands plenty of moisture in the early & middle part of the growing
season with an average optimum temp. of 27 C.
Can be grown on well-drained alluvial , loam & silt loam with a pH of 5 to 6.5 .
The crop is sensitive to waterlogging & demands well-aerated & drained soil
Tobacco requires a frost free period of 3 to 4 months between transplant & harvest .
Annual rainfall of 50 – 100 cm is required for the good yield of tobacco , tobacco
cannot stand if rainfall is more than 100 cm .

8. CULTURAL PRACTICES CULTIVATION
Raising healthy & vigorous seedlingsin a nursery is an important part of tobacco culture.
SOWING :
The minute seeds are often mixed with sand , Ash or fertilizers& sown .
They are lightly covered with soil by rolling or trampling to prevent them from being
blown away . In 2 to 2.5 months the seedlingsare 4 to 7 inches high & ready for
transplantationinto the field . When seedlings are about 10 to 15 cm tall , they may be put
Into the field by transplanting machines or by hand.
TOPPING& De-suckering
When the flower buds began to appear , the inflorescence& the
topmost leaf are plucked by hand , referred as Topping that greatly improve the size &
quality of leaves.

9. Soon after Topping , suckers began to develop from the axillary buds.
These are removed either by hand or by the application of suckers
suppressing chemicals such as – maleic hydrazide .
HARVESTING :
Harvest is the process of gathering the economic part of the plant .
The stage of maturity & the method of harvesting differ with the types
of tobacco .
The tobacco leaves do not ripe uniformly . Ripening starts from lower
to upper leaves .

10. The ripening process of tobacco consist of deposition of starch &
elimination of green matter . Change in color of leaf from green to
slightly yellow color is the time for harvesting.
It starts 90 – 120 days of transplanting .
The No. of days from transplanting to harvest will vary
considerably by variety & growing season .

12. METHODS OF HARVESTING
1. Priming :
a.) Harvesting of properly matured leaves living some leaves which are not fully
matured .For better quality is called Priming
b.) Picking starts from lower most leaves which matures first & continue until
the upper most leaves are ripen.
C.) Each time 2 – 3 leaves are harvested at weekly interval . The entire harvest is
completed in about 5 – 6 priming .
d.) Priming begins after 14 – 21 days of topping .

13. 2. Stalk-cut Method :
a.) Cutting the entire plant close to the ground .
b.) The timing of cutting stalk depends upon the type of tobacco.
c.) Bidi tobacco is harvest when majority of top leaves develop red rusty
spots .
d.) Cigar tobacco is harvested when the leaf turns yellowish green.
e.) Hooka tobacco are harvested when there is indication of yellowish
brown spots on leaves .
f.) The stalk is then hung upon a stick or lath .

22. MANUFACTURE
1. Freshly cured tobacco has a bitter & sharp aroma .
2. Tobacco is stored in barrels for 2 -3 years before manufacturing .
3. During this some water is added to maintain the moisture content .
4. This process make the leaves sweeter & the flavor become mild ,
reducing the nicotine content .
5. Flavorings can be added like honey, menthol , glycerin to moisten
tobacco.

24. Govt. Actions on Tobacco

25. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
* It is source of employment for thousands of people who are involved
with producing , curing , marketing & cigarette manufacturing .
* Tobacco is an important cash crop of Pakistan & brings in a
considerable amount of foreign exchange .
* Tobacco stem contains 0.14 % nicotine which is used as insecticides.
* Since the beginning of world war I , there has been a tremendous
increase in cigarette smoking .
* The united states of America is the largest producer( 907200 t per
annum), followed by China & India .

26. *In India , the annual ‘bidi’ consumption ( 178000 million) exceeds
that of cigarette .
* Refined tobacco seed oil can be used as a substitute for groundnut
oil & can also be used for illumination & in the oilpaint & varnish
industries .
* Tobacco has been used in the past in medicine as a sedative ,
vermifuge & for the treatment of gastro-intestinal disorder . Nicotine ,
on oxidation yields nicotinic acid , a valuable constituent of many
vitamin preparations.