2. THESE ARE CHANGES SEEN IN THE BODY AT
THE TIME OF DEATH
INSENSIBILITY
RESPIRATORY ARREST
CIRCULATORY ARREST
3. CHANGES SEEN IN THE DEAD BODY IN FIRST
12 – 24 Hrs OF DEATH
EYE CHANGES
SKIN CHANGES
POSTMORTEM COOLING
POSTMORTEM LIVIDITY
MUSCLE CHANGES
4. CHANGES SEEN IN THE DEAD BODY AFTER 24
Hrs OF DEATH AND INCLUDE CHANGE OF
EVENTS KNOWN AS POSTMORTEM
DECOMPOSITION ( PUTREFACTION)
PUTREFACTION
ADIPOCERE FORMATION
MUMMIFICATION
SKELETONISATION
5. EARLIEST SIGN OF DEATH
CONIDITION WHICH CAN BE MISTAKEN
PROLONGED FAINTING ATTACK
NARCOSIS
EPILEPSY
CATALEPSY
7. STOPPAGE OF HEART BEAT FOR >5MINS IS
IRRECOVERABLE AND IS ACCEPTED AS
EVIDENCE OF DEATH.
8. SIGNS OF LIFE NOT FOUND , AS THE
FUNCTIONS ARE INTERRUPTED FOR SOMETIME
OR ARE REDUCED TO MINIMUM
Yoga – 5 to 30 mins
MEDICAL CONDITIONS- VAGAL INHIBITION,
NEWBORN, SUNSTROKE, ELECTROCUTION.
9. PALE
LOSS OF ELASTICITY
LIPS DARK RED TO BLACK IN COLOUR.
10. LOSS OF CORNEAL REFLEX
OPACITY OF CORNEA
TACHE NOIR
FLACCIDITY OF EYEBALL
PUPILS –
INITIALLY- DILATE
ONSET OF RM- CONSTRICT
RETINAL VESSELS- FRAGMENTATION
11. NOT COOL ACCORDING TO NEWTON’S LAW
AFTER STOPPAGE OF CIRCULATION
CONVECTIONAL TRASPORT OF HEAT INSIDE THE
BODY STOPS
METABOLIC ACTIVITY OF DYING TISSUSE AND
INTESTINAL BACTERIA TEMP DOSE NOT FALL
INITIALLY.
12. INITIALLY LOSS OF SURFACE TEMPERATURE
THEN
LOSS OF CORE TEMPERATURE (CONDUCTION)
NON CONTACT AREA – CONVECTION
CONTACT AREA – CONDUCTION
INITIAL 1 HR THE RECTAL TEMP FALLS LITTLE
OR NOT AT ALL.
COOLING SLOPE- UNIFORM IN ITS SLOPE
0.4deg C – 0.6 Deg C PER Hr
13. 25CM
8 -10CM INSERTED
FOR 2MINS
IN RECTUM
SMALL OPENING IN PERITONEAL CAVITY
TOUCHING INF SURFACE OF LIVER
EXT MEATUS TOUCHING TM
NASAL CAVITYTOUCHING CRIBRIFORM PLATE
16. THE DIFFERENCE IN TEMPERATURE BETWEEN
BODY AND THE MEDIUM
PHYSIQUE OF THE CADAVER
ENVIRONMENT OF THE BODY
COVERING ON AND AROUND THE BODY
17. TEMP OF BODY REMAINS RAISED FOR FIRST 2 Hrs.
SUN STROKE
NERVOUS DISORDER
CONVULSION
TETANUS
STRYCHINE POISONING
SEPTICEMIA
CHOLERA
18. SYNONYMS:
POST MORTEM HYPOSTASIS
POST MORTEM LIVIDITY
SUGGILLATIONS
POST MORTEM STAINING
VIVICES
19. BLUISH PURPLE OR PURPLISH RED
DISCOLOURATION ( DEOXY
HAEMOGLOBIN), WHICH APPEARS
UNDER THE SKIN IN THE MOST
SUPERFICIAL LAYERS OF THE
DERMIS (RETE MUCOSUM) OF THE
DEPENDENT PARTS OF THE BODY
AFTER DEATH DUE TO CAPPILO
VENOUS DISTENTION.
21. APEARS BY 1 TO 3 Hrs AS SERIES OF
MOTTLED PATCHES
INCREASES IN SIZE AND COALESCE IN
3-6HrS
FIXED BY 6-8 Hrs
22. DOSE NOT BLANCH ON PRESSURE WITH
THUMB AFTER 8 HRS
23. POSTERIOR PORTION OF CEREBRAL LOBES
CEREBELLUM
POSTERIOR SURFACE OF HEART, LUNGS,
KIDNEYS, SPLEEN, LARYNX, STOMACH,
INTESTINE.
24. HAEMORRAGE / ANAEMIA PALE
ASPHYXIA DARK PURPLE
CARBON MONOXIDE CHERRY RED
CYANIDE BRIGHT PINK
POTASSIUM CHLORATE CHOCOLATE BROWN
PHOSPHOROUS DARK BROWN
HYDROGEN SULPHIDE BLUISH GREEN
OPIUM GRAYISH/BLACK
28. 1. PRIMARY PHASE OF FLACCIDITY
2. RIGOR MORTIS
stiffen due to chemical changes within the
muscle after 3 hours of TOD which lasts up to 36
hours
NO RESPONSE TO ANY STIMULUS.
3. SECONDARY PHASE OF FLACCIDITY
29. ATP INHIBITS THE ACTIVATION LINKAGES ACTIN &
MYOSIN
FALL ATP LEVEL - IRREVERSIBLE DEVELOPMENT OF
LINKAGES.
NOT DEPENDENT ON NERVOUS SYSTEM THOUGH
THERE IS DELAYED APPEARANCE OF RIGOR IN
PARALYSED LIMB.
30. GENERAL RULE
WHEN ONSET IS RAPID, ITS DURATION IS
RELATIVELY SHORT.
RIGOR COMMENCES IN 6 HOURS & TAKES ANOTHER
6 HOURS TO BECOME FULLY ESTABLISHED
REMAINS FOR 12 HOURS
PASSES OFF DURING THE SUCCEEDING 12 HOURS
31. NYSTEN’S RULE- RIGOR DOSEN’T START IN ALL
MUSCLES SIMULTAENEOUSLY.
FIRST APPEARS IN INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES
1 HR- MYOCARDIUM
EYELIDS NECK LOWER JAW MUSCLES OF
FACE MUSCLES OF CHEST UPPER LIMB
ABDOMEN LOWER LIMB LASTLY FINGERS AND
TOE
32. AGE – FOETUS <7MONTHS NO RIGOR MORTIS
NATURE OF DEATH –
ONSET EARLY AND DURTION LESS
* DISEASE WITH GREAT WASTING AND
EXHAUTION (CHOLERA,TB)
* VIOLENTS DEATHS
33. EARLY ONSET
* ORGANOPHOSPHATE POISONING
DELAYS APPEARANCE
* CO POISONING , CONDITIONS CAUSING
MUSCLE PARALYSIS
ATMOSPHERIC CONDITION
COLD – LATE ONSET AND LATE DISAPPEARANCE
VERY HOT – DISSAPPEARS VERY EARLY
37. WHEN BODY IS EXPOSED TO TEMPERATURE
> 65 DEGREE A RIGIDITY IS PRODUCED WHICH IS
MUCH MORE MARKED THAN THAT FOUND IN
RIGOR .
RIGOR MORTIS DOSE NOT OCCUR
42. SELF DIGESTION OF TISSUES
EARLIEST AUTODIGESTION STARTS IN GLANDULAR
& PARECHYMATOUS TISSUE AND IN BRAIN.
43. THE DISINTEGRATION OF BODY TISSUES AFTER
DEATH .
PUTREFACTION/ DECOMPOSITION – SYNONYMS
FOLLOWS DISAPPEARNCE OF RIGOR MORTIS
44. 1ST SIGN – GREENISH DISCOLOURATION OF SKIN
OVER THE REGION OF CEACUM
12-18 Hrs – SUMMER
24-48Hrs – WINTER
MARBLING- LINEAR BRANCHING PATTERN
STARTS WITH 24Hrs ----- PROMINENT IN 36-48Hrs
POSTMORTEM PURGE
PUTREFACTIVE EFFUSION OF FOUL SMELLING
BLOOD STAINED
45. -- REDUCTION OF COMPLICATED PROTIENS
AND CARBOHYDRATE
BLISTER FORMATION : 18 – 24Hrs
GAS ACCUMULATE IN TISSUE CAUSING
CREPITATION
46. 18 TO 36 Hrs – BODY BECOMES BLOATED
AND DISTORTED.
PEELING OF SKIN
EYE BULGED OUT
TONGUE PROTRUDED OUT OF MOUTH
BLOATED BREAST, SCROTUM
47. IN 1 TO 2 DAYS
PROTEOLYTIC TISSUE THAT DISSOLVES THE
TISSUE
58. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
INSECT COLINISATION
IN AIR, WATER- EARLY SKELETONISATION
IN EARTH- NO AIR, ANIMAL LIFE – DELAYS
SKELETONISATION.
59. IN INDIA UNCOFFINED BURIED BODY IS
REDUCED TO SKELETON WITHIN A YEAR,
ACID SOIL- DECAY OF BONES IN 25-100YRS
HOT CLIMATE ON GROUND SURFACE , DECAY
OF BONES IN 5 TO 10 YRS.
60.
61. CIRE = WAX
MODIFICATION OF PUTREFACTION
FATTY TISSUE OF THE BODY CHANGE INTO A
SUBSTANCE KNOWN AS ADIPOCERE.
BODIES IMMERSED IN WATER OR IN DAMP,
WARM ENVIRONMENT .
62. FAT
HIGHER FATTY ACID
INSOLUABLE SOAP ( ACIDIC INHIBITS PUTREFACTIVE
BACTERIA)
HYDROLYSIS AND
HYDROGENATION
COMBINES WITH
CALCIUM AND
AMMONIUM IONS
63. RATE OF ADIPOCERE FORMATION IS
EXTREMELY VARIABLE.
IN INDIA- OBSERVED TO BEGIN WITHIN 4-5
DAYS
FORMED FIRST IN FACE, BUTTOCKS, BREAST,
ABDOMEN.
SOMETIME THE ENTIRE BODY IS COVERTED
INTO A ADIPOCERE.
64.
65. MODIFIED PUTREFACTION
DEHYDRATION OR DRYING AND SHRIVELLING OF
THE CADAVER OCCURS FROM EVAPORATION OF
WATER , BUT THE NORMAL APPEARANCE OF THE
BODY AND GENERAL FACIAL FEATURES ARE
PRESERVED.
66. SKIN MAY BE
SHRUNKEN AND CONTRACTED
DRY
BRITLE
LEATHERY
RUSTY BROWN – BLACK IN COLOUR
67. ENTIRE BODY LOSES WEIGHT UPTO 60-70 %
FACTORS NECESSARY FOR MUMMIFICATION
ABSENCE OF MOISTURE
CONTINUOUS ACTION OF DRY OR WARMED AIR