The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Functional appliances evolution and mode of action /certified fixed orthodon...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Natural head posture /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document provides information about postero-anterior cephalometric analysis, including its history, setup, landmarks, and purposes. Some key points:
- Postero-anterior cephalograms can provide important qualitative and quantitative skeletal and dentofacial data as a supplement to lateral cephalograms.
- Broadbent and Hofrath pioneered the methodology in 1931. Modern setup involves a headholder that can rotate 90 degrees from lateral to postero-anterior position.
- Analysis involves identifying landmarks like zygomatic arches, maxillary molars, and measuring widths, ratios, and angles to evaluate symmetry and proportions.
- Postero-anterior views have limitations due to superimposition
Mc namara analysis /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The document describes the Mc Namara analysis method for cephalometric analysis. It consists of 5 sections: 1) relating the maxilla to the cranial base, 2) relating the maxilla to the mandible, 3) relating the mandible to the cranial base, 4) analyzing the dentition, and 5) airway analysis. Each section involves measuring distances and angles on a lateral cephalogram and comparing values to established norms. The analysis aims to evaluate the structural relationships of the jaws and aid in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Epigenetics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses the management of transverse discrepancies including crossbites and maxillary expansion. It begins with definitions of key terms and discusses the prevalence, etiology, diagnosis, and classification of posterior crossbites. Treatment options are provided for different crossbite classifications. The rationale, indications, contraindications, effects, and complications of maxillary expansion (RME) are outlined. Various appliances and techniques for rapid and slow maxillary expansion are described. Factors determining the appropriate type and technique of expansion are also discussed.
Functional appliances evolution and mode of action /certified fixed orthodon...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Natural head posture /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document provides information about postero-anterior cephalometric analysis, including its history, setup, landmarks, and purposes. Some key points:
- Postero-anterior cephalograms can provide important qualitative and quantitative skeletal and dentofacial data as a supplement to lateral cephalograms.
- Broadbent and Hofrath pioneered the methodology in 1931. Modern setup involves a headholder that can rotate 90 degrees from lateral to postero-anterior position.
- Analysis involves identifying landmarks like zygomatic arches, maxillary molars, and measuring widths, ratios, and angles to evaluate symmetry and proportions.
- Postero-anterior views have limitations due to superimposition
Mc namara analysis /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The document describes the Mc Namara analysis method for cephalometric analysis. It consists of 5 sections: 1) relating the maxilla to the cranial base, 2) relating the maxilla to the mandible, 3) relating the mandible to the cranial base, 4) analyzing the dentition, and 5) airway analysis. Each section involves measuring distances and angles on a lateral cephalogram and comparing values to established norms. The analysis aims to evaluate the structural relationships of the jaws and aid in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Epigenetics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses the management of transverse discrepancies including crossbites and maxillary expansion. It begins with definitions of key terms and discusses the prevalence, etiology, diagnosis, and classification of posterior crossbites. Treatment options are provided for different crossbite classifications. The rationale, indications, contraindications, effects, and complications of maxillary expansion (RME) are outlined. Various appliances and techniques for rapid and slow maxillary expansion are described. Factors determining the appropriate type and technique of expansion are also discussed.
Tongue and its importance in orthodontic treatment /certified fixed orthodont...Indian dental academy
This document discusses the anatomy, development, functions and examination of the tongue. It notes that the tongue plays an important role in dental development and malocclusion through its pressures and posture. Abnormal tongue posture, like a forward resting posture, can exert pressures on teeth and affect their positions over time. The document examines tongue posture and functions like swallowing, and discusses conditions like tongue thrust and retained infantile swallowing that can influence malocclusion. Metric evaluation methods like cephalometry and palatography are presented for assessing tongue posture.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses the Opus loop, a new orthodontic closing loop design developed by Raymond Siatkowski. It aims to deliver a consistent moment-to-force ratio (M/F) of 8-9 mm without adding residual moments. Traditional loops require residual moments via bends to achieve desired M/F ratios. The document outlines the theoretical basis for the Opus loop's design using Castigliano's theorem. Finite element analysis confirmed it maintains a consistent high M/F when positioned off-center. Experimental testing of prototypes verified the Opus loop achieves its intended M/F range, representing an improvement over other loops.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document describes a new soft tissue cephalometric analysis tool developed from Arnett and Bergman's facial analysis philosophy. Forty-six adult models were used to create a cephalometric database. Key midface structures are marked using metallic beads on lateral cephalograms. Measurements are made of soft tissue and hard tissue landmarks relative to the True Vertical Line (TVL) to diagnose dentoskeletal factors, soft tissue components, facial lengths, TVL projections, and harmony of facial parts. Cephalometric treatment planning uses the soft tissue analysis to optimize occlusal and facial results through positioning of the incisors, moving the mandible, defining the maxillary occlusal plane, and assessing chin projection.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Soft tissue analysis 2 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Esthetic orthodontic applainces /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses various iatrogenic damages that can occur during orthodontic treatment and their management. It covers topics like acid etching of enamel leading to enamel loss, demineralization and white spot lesions, external root resorption, enamel wear and fractures, periodontal issues, allergies to materials used, and injuries from appliances. It provides details on alternatives to acid etching like crystal bonding agents, and strategies to manage issues like fluoride applications, varnishes, sealants and other measures to prevent or reduce demineralization during orthodontic treatment.
Surgical analysis in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses how various drugs can impact orthodontic tooth movement. It begins by introducing orthodontic tooth movement and the key signaling molecules and cellular events involved. It then examines how different classes of drugs act on these processes, including analgesics, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, bisphosphonates, and others. The document emphasizes that drugs can slow down or accelerate tooth movement depending on their effects on bone and periodontal tissue remodeling during orthodontic treatment.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Model analysis 1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Pendulum appliance 2 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Orthodontic diagnostic procedures part 1Maher Fouda
The document discusses orthodontic diagnostic procedures, beginning with taking a case history that includes family history and patient history. The clinical examination is then described, which forms the basis of the diagnosis. The general examination evaluates constitution, physique, height, weight and development. Specific examination includes dental age, growth patterns from hand radiographs, and extraoral and intraoral soft tissue examination. Interpreting the case history and clinical findings provides clues about the cause of malocclusion and influences treatment planning.
Tweed merrifield edgewise. /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Tweed merrifield philosophy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Postero anterior cephalometric _ mansoura university _ Egyptameen qulah
The document discusses postero anterior (PA) cephalometry, which evaluates craniofacial structures in transverse and vertical dimensions. It describes how to properly position patients for PA cephalograms, including orienting the Frankfort horizontal plane parallel to the floor. Various PA cephalometric landmarks related to specific bones are identified. Planes used in PA cephalograms are described, including the median sagittal reference plane. Grummons analysis for PA cephalograms is outlined, involving horizontal planes, mandibular morphology analysis, and other components.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Tongue and its importance in orthodontic treatment /certified fixed orthodont...Indian dental academy
This document discusses the anatomy, development, functions and examination of the tongue. It notes that the tongue plays an important role in dental development and malocclusion through its pressures and posture. Abnormal tongue posture, like a forward resting posture, can exert pressures on teeth and affect their positions over time. The document examines tongue posture and functions like swallowing, and discusses conditions like tongue thrust and retained infantile swallowing that can influence malocclusion. Metric evaluation methods like cephalometry and palatography are presented for assessing tongue posture.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses the Opus loop, a new orthodontic closing loop design developed by Raymond Siatkowski. It aims to deliver a consistent moment-to-force ratio (M/F) of 8-9 mm without adding residual moments. Traditional loops require residual moments via bends to achieve desired M/F ratios. The document outlines the theoretical basis for the Opus loop's design using Castigliano's theorem. Finite element analysis confirmed it maintains a consistent high M/F when positioned off-center. Experimental testing of prototypes verified the Opus loop achieves its intended M/F range, representing an improvement over other loops.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document describes a new soft tissue cephalometric analysis tool developed from Arnett and Bergman's facial analysis philosophy. Forty-six adult models were used to create a cephalometric database. Key midface structures are marked using metallic beads on lateral cephalograms. Measurements are made of soft tissue and hard tissue landmarks relative to the True Vertical Line (TVL) to diagnose dentoskeletal factors, soft tissue components, facial lengths, TVL projections, and harmony of facial parts. Cephalometric treatment planning uses the soft tissue analysis to optimize occlusal and facial results through positioning of the incisors, moving the mandible, defining the maxillary occlusal plane, and assessing chin projection.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Soft tissue analysis 2 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Esthetic orthodontic applainces /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses various iatrogenic damages that can occur during orthodontic treatment and their management. It covers topics like acid etching of enamel leading to enamel loss, demineralization and white spot lesions, external root resorption, enamel wear and fractures, periodontal issues, allergies to materials used, and injuries from appliances. It provides details on alternatives to acid etching like crystal bonding agents, and strategies to manage issues like fluoride applications, varnishes, sealants and other measures to prevent or reduce demineralization during orthodontic treatment.
Surgical analysis in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses how various drugs can impact orthodontic tooth movement. It begins by introducing orthodontic tooth movement and the key signaling molecules and cellular events involved. It then examines how different classes of drugs act on these processes, including analgesics, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, bisphosphonates, and others. The document emphasizes that drugs can slow down or accelerate tooth movement depending on their effects on bone and periodontal tissue remodeling during orthodontic treatment.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Model analysis 1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Pendulum appliance 2 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Orthodontic diagnostic procedures part 1Maher Fouda
The document discusses orthodontic diagnostic procedures, beginning with taking a case history that includes family history and patient history. The clinical examination is then described, which forms the basis of the diagnosis. The general examination evaluates constitution, physique, height, weight and development. Specific examination includes dental age, growth patterns from hand radiographs, and extraoral and intraoral soft tissue examination. Interpreting the case history and clinical findings provides clues about the cause of malocclusion and influences treatment planning.
Tweed merrifield edgewise. /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Tweed merrifield philosophy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Postero anterior cephalometric _ mansoura university _ Egyptameen qulah
The document discusses postero anterior (PA) cephalometry, which evaluates craniofacial structures in transverse and vertical dimensions. It describes how to properly position patients for PA cephalograms, including orienting the Frankfort horizontal plane parallel to the floor. Various PA cephalometric landmarks related to specific bones are identified. Planes used in PA cephalograms are described, including the median sagittal reference plane. Grummons analysis for PA cephalograms is outlined, involving horizontal planes, mandibular morphology analysis, and other components.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Postero anterior cephalometry/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian d...Indian dental academy
1. The document discusses posteroanterior cephalometry, which is used to evaluate facial asymmetry and transverse discrepancies. It describes landmarks and techniques for tracing structures on posteroanterior radiographs.
2. Two main analysis methods are described: Grayson's multiplane analysis and Grummons analysis. Grayson's method involves tracing structures on three different coronal planes and constructing midlines to evaluate three-dimensional asymmetry. Grummons analysis uses horizontal reference planes and assesses asymmetries through linear measurements, volumetric comparisons, and ratios.
3. Both methods aim to quantify and characterize asymmetries seen on posteroanterior cephalograms through identification of landmarks, construction of reference structures, and linear
This document provides an overview of cephalometric analysis. It defines cephalometry as the scientific measurement of the bones of the cranium and face using lateral radiographs. Various cephalometric analyses are described, including landmarks, planes, and measurements used in Downs, Steiner, Tweed, and Ricketts analyses to evaluate the skeletal and dental relationships of the craniofacial structures. Limitations of cephalometric analysis are also discussed.
Growth and development /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The document summarizes the key aspects of an advanced implant placement and restoration course, including treatment planning, anatomical considerations, surgical techniques, implant types and placement methods, loading options, and more. The course covers topics such as diagnosis, radiographic assessment, ridge classification, flap design, flapless surgery techniques, implant osteotomy, placement verification, immediate post-placement options, one-piece implants, and factors regarding immediate and delayed loading.
Concepts of growth and development / orthodontic courses /certified fixed or...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Postero - Anterior cephalometric analysis/ dental implant courses by Indian d...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
1. A diagnostic wax-up provides a 3D visual communication tool for dentists to discuss treatment plans with patients and for communication between dentists and technicians.
2. It serves as a guide for tooth preparation and fabrication of temporary restorations so that patients can test their new smiles and provide feedback for modifications prior to final restorations.
3. An advanced diagnostic wax-up uses various wax colors and translucency effects to provide a realistic preview of how final ceramic restorations may look, allowing discussion of esthetic preferences.
This document discusses proportions of the human face that can be used to draw heads with accurately placed features. It provides 4 steps: 1) horizontal placement of eyes, nose and mouth using the face as 1/2 units, 2) vertical widths of nose and mouth correspond to eye widths, 3) represent features as shapes, 4) refine details and erase guidelines. The overall goal is to understand facial feature ratios and connections between art and mathematics to accurately draw heads.
This document discusses several methods for analyzing postero-anterior cephalometric radiographs:
- Ricketts analysis evaluates asymmetries in the nasal cavity, mandible, maxilla, dentition, and craniofacial structures. Measurements are compared to clinical norms.
- Hewitt analysis assesses facial symmetry by dividing the face into triangles based on landmarks and measuring asymmetries between left and right sides.
- Svanholt & Solow analysis evaluates transverse relationships between dental arches and jaws through linear and angular measurements between defined landmarks.
- Grayson analysis involves three overlays on the radiograph corresponding to different anatomical planes to localize craniofacial asymmetries in
Cephalometrics history, evolution, and land marks/orthodontic courses by indi...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document discusses dental implant treatment planning and procedures. It provides information on evaluating patients' medical and dental history, bone density, available bone, and ridge anatomy for treatment planning. Guidelines are given for ideal implant placement based on bone support and prosthetic requirements. Procedures for immediate implant placement into fresh extraction sites are also outlined, including using pilot drills, osteotomy formers, and grafting materials if needed. The document promotes OCO Biomedical's implant systems and notes the company has served the dental implant community since 1976 without debt.
This document provides instructions for drawing the average adult human head using basic facial proportions and a grid system. It describes drawing an oval shape and then overlaying a light grid to help place the facial features, which are generally half way between other distinguishing points. Key steps include sketching the eyes on the center line, nose below, and mouth in between, then refining features like eyebrows, nose shape, mouth details, and adding hair, neck and shoulders. Final tips suggest shading, proportions, and realism to complete the portrait.
Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials made from a combination of metallic and non-metallic elements. They are frequently silicates, oxides, nitrides or carbides. Ceramics are typically insulative to heat and electricity, and resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments. Ceramic crystal structures are predominantly ionic in nature, with cations and anions arranged in repeating patterns depending on their size and charge. Ceramics exhibit extreme hardness, corrosion resistance, and heat resistance but are also brittle with low ductility. They are classified based on their composition into traditional ceramics, advanced ceramics, oxides, non-oxides, and composites.
The document discusses Leonardo da Vinci's expertise in facial proportions and self-portraits. It provides instructions for students to create a self-portrait using face mapping techniques. Key points include drawing guide lines for symmetry, eye level, and positioning features so they are proportionate, such as eyes being five eyes wide and mouth corners lining up under pupils. Students are advised to carefully observe their own features in a mirror and draw what they see.
This document provides examples of figure drawings and sketches for educational purposes. It advises viewers to pay close attention to the media, proportions, lines, gradations and tones when viewing the sketches. The images were taken from books and are intended for educational use only.
The document discusses posteroanterior (PA) cephalograms, which provide an effective tool for evaluating craniofacial structures. Key information that can be assessed from PA cephalograms includes facial asymmetries, widths of dental arches, and cant of the occlusal plane. Landmarks are identified and traced on the radiograph to perform analyses. The Grummons analysis is a quantitative method using planes and volumes to assess asymmetries. Overall, PA cephalograms allow for detailed evaluation of the dentofacial and craniofacial structures in the transverse and vertical dimensions.
This document provides an overview of posteroanterior cephalometric analysis. It defines the setup and landmarks used in PA cephalometry. It then summarizes several common PA cephalometric analyses including Ricketts analysis, Grummons analysis, and Grayson analysis. Ricketts analysis measures dental, skeletal, and jaw relationships. Grummons analysis uses planes, volumes, asymmetries, and ratios to compare sides. Grayson analysis constructs midlines in different frontal planes to analyze asymmetry in 3 dimensions.
orthodontic correction of canted occlusal plane 2MaherFouda1
This document discusses occlusal plane canting and the esthetic line of the dentition across multiple sections and cases. It begins by describing the esthetic line and how it follows the facial edges of the teeth, noting that full evaluation requires considering the three rotational axes of pitch, roll, and yaw. Subsequent sections discuss specific cases where patients presented with occlusal plane canting, midline deviations, and asymmetric smiles or deep bites. The document emphasizes the importance of evaluating canting relative to both soft tissues and facial skeleton for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.
This document provides a summary of the clinical diagnosis of Class II malocclusion. It describes the extraoral and intraoral features, diagnostic process including case history, photos, radiographs and casts. It analyzes features of Class II division 1 and 2 malocclusions. Key aspects of cephalometric analysis are outlined including measurements of cranial bases, facial heights, angles between cranial structures, jaw bases and dentoalveolar structures. Growth patterns and effects of functional appliances are discussed.
Management of facial asymmetries /certified fixed orthodontic courses by I...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Cephalometric analysis involves taking x-rays of the skull from different angles and measuring anatomical landmarks and relationships to assess skeletal patterns, dental patterns, and soft tissue profiles. Various instruments and techniques were developed over time to standardize cephalometric x-rays. Key developments included the cephalostat to orient the head in the same position, and advances like digital scans and 3D modeling to capture three-dimensional anatomy. Cephalometric analysis is used for diagnosis, treatment planning, evaluating treatment outcomes, and studying craniofacial growth and relapse.
Soft tisue changes in after lefort one osteotomy /certified fixed orthodontic...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
- Cephalometrics involves analyzing and measuring radiographic images of the head called cephalograms. Key landmarks are identified and linear and angular measurements are made between landmarks to assess craniofacial structures.
- There are several commonly used analyses in orthodontics including Downs analysis, Steiner analysis, Tweed analysis, and the Wits appraisal. These analyses establish norms for skeletal and dental relationships and angles that can be used to diagnose malocclusions.
- Landmarks, reference planes like the Frankfort horizontal and mandibular planes, and angular and linear measurements between them allow for evaluation of the positions of jaws, teeth, and soft tissues to develop treatment plans. Serial cephalograms also enable
This document discusses various cephalometric analyses used in orthodontic treatment planning and orthognathic surgery planning. It describes analyses such as COGS, Burstone soft tissue analysis, Dipaolo's quadrilateral analysis, Sassouni analysis, and others. Key components of each analysis are defined, such as skeletal and dental measurements, landmarks, planes, ratios and norms. The document provides detailed information on performing various cephalometric measurements and analyses to evaluate the skeletal structure and dental relationships of patients considered for orthodontic and orthognathic surgical treatment.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Evaluation of soft tissue changes following lefort 1 surgery /certified fixed...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The quadrilateral analysis is a method for assessing the skeletal configuration of the dentofacial complex. It was developed in 1983 and examines both horizontal and vertical dimensions. Key components include maxillary and mandibular base lengths, anterior and posterior facial heights, sagittal ratios, and angles. Facial types include normodivergent, hypodivergent, and hyperdivergent. The analysis helps locate skeletal discrepancies and determine if orthodontic or surgical treatment is needed. A sample patient analysis shows proclined incisors, a retruded chin, increased anterior upper facial height, and mild skeletal disturbances.
This document describes Dr. Duane Grummons' posteroanterior (PA) cephalometric analysis for evaluating facial asymmetry. The analysis involves constructing reference lines and planes to compare bilateral landmarks and structures. Measurements are made of linear distances, angles, ratios and volumetric comparisons. The comprehensive analysis evaluates multiple structures and parameters while the summary analysis focuses on key dental and skeletal factors. The analysis is useful for orthodontic-surgical treatment planning to determine the extent and location of asymmetries and surgical corrections needed.
This document describes Dr. Duane Grummons' posteroanterior (PA) cephalometric analysis for evaluating facial asymmetry. The analysis involves constructing reference lines and planes to compare bilateral landmarks and structures. Measurements are made of linear distances, angles, ratios and volumetric comparisons. The comprehensive analysis evaluates multiple structures and parameters while the summary analysis focuses on key dental and skeletal factors. The analysis is useful for orthodontic/surgical treatment planning by identifying asymmetries and extent of movements needed for symmetry.
COGS analysis (Cephelometrics for orthognathic surgery) / fixed orthodontics ...Indian dental academy
This document provides an overview of the COGS (Cephalometrics for Orthognathic Surgery) analysis. It begins with an introduction to cephalometrics and then describes the various landmarks, measurements, and analyses used in COGS. The COGS analysis examines both hard and soft tissues, including cranial base, skeletal, dental, soft tissue, and facial forms analyses. It uses linear and angular measurements to evaluate features like jaw positions, facial heights and widths, tooth angulations, and overall facial contour. The document outlines the typical landmarks, reference planes, and normative values for each measurement in the COGS analysis.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Similar to Postero anterior cephalometric analysis / dental implant courses (20)
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Leader in continuing dental education
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skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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3. INTRODUCTION
Malocclusions and dentofacial deformities constitute
three-dimensional conditions or pathologies. Orthodontic
patients requires comprehensive three- dimensional
diagnostic examination.
The assessment of postero-anterior and basilar
cephalometric views are particularly important for dento-
alveolar and facial asymmetries; dental and skeletal
crossbites and functional mandibular displacements
www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. A postero anterior cephalogram can be
analysed so that the vertical, transverse, and
sagittal dimensions can be evaluated .Vertical
asymmetry can be observed readily in a postero
anterior cephalogram by connecting bilateral
structures or landmarks, by drawing the
transverse planes, and by observing their
relative orientation
www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. RICKETT’S ANALYSIS
Given by:Robert M. Ricketts., Ruel W. Bench, James J.
Hilgers,and Robert Schulhof in1972
The frontal & lateral films should be correlated together
to evaluate the patient three- dimensionally.
According to them, in order to provide a better method of
communication, a new classification system for each
parameter was devised.
The normal value represented by the mean & the amount
of variation around that mean was established which was
acceptable from a clinical point of view :
www.indiandentalacademy.com
8. Nasal cavity width -
measured from NC to NC
Mandibular width -
measured
Ag to Ag (at eminence
above notch);
www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. Maxillary width - two frontal
lines, left and
right, are constructed from
the medial margins of the
zygomaticofrontal sutures to
Ag points,and the maxillarv
width is evaluated on left
and right sides separately by
relating J point or point
jugale (defined as the
crossing of the outline of the
tuberosity with that of the
jugal process) to these lines.
In this way the maxillary
width is evaluated in relation
to the mandible;
www.indiandentalacademy.com
10. Symmetry - a midsagittal
plane is constructed by
dropping a line through
the top of the nasal
septum or crista galli,
perpendicular to the line
connecting the centres of
the zygomatic arches.
Asymmetry is evaluated
by relating point ANS and
pogonion to this
midsagittal plane;
www.indiandentalacademy.com
11. Intermolar width -
measured from the buccal
surface of the first
permanent molars
transversely;
Intercuspid width - the
width between the tips of
the lower cuspids;
www.indiandentalacademy.com
12. Denture symmetry - the
midpoints of the upper
and lower central incisor
roots are related to the
midsagittal plane;
Upper to lower molar
relation - the differences
in width between the
upper and lower molars.
The measurement is
made at the most
prominent buccal contour
of each tooth.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
13. FIELD I :The denture problem (Occlusal Relation)
Factor Measured
value (mm)
Clinical
norm (mm)
Clinical
deviations
from norm
Molar
relation Left
0 1.5 -1.0
Molar
relation
Right
-0.5 1.5 -1.3
Intermolar
width
54.8 54.5 .2
Intercanine
width
22.7 23.9 -0.4
Denture
midline
.5 0 .3
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. FIELD II:The Skeletal problem (Maxillo-Mandibular
Relation)
Factor Measured
value
Clinical
norm
Clinical
deviations
from norm
Max-Mand
width Left
-10.7 mm -10.8 mm .0
Max-Mand
width right
-11.4 mm -10.8 mm -0.2
Max-Mand
midline
.7 deg 0 deg .3
www.indiandentalacademy.com
15. FIELD III: Denture to Skeleton
Factor Measured
value
(mm)
Clinical
norm
(mm)
Clinical
deviations
from norm
Molar to
Jaw Left
5.6 6.2 -0.3
Molar to
Jaw Right
6.2 6.2 -0.0
Denture
Jaw
midline
.5 0 .3
Occlusal
Plane Tilt
-0.7 0 -0.4
www.indiandentalacademy.com
16. FIELD V: The Determination Problem (Craniofacial
Relation)
Factor Measured
value
Clinical
norm
Clinical
deviations
from norm
Postural
Symmetry
1.1 deg 0 deg .5
www.indiandentalacademy.com
17. FIELD VI: The Internal Structure Problem (Deep
Structure)
Factor Measured
value
Clinical
norm
Clinical
deviations
from norm
Nasal Width 24.6 mm 24.9 mm -0.2
Nasal
Proportion
53.7 deg 59.0 deg -1.2
Maxilla
Proportion
99.6 deg 103.1 deg -0.7
Mandible
Proportion
87.2 deg 88.6 deg -0.4
Facial
Proportion
95.1 deg 97.5 deg -0.8
www.indiandentalacademy.com
18. HEWITT ANALYSIS
Given by:A.B.Hewitt in 1975
The facial complex consists of numerous constituent
parts it is therefore the degree of harmony between the
parts which determines the symmetry of the whole.
This study was devised to establish a method for the
analysis of overall facial symmetry in terms of its
component, each of which is capable of individual
variations between the right and left sides.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
19. Method:
63 cephalometric PA radiograph of normal children
Age range: 9 to 18 years with a mean of 14 years.
20 males, 43 females.
No child with a degree of clinically evident or
unacceptable facial asymmetry or gross deviation of
dental occlusion was included.
Facial disharmony may be expressed as variation in
shape or of size.
Deviations in the shape of the face may be assist by
determining the angle of divergence of two facial axis
that is the anatomical axis of the middle and lower
third of the face.www.indiandentalacademy.com
21. A line was drawn between
the following points to
form an axis X which
represents the middle
third of the face:
1. Sella
2.Bisector of line joining the
medial extent of orbits.
3.Bisector of line joining the
right and left orbitale.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
22. 4. Bisector of line joining the
right and left mastoidale.
5. Anterior nasal spine.
6. Bisector of line joining
bilateral zygomatic
points.
7. Bisector of lines joining
right and left molar
points.
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23. The following points were
joined by a line to form an
axis N which represents
the lower third of the face:
1. Bisector of line joining
condylar points.
2. Menton.
3. Bisector of line joining
bilateral gonial points.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
24. The angle of divergence
of the axes is
proportional to the
degree of asymmetry
between the middle and
lower third of the face.
The angle between the
two axis can be bisected
to give the arbitary
anatomical axis of the
face.
In order to assist the
relative asymmetry of
the component areas of
the facial complex, a
method of triangulation
was used.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
25. Triangles are drawn on
both sides of the tracing:
1. Triangle A: between the
extreme superior extent
of the head of condyle,
exteme mesial extent of
the head of the condyle
and sella to represent
the cranial base region.
2. Triangle B: between
sella, mastoidale and the
root of zygoma
representing the lateral
maxillary regions.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
26. 3. Triangle C: joining sella,
anterior nasal spine and
the root of zygoma
representing the upper
maxillary region.
4.Triangle D: drawn
between the root of the
zygoma, upper molar
points and the anterior
nasal spine representing
the right and left middle
maxillary region.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
27. 5. Triangle E: joining ANS,
upper molar points and
the point of intersection
of a line drawn between
the bilateral upper molar
points and the arbitary
anatomical axis
representing the right
and left lower maxillary
region.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
28. 6.Triangle F: drawn between
upper molar points,
upper incisal points and
the point of intersection
of a line joining the
upper molar points and
the anatomical axis,
representing the right
and left dental regions.
7.Triangle G: drawn
between the condylar
points, gonion and
menton to represent the
mandibular component
of the face.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
29. Conclusion:
He concluded that the
cranial base regions and
the maxillary regions
exhibit an overall
asymmetry with a larger
side being the left where
as the mandibular and
dentoalveolar regions
exhibit a greater degree of
symmetry.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
30. SVANHOLT & SOLOW ANALYSIS
Given by: SVANHOLT.P & SOLOW.B in 1977
Aim: To analyse one aspect of transverse
craniofacial development, namely the relationships
between the midlines of the jaws and the dental arches
www.indiandentalacademy.com
31. Lo- latero orbitale- the
intersection of the lateral
orbital contour with the
innominate line
ORP- orientation plane
Om- orbital midpoint- the
projection on the line lo-lo
of the top of the nasal
septum at the base of the
crista galli
www.indiandentalacademy.com
32. Mx- maxillare- the
intersection of the lateral
contour of the maxillary
alveolar process and the
lower contour of the
maxillozygomatic process
of the maxilla
M- mandibular midpoint-
located by projecting the
mental spine on the lower
mandibular border,
perpendicular to the line
Ag-Ag
www.indiandentalacademy.com
33. CPL-compensation
line
MXP-maxillary plane
Iif- incision inferior
frontale- the midpoint
between the
mandibular central
incisors at the level of
the incisal edges
www.indiandentalacademy.com
34. MLP-mandibular
plane
Isf- incision superior
frontale- the midpoint
between the maxillary
central incisors at the
level of incisal edges
www.indiandentalacademy.com
35. 1. Transverse maxillary
position - mx-om/ORP;
2. Transverse mandibular
position - m-om/ORP;
3. Transverse jaw
relationship - CPL/MXP;
www.indiandentalacademy.com
37. Dentoalveolar compensations will move the midpoint of
the dental arch away from the symmetry line within one
jaw towards the compensation line CPL.
If the dental arch midpoint reaches the compensation
line, the compensation is complete.
If the midpoint of the dental arch does not reach the
compensation line,there is incomplete dentoalveolar
compensation.
Displacements of the midpoints of the dental arch in a
direction opposite to the direction from the jaw symmetry
line to the compensation line are called Dysplastic
www.indiandentalacademy.com
38. GRAYSON ANALYSIS
Given by:Barry H. Grayson,, Joseph G. McCarthy,, and
Fred Bookstein in 1983
It’s a three-dimensional, multiplane cephalometric
analysis
This analysis permits the visualization of skeletal
midlines at selected depths of the craniofacial complex.
This localizes craniofacial asymmetry in the
posteroanterior and basilar views.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
39. Three separate acetate
tracings are made on the
same radiograph,
corresponding to
structures of the lateral
view in or near the three
planes
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40. A- orbital rims are
outlined
B- pyriform aperture
C-maxillary and
mandibular incisors
D- midpoint of the
symphysis.
This represents the
anatomy of the most
superficial aspects of
the face as transected
by line A
First tracing
www.indiandentalacademy.com
41. A- greater and lesser
wings of the sphenoid
B- most lateral cross
section of the zygomatic
arch
C-coronoid process
D- maxillary and
mandibular first
permanent molars
Second tracing
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42. E- body of the mandible
F- mental foramina .
These structures, all
located on or near plane
B , represent a deeper
coronal plane.
Second tracing
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43. A- upper surface of the
petrous portion of the
temporal bone
B- mandibular condyles
with the outer border of
the ramus down to the
gonial angle
C- mastoid processes
with the arch of temporal
and parietal bones
connecting them .
Third tracing
www.indiandentalacademy.com
44. In the A plane (the
pyriform aperture, orbits,
and incisors), the centrum
of each orbit is located ,
and the point Mce halfway
between them is
identified.
The most lateral point on
the perimeter of each
pyriform aperture is
marked, and the point Mp
halfway between them is
marked.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
45. The midpoint Mi, between
the maxillary and the
mandibular central
incisors, and the gnathion
Mg are identified.
To view the midline ,
straight lines are
constructed connecting
Mce with Mp, Mp with Mi,
and Mi with Mg. This
results in a segmented
construct whose angles
express the asymmetry of
the structures of this
plane.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
46. A midline is constructed
for the B plane (the
sphenoid, zygomatic arch
etc.).
Intersection of the
shadows of the greater
and lesser wings of
the sphenoid, are
identified, and their
bisector Msi is recorded
Midpoints Mz for the
centre of the zygomatic
arches
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47. Mc for the tips of the
coronoid processes
Mx for maxillare on the
left and right zygomas
Mf for the left and right
mental foramina.
Vertical line segments are
constructed to link these
points
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48. In plane C
Md- heads of the
condyles
Mm-innermost inferior
points on the mastoid
processes
Mgo- gonions
This yield bisecting points
Segments Md – Mm, Mm
– Mgo
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49. If the midline constructs of
A, B, and C planes are
superimposed on the
posteroanterior tracing,
one can observe a
phenomenon we call
warping within the
craniofacial skeleton
The midline constructs
deviate progressively
laterally as one passes
from plane C, through
plane B, to plane A toward
the anterior of the face to
the P-A composite.
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50. Three horizontal
planes of the face
were drawn
In the basilar-view
planes, key triangles
are constructed A, B,
and C, each of which
may be referred to
this primary
(posterior) midsagittal
plane.
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52. Superpositioning of the
triangles clearly
demonstrated the
warping of the
craniofacial complex
The craniofacial
skeleton is most
severely deviated from
the midsagittal plane at
the level of the
mandible; the severity
of asymmetry
decreased in a cephalic
direction.
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53. The study of structures in various coronal
and transverse planes makes it possible to
measure and record the three-dimensional
relationship of anatomic structures to one
another.
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54. Given by: Chierici G in 1983
This method focuses on the
examination of the
asymmetry in the upper face
A line connecting the lateral
extent of the
zygomaticofrontal sutures
on each side (line zmf-zmf)
is constructed
Line X is drawn through the
root of the crista galli
perpendicular to zmf-zmf
Line
line X
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55. Examination of the
different structures &
landmarks on both right
& left sides on the same
plane & the deviation of
the midline structures
can identify asymmetry
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56. GRUMMON’S ANALYSIS
Given by:Duane C. Grummons, & Martin A. Kappeyne
Van De Coppello in 1987
Since the advent of cephalometric radiography,
orthodontists have focused on the lateral x-ray as
their primary source of patient skeletal and dentoalveolar
data.
However, the frontal (PA) and basilar views also contain
valuable information for diagnosis and treatment planning
procedures.
Various dental and skeletal widths and skeletal
asymmetries that are not available from the lateral
cephalogram can be quantified from a frontal radiograph
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57. Such frontal and asymmetry information is vitally
important in:
1. Orthodontic surgery planning
2. Differential tooth eruption with segmental TMJ splint
therapy
3. Functional jaw orthopedics including three dimensional
improvements in facial or dental proportions or symmetry.
Limitations of Previous Analyses:
Angular measurements and ratios are absent from
previous frontal analyses.
Nor do they measure mandibular morphology, which can
be seen clinically to play the major role in asymmetries.
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58. A new PA analysis has been developed to provide
clinically relevant information about specific locations and
amounts of facial asymmetry.
There are two forms of this Grummons analysis—
Comprehensive frontal asymmetry analysis
Summary frontal asymmetry analysis
Parameters :
1. Horizontal planes
2. Mandibular morphology
3. Volumetric comparison
4. Maxillomandibular comparison of asymmetry
5. Linear asymmetry assesment
6. Maxillomandibular relation
7. Frontal vertical proportions
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60. Four planes are
drawn to show the
degree of parallelism
and symmetry of the
facial structures
First plane connect
the medial aspects of
the zygomatic frontal
sutures (Z-Z)
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61. Second plane
connects the centers
of the zygomatic
arches (ZA)
Third plane connects
the medial aspects of
the jugal processes
(J).
Fourth plane is drawn
at menton parallel to
the Z plane.
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62. MSR has been
selected as a key
reference line
because it closely
follows the visual
plane formed by
subnasale and the
midpoints between
the eyes and
eyebrows.
MSR
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63. MSR normally runs
vertically from Cg through
ANS to the chin area, and
nearly perpendicular to
the Z plane.
The relation of MSR to the
center of the cervical
vertebrae can alert the
clinician to possible head
rotation when the PA
headfilm was taken.
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64. Construction of MSR may
have to be modified if the
patient has anatomic
variations
If the location of Cg is in
question, an alternative
method of drawing MSR
is to draw a line from the
midpoint of the Z plane
through ANS.
If there is upper facial
asymmetry, MSR can be
drawn as a line from the
midpoint of the Z plane
through the midpoint of an
Fr-Fr line.
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65. Left and right triangles are
formed from the heads of
the condylar processes or
the condyles (Co),the
antegonial notches (Ag),
and menton. These are
split by the ANS-Me line
and compared
ANS-Me parallels the
visual dividing line from
subnasale to soft tissue
menton in the lower face.
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66. Two "volumes"
(polygons) are
calculated from the area
defined by each Co-Ag-
Me and the intersection
with a perpendicular
from Co to MSR
Superimposition of both
the polygons done to
know the asymmetry
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67. Perpendiculars are drawn
to MSR from J and Ag,
and connecting lines from
Cg to J and Ag
This produces two pairs of
triangles, each pair
bisected by MSR.
If perfect symmetry is
present, the four triangles
become two, J-Cg-J and
Ag-Cg-Ag.
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68. The vertical offset as well
as the linear distance is
measured from MSR to
Co, NC, J, Ag, and Me
Difference between the
left and right values will
indicate asymmetry
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69. To allow tracing of the
functional posterior
occlusal plane, an .014"
wire is placed across the
mesio-occlusal areas of
the maxillary first molars.
The wire should extend
about 3mm buccally to
make it easy to recognize
on the headfilm
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70. Distances are
measured from the
buccal cusps of the
upper first molars (on
the occlusal plane)
along the J
perpendiculars.
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71. The Ag plane, MSR, and
the ANS-Me plane are
also drawn to depict the
dental compensations for
any skeletal asymmetries
in the horizontal or vertical
planes
(maxillomandibular
imbalance)
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72. Midline asymmetries
of the upper and lower
incisors and Me-MSR
are also provided
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73. Skeletal and dental
measurements are made
along the Cg-Me line with
divisions at ANS, A1, and
B1 . The following ratios
are calculated
1. Upper facial ratio— Cg-
ANS/Cg-Me
2. Lower facial ratio—
ANS-Me/Cg-Me
3. Maxillary ratio— ANS-
A1/ANS-Me
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75. The comprehensive fontal asymmetry analysis
consists of all the data described & three tracings.
The horizontal planes, mandibular morphology, and
maxillo-mandibular comparisons have been combined
to produce the Summary Facial Asymmetry Analysis
Conclusion: They concluded that head rotation and
improper construction of MSR can reduce the
effectiveness of this analysis
This analysis is intended to provide a practical,
functional method of determining the locations
and amounts of facial asymmetry. It is of greatest
clinical value when integrated with data from lateral
and submental vertex radiograph.
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76. Many articles & analyses have been published
on normative data related to the facial structures that
have been studied by means of lateral cephalograms.
However, publications describing the use of
posteroanterior cephalometric radiography are
relatively few.
In recent years there has been a growing demand for
extended roentgenocephalometric control material as a
result of the refinements in syndrome identification &
the advances in the treatment of craniofacial
anomalies
All the existing cephalometric data are of value for the
diagnosis of various types of craniofacial anomalies &
for monitoring growth of persons or groups of
corresponding age & race.
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77. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Athanasios E Athanasiou and Aart JW Van der
Meij: Orthodontic Cephalometry , Mosby-Wolfe
Publications,1997 ,3rd edn. , 162-172.
Robert M. Ricketts, Rue W. Bench, James J.
Hilgers, Robert Schulhof, An overview of
Computerized Cephalometrics. Am J Orthod 61:1-
28
Grummons Dc, Kappeyne van de Coppello MA. A
Frontal asymmetry analysis. J Clin Orthod 21:448-
65
Grayson BH, McCarthy JG, Bookstein F. Analysis
of craniofacial asymmetry by multiplane
cephalometry. Am J Orthod 84: 217-24
Hewitt Ab. A Radiographic study of facial
asymmetry . Br J Orthod 21: 37-40
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