The document discusses a novel approach to enhance fuel cell efficiency by growing a proton-conducting polymer within nanoporous gold electrodes. This integration aims to improve proton conduction and gas diffusion while addressing inefficiencies in traditional proton exchange membranes. The research shows promising results for utilizing less expensive materials and improving overall fuel cell performance.

1. Growing Proton-Conducting Polymer Within Nanoporous Gold Electrodes
To Build Fuel Cells
Noel Zulkifli, Carlos Escobar, Dr. G. Kane Jennings
What is a Fuel Cell? Method Conclusions
A fuel cell is a device designed to covert hydrogen to Step #1: Preparation of NPGL on Glass
electricity. A fuel cell consists of an anode, cathode and a
1 We are able to grow pNBF6 polymer within NPGL
proton exchange membrane. Hydrogen fuel and oxygen gas
pores at short times in the monomer solution.
are required to produce energy and water as a byproduct:
NPGL
2H2 + O2 2H2O + Energy Scanning Electron 2 SEM proves that growing polymer for over 5min
Glass Microscopy (SEM)
1 2 3 4 5 show signs of overgrowth.
* images from Based Photoelectrochemical Energy Conversion, Peter N. Ciesielski, 2010
Step #2: Growing the Polymer Step #3: Sulfonation 3 Long times in acteyl sulfate shows successful
Proton Exchange Membrane sulfonation while still maintaining some polymer.
Current fabrication methods of proton exchange membrane
(PEM) have poor utilization of platinum catalyst leading to
waste of expensive materials. This research aims to radically
alter PEM fuel cell fabrication and processing by integrating 1 2 3 4 Future Directions
proton conduction and gas diffusion pathways with catalyst
interface into a single network, built within nanoporous gold
1 Test proton conduction and oxygen transfer from
electrodes called the “Electrode Membrane.” Results both sides by using a porous support instead of
glass.
-4-
+ ’ : : )1+#&$$ . !
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
& ; &#$&A$ )! 0 ’ 1
Electrode Membrane
’ ! ,! +&1A ’ ( ! )$
+ ’ ( 8#"# ’ ( ,! &, ! )+"1 ’ 8 ) ,! /+&1A
7 )$$! &, ! , 0 )+#& ’ ( ! 0& 0 )1J! +&1A
$#% ) 8! & ( 8! + ’ ," ’ ( ! +$ ’ " - 6! &1 )!
$ . ! 8 ) 0 ’ ,#"# ’ ( ! 1) &8 #$ . !
2 Grow polymer from surfaces that contain Pt particles
&1 )&<O! ! P ( ! + ’ , . ," ) : ,< ! ! R ’
( "1&, "J! ( ) 7 ! +& Q ( )" - )$ ) , ,J! # ( )9
Anode
1A ’ ( ! : &" )1#&$, 0 ) ( ,# ; )J!
Proton Cathode
A) &G )1! + - ) : #, ! 7 #" - ! ! $"1&" -
"1 . ! &*") 1! 0 ! 1+ - #2 - ! , ! 1*&+ )! &1
)& ,! 1) L ! #1 )! )9
hydrophillic
&, # ( 2! 2 ’ $8 >, #$ ;
and test oxygen reduction at the cathodic interface.
)1! &$$ ’ . ! ,"1 ! +" "1 ) : )!
Duration of Growing the Polymer
+&"&$ . ,"!& ( 8! # ’ ! 1) ,! " - &"! + ’ ,"!
Exchange
( ’ : )1!& ( 8! #, !L ’ ( $ . ! MN! 0 )1! :
F ! ’ *! *&+) !
! #" )! &** ’ 18 &A$)
domain
B - )! ! , )! ’ *! ( & J!2# ; ) ( !" - &"!" -
( ’ 0 ’ 1 ’ ! ,! 2 ’ $8 ) , )! )$ )+"1 ’ 8 ) ,!+
! )$ )+"1 ’ 8 ) ,! ) ( & ( !A )! +1 )&") 8! "
-1’ ! 2-!
Membrane
&A$) ,! &! , ! 1*&+
!$ +&"&$ . ,"!$ ’ &8 )" 8#1) +" ) 8! ,"1&
# ( 2J!, "&1"# ( 2! 7 ") 2 . ! * ’ 1! 8 ) 0 ’
#" - !&" ’ : #+!, ! A ,#"# ’ ( ! ’ *!
107
!$ 0 ’ 1) !, #% )!& : ’ ( ’ $& . )1 ,!
10,000,000
(PEM) NPGL 3 Determine the effect of ionomer composition on
( 8! 0 ’ 1 ’ ! ,!$& . )1
Above 5min show
!" - #+G ( ) , ,!
!$ 0 ’ 1) ! ; ’ $ ! :
)! ’ ++ ! 0# ) 8!A . !#
’ ( ’ : )1!
Glass signs of overgrowth proton conduction, rate of oxygen reduction
!$ # ’ ( ’ : )1!+ -
106
&# ( !8 ) ( ,#" . J! ’ 12
1,000,000 & ( #%&"# ’ ( J!& ( 8!
" ’ !0 1) 0&1# ( 2! 0 : ’ 8 )! ’ *! , ! 1*&+
’ 1 ’ ! ,!* ! )$!+ )$$!) )!A# ( 8# ( 2!
$) +"1 ’ 8 ) ,!& ( 8!#
hydrophobic domain reaction, water transport and the performance of
( ; ) ,"#2&" )!" - )!
B ’ ! )9") ( 8! & ( 8! * ’ $$ ’ 7 # ( 2! )**) +"
,! ’ ( !0 )1* ’ 1 : & (
Impedance (Ω·cm2)
)9 0& ( 8! ’ ! 1! )**
105
’ 1" ,!" ’ !8 &" )J! 7 +) K!
100,000
)! , ) )G!" ’ !8 ) ; )$
cm2
# ( "1#2 ! # ( 2!* ’ 1! ’ 0! &! : ’ 1) ! ; )1 ,&
* ! 1" - )1!, " ! 8 . <!! "#$ )! &0 01 ’ &+ - !
Electrode Membrane the fuel cell.
A) ! # ( ") 21&" ) 8!
&"! &! ,# ( 2$ )! # ( ")
1*&+ )! /A ’ " - ! F"@
! & ( 8! ?"@6! " ’ ! +
Contact Angle
& ( ’ 8 )! " - &"!# ,! )
104
’ ( ,"1 ! +"! )$ )+"1
10,000
( 2# ( ) )1 ) 8! # ( !&
! ,# : #$&1! 7 & . <!! ’ 8 ) ,! " - &"! &1 )! Jennings
Hydrophilic
H !G ) . !+ ’ ( +$ ! ,# - #2 - $ . !
Nanoporous
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’ : &# ( ,! * ’ 1! D F - &"!" - ) , )! : &" )1
90min
! "1& ( ,* )1! & ( 8!
SEM of 5min sample
+ ’ ! $8 ! A) ! # ( ") 1* #&$, !+& ( !
! "#$#%&"# ’ ( ! )**#+#) ( +#) ,! ’ *! " - )! +&"&$ . ,"! /&0 01 ’ &+ - # ( 2! 344 5 6! 7 #" - ! " - )
channels
# ’ ( ’ : )1!+ - &# ( &+ ) 8! 7 #" - ! &! A
,<!!! ! $G! : ) : A1& ( )!
gold leaf 103 10min Pt catalyst
’ 1! & ( !
1 side diffusion 2 side diffusion
+&" - ’ 8 )!+ ’ ( "&#
1,000
*1 ’ : ! &" ’ : #+! ’ ; )1$& . )1,<! ! = )! - & ; )! # ( "1 ’ 8 ! +) 8! &! ( ) 7 ! +$&, ,! ’ *! # ’ ( ’
( # ( 2!& ( !&" ’ : #+
!"#$%&!'(!C+ - ) ! : ’ ( ’ $& . )1! ’ *!& + ’ ( 8 ! +"# ’ ( ! &,
: &"#+!#$$ ! ,"1&"# ! I "!& ( 8! , ! 1*&+ )" ! 7 )$$! &, !
for proton tangent
’ ( ! ’ *!&!,# ( 2$ )! 0 # ( #"#&" ) 8!
(NPGL) 5min
’ 1) ! 7 #" - # ( !&!0 ’
1 ’ ! ,!2 ’ $8 !
Longer time
1& 0# 8!
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3min
conduction line
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"#$%#&'(
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8
NPGL
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NPGL
!
! +$ 0&1"#+$) ,<! !B - #,
Hydrophilic surface 101 1min
10
Hydrophobic surface
!# ’ ( ’ : )1!
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)*+,&-.&/01$
More Polymer
! ! 20+3$4.506(
20+3$ ! !
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Initiator
! 8!+&"&$ . ,"!
20+3$4.506(
! ! !
!
!
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)*+,&-.&/01$
) -.&/01
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" - )! ?"@! )$ )+"1
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1 Glass
’ 8 )! & ( 8!
pNBF6
! ! !
1 !
! ! ! !
! !
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polymer
01 ’ " ’ ( ! !
"#$%#&'( #&'( !
Glass
+ ’ ( 8 ! +"# ( 2!
Frequency (Hz) Resistance ↑ Porous Support # ( ") 1*&+ )! " ’ !
Initiator 42° ± 5 < 10°
8 ) ; )$ ’ 0!
!"#$%&!'(!C+ - ) : &"#+!#$$ ! ,"1&"# ’ ( ! ’ *!&!,# ( 2$)!0 ’ 1)! 7 #" - # ( !&!0 ’ 1 ’ ! ,!2 ’ $8!
Support
*1 ’ : ! &" ’ : #+! ’
; )1$& . )1 ,<! ! = )! " - )! +&"&$ . ,">)
- & ; )! # ( "1 ’ 8 ! +) $) +"1 ’ 8 )!
! "#$#%&"# ’ ( ! )**#+ 8! &! ( ) 7 ! +$&, ,! +&" - ’ 8 )!+ ’ ( "&# ( # ( 2!& ( !&" ’ : #+! : ’ ( ’ $& . )1! ’ *!&! I "!& ( 8!, ! 1*&+)"# ( #"#&") 8!
’ *! # ’ ( ’ : )1! *#$
# ’ ( ’ : )1!+ - &# ( ,<!!!
#) ( +# ) ,! ’ *! " - )! : ! " - &"! #, ! 21 ’ 7
After Polymer Growth 119° ± 5 67° ± 4
+&"&$ . ,"! /& 0 01 ( ! *1 ’ : !
’ &+ - # ( 2! 344 5 6!
7 #" - ! " - )! ! $"1&$
- . 81 ’ 0 - ’ A#+! 8 ’ : &# ( ,! * ’ 1! D F! "1& ( ,*)1! & ( 8! + ’ ! $8! A)! # ( ")1*&+) 8! 7
’ 7 ! $ ’ &8 # ( 2 ,! )9
Acknowledgements
0 )+") 8!
100nm After Sulfonation 119° ± 4 67° ± 3 Duration of Sulfonation Jennings & ( ’ 8 )!" - &"!#,! ) ( 2# ( ) )1) 8!# ( !&! ,# : #$&1! 7 & . <!! H!G) . !+ ’ ( +$ ! ,# ’ ( !" - ! ,!*
A)! # ( ") 21&") 8! &"! &! ,# ( 2$)! # ( ")1*&+)! /A ’ " - ! F"@! & ( 8! ?"@6! " ’ ! + ’ ( ,"1 ! +
# ( "1#2 ! # ( 2!* ’ 1!* ! 1" - )1!," ! 8 . <!!
1min Polymer Growth
B ’ ! )9") ( 8!& ( 8! )90& ( 8! ’ ! 1! )** ’ 1",!" ’ !8&")J! 7 )! , ) )G!" ’ !8 ) ; )$ ’
Contact angle increases after polymer growth because 106
1,000,000 Craig Smith & VUSRP " ’ !01) 0&1# ( 2!0 ’ 1 ’ ! ,!* ! )$!+)$$!)$)+"1 ’ 8 ) ,!& ( 8!# ( ; ) ,"#2&")!" - )!* ’ $$ ’ 7 # (
fluorine dominates the surface. Water Advancing !$ # ’ ( ’ : )1!+ - &# ( !8 ) ( ,#" . J! ’ 12& ( #%&"# ’ ( J!& ( 8! : ’ 8 )! ’ *!, ! 1*&+
Objective of Research Contact angle did not drop after sulfonation. Infrared
Polymer is still present Contact Angle Dr. Kane Jennings !$ 0 ’ 1)! ; ’ $ ! : )! ’ ++ ! 0#) 8!A . !# ’ ( ’ : )1!
!$ 0 ’ 1)!,#%)!& ( 8!0 ’ 1 ’ ! ,!$& . )1!" - #+G ( ) , ,!
105
100,000
after 6h sulfonation 0h 120° Carlos Escobar !$ +&"&$ . ,"!$ ’ &8# ( 2J!,"&1"# ( 2! 7 #" - !&" ’ : #+!, ! A : ’ ( ’ $& . )1,!
Spectroscopy (IR) is required to determine successful
Jennings Labgroup
B - )! ! , )! ’ *! ( & ( ’ 0 ’ 1 ’ ! ,! 2 ’ $8! )$)+"1 ’ 8 ) ,! ) ( &A$) ,! &! , ! 1*&+)"8#1)+")
1h 119°
Impedance (Ω·cm2)
Determine: sulfonation.
cm2
+&"&$ . ,"!& ( 8!# ’ ( ’ : )1!& ( 8!#,!L ! #")!&** ’ 18&A$)J!2# ; ) ( !" - &"!" - ) , )! )$)+"1
104
10,000
4h 115° A)&G)1! + - ) : #,"1 . ! &*")1! 0 ! 1+ - &,# ( 2! 2 ’ $8>,#$ ; )1! &$$ ’ . ! ,"1 ! +" ! 1) ,! " - &"
&1)&<O! ! P ( ! + ’ ( "1&,"J! ( ) 7 ! +&1A ’ ( ! : &")1#&$,! 7 #" - ! ! $"1&" - #2 - ! , ! 1
1 6h 118°
Grow polymer (pNBF6) within Duration of Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) 103
1,000
References
+ ’ ( 8#"# ’ ( ,! &,! 7 )$$! &,! , 0 )+#&$#%) 8! & ( 8! + ’ ,"$ . ! 8 ) 0 ’ ,#"# ’ ( ! , . ,") : ,<Q
Initiator 31° + ’ : : )1+#&$$ . ! & ; &#$&A$)! 0 ’ 1 ’ ! ,! +&1A ’ ( ! )$)+"1 ’ 8 ) ,! /+&1A ’ ( ! 0&0 )1
the nanoporous gold leaf (NPGL) Growing the 102 0h
without excess growth.
-4-
60
100
Polymer 50 1h Longer time 1. Growth and Structure of Surface-Initiated Poly(n-alkylnorbornene) Films
Absorbance
40 4h - Brad J.Berron, Evan P.Graybill and G.Kane Jennings, 2007
30 10110
5h
Between 4-5h is the
2. Sulfonation of Surface-Initiated Polynorbornene Films
2 20 optimum sulfonation time
Sulfonate the polymer (pNBF6) to 10
Initiator More Hydrophilic - Brad J.Berron, P.Andrew Payne and G.Kane Jennings, 2008
Duration of 0 1
allow proton conduction without
1
0
0.1 1 101
10 102
100 103
1,000 104
10,000 3. Surface-Initiated Polymerization of 5-(Perfluoro-n-alkyl) norbornenes from Gold Substrate
Sulfonation - Christopher J.Faulkner, Remington E.Fischerand G.Kane Jennings, 2009
destroying the polymer itself. 1600 1400 1200 1000 Frequency (Hz) Resistance ↓
Wavenumber (cm-1) 4. Polymerization of 5-(Perfluoro-n-alkyl) norbornenes within Nanoporous Gold Leaf Electrodes
- Christopher J.Faulkner, Alex Trzeciak and G.Kane Jennings, 2009

2. Growing Proton-Conducting Polymer Within Nanoporous Gold Electrodes
To Build Fuel Cells
Noel Zulkifli, Carlos Escobar, Dr. G. Kane Jennings
What is a Fuel Cell? Method Conclusions
A fuel cell is a device designed to covert hydrogen to Step #1: Preparation of NPGL on Glass
electricity. A fuel cell consists of an anode, cathode and a Clean glass 50/50 gold/silver longer time, glass slide treated with 1 We are able to grow pNBF6 polymer within NPGL
proton exchange membrane. Hydrogen fuel and oxygen gas slide alloy leaf larger pores thiol terminated silane
Pore size ~ 50nm pores at short times in the monomer solution.
are required to produce energy and water as a byproduct:
4hrs
NPGL
2H2 + O2 2H2O + Energy Scanning Electron 2 SEM proves that growing polymer for over 5min
Glass Microscopy (SEM)
1 Conc. Nitric Acid 2 Let silver dissolve 3 Remove 4 Rinse with Water 5 Support with glass slide show signs of overgrowth.
* images from Based Photoelectrochemical Energy Conversion, Peter N. Ciesielski, 2010
Step #2: Growing the Polymer Step #3: Sulfonation 3 Long times in acteyl sulfate shows successful
Proton Exchange Membrane Ring-opening metathesis sulfonation while still maintaining some polymer.
polymerization (ROMP) after sulfonation
Current fabrication methods of proton exchange membrane
(PEM) have poor utilization of platinum catalyst leading to
waste of expensive materials. This research aims to radically
alter PEM fuel cell fabrication and processing by integrating 1 2 Initiator 3 4 Future Directions
proton conduction and gas diffusion pathways with catalyst
interface into a single network, built within nanoporous gold
1 Test proton conduction and oxygen transfer from
electrodes called the “Electrode Membrane.” Results both sides by using a porous support instead of
glass.
-4-
+ ’ : : )1+#&$$ . !
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
& ; &#$&A$ )! 0 ’ 1
Electrode Membrane
’ ! ,! +&1A ’ ( ! )$
+ ’ ( 8#"# ’ ( ,! &, ! )+"1 ’ 8 ) ,! /+&1A
7 )$$! &, ! , 0 )+#& ’ ( ! 0& 0 )1J! +&1A
$#% ) 8! & ( 8! + ’ ," ’ ( ! +$ ’ " - 6! &1 )!
$ . ! 8 ) 0 ’ ,#"# ’ ( ! 1) &8 #$ . !
2 Grow polymer from surfaces that contain Pt particles
&1 )&<O! ! P ( ! + ’ , . ," ) : ,< ! ! R ’
( "1&, "J! ( ) 7 ! +& Q ( )" - )$ ) , ,J! # ( )9
Anode
1A ’ ( ! : &" )1#&$, 0 ) ( ,# ; )J!
Proton Cathode
A) &G )1! + - ) : #, ! 7 #" - ! ! $"1&" -
"1 . ! &*") 1! 0 ! 1+ - #2 - ! , ! 1*&+ )! &1
)& ,! 1) L ! #1 )! )9
hydrophillic
&, # ( 2! 2 ’ $8 >, #$ ;
and test oxygen reduction at the cathodic interface.
)1! &$$ ’ . ! ,"1 ! +" "1 ) : )!
Duration of Growing the Polymer
+&"&$ . ,"!& ( 8! # ’ ! 1) ,! " - &"! + ’ ,"!
Exchange
( ’ : )1!& ( 8! #, !L ’ ( $ . ! MN! 0 )1! :
F ! ’ *! *&+) !
! #" )! &** ’ 18 &A$)
domain
B - )! ! , )! ’ *! ( & J!2# ; ) ( !" - &"!" -
( ’ 0 ’ 1 ’ ! ,! 2 ’ $8 ) , )! )$ )+"1 ’ 8 ) ,!+
! )$ )+"1 ’ 8 ) ,! ) ( & ( !A )! +1 )&") 8! "
-1’ ! 2-!
Membrane
&A$) ,! &! , ! 1*&+
!$ +&"&$ . ,"!$ ’ &8 )" 8#1) +" ) 8! ,"1&
# ( 2J!, "&1"# ( 2! 7 ") 2 . ! * ’ 1! 8 ) 0 ’
#" - !&" ’ : #+!, ! A ,#"# ’ ( ! ’ *!
107
!$ 0 ’ 1) !, #% )!& : ’ ( ’ $& . )1 ,!
10,000,000
(PEM) NPGL 3 Determine the effect of ionomer composition on
( 8! 0 ’ 1 ’ ! ,!$& . )1
Above 5min show
!" - #+G ( ) , ,!
!$ 0 ’ 1) ! ; ’ $ ! :
)! ’ ++ ! 0# ) 8!A . !#
’ ( ’ : )1!
Glass signs of overgrowth proton conduction, rate of oxygen reduction
!$ # ’ ( ’ : )1!+ -
106
&# ( !8 ) ( ,#" . J! ’ 12
1,000,000 & ( #%&"# ’ ( J!& ( 8!
" ’ !0 1) 0&1# ( 2! 0 : ’ 8 )! ’ *! , ! 1*&+
’ 1 ’ ! ,!* ! )$!+ )$$!) )!A# ( 8# ( 2!
$) +"1 ’ 8 ) ,!& ( 8!#
hydrophobic domain reaction, water transport and the performance of
( ; ) ,"#2&" )!" - )!
B ’ ! )9") ( 8! & ( 8! * ’ $$ ’ 7 # ( 2! )**) +"
,! ’ ( !0 )1* ’ 1 : & (
Impedance (Ω·cm2)
)9 0& ( 8! ’ ! 1! )**
105
’ 1" ,!" ’ !8 &" )J! 7 +) K!
100,000
)! , ) )G!" ’ !8 ) ; )$
cm2
# ( "1#2 ! # ( 2!* ’ 1! ’ 0! &! : ’ 1) ! ; )1 ,&
* ! 1" - )1!, " ! 8 . <!! "#$ )! &0 01 ’ &+ - !
Electrode Membrane the fuel cell.
A) ! # ( ") 21&" ) 8!
&"! &! ,# ( 2$ )! # ( ")
1*&+ )! /A ’ " - ! F"@
! & ( 8! ?"@6! " ’ ! +
Contact Angle
& ( ’ 8 )! " - &"!# ,! )
104
’ ( ,"1 ! +"! )$ )+"1
10,000
( 2# ( ) )1 ) 8! # ( !&
! ,# : #$&1! 7 & . <!! ’ 8 ) ,! " - &"! &1 )! Jennings
Hydrophilic
H !G ) . !+ ’ ( +$ ! ,# - #2 - $ . !
Nanoporous
- . 81 ’ 0 - ’ A#+! 8 ’ ( !" - ! ,!*&1!# ,!"
’ : &# ( ,! * ’ 1! D F - &"!" - ) , )! : &" )1
90min
! "1& ( ,* )1! & ( 8!
SEM of 5min sample
+ ’ ! $8 ! A) ! # ( ") 1* #&$, !+& ( !
! "#$#%&"# ’ ( ! )**#+#) ( +#) ,! ’ *! " - )! +&"&$ . ,"! /&0 01 ’ &+ - # ( 2! 344 5 6! 7 #" - ! " - )
channels
# ’ ( ’ : )1!+ - &# ( &+ ) 8! 7 #" - ! &! A
,<!!! ! $G! : ) : A1& ( )!
gold leaf 103 10min Pt catalyst
’ 1! & ( !
1 side diffusion 2 side diffusion
+&" - ’ 8 )!+ ’ ( "&#
1,000
*1 ’ : ! &" ’ : #+! ’ ; )1$& . )1,<! ! = )! - & ; )! # ( "1 ’ 8 ! +) 8! &! ( ) 7 ! +$&, ,! ’ *! # ’ ( ’
( # ( 2!& ( !&" ’ : #+
!"#$%&!'(!C+ - ) ! : ’ ( ’ $& . )1! ’ *!& + ’ ( 8 ! +"# ’ ( ! &,
: &"#+!#$$ ! ,"1&"# ! I "!& ( 8! , ! 1*&+ )" ! 7 )$$! &, !
for proton tangent
’ ( ! ’ *!&!,# ( 2$ )! 0 # ( #"#&" ) 8!
(NPGL) 5min
’ 1) ! 7 #" - # ( !&!0 ’
1 ’ ! ,!2 ’ $8 !
Longer time
1& 0# 8!
01 ’ " ’ ( !
102100
3min
conduction line
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"#$%#&'(
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Initiator 42° ± 5 < 10°
8 ) ; )$ ’ 0!
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; )1$& . )1 ,<! ! = )! " - )! +&"&$ . ,">)
- & ; )! # ( "1 ’ 8 ! +) $) +"1 ’ 8 )!
! "#$#%&"# ’ ( ! )**#+ 8! &! ( ) 7 ! +$&, ,! +&" - ’ 8 )!+ ’ ( "&# ( # ( 2!& ( !&" ’ : #+! : ’ ( ’ $& . )1! ’ *!&! I "!& ( 8!, ! 1*&+)"# ( #"#&") 8!
’ *! # ’ ( ’ : )1! *#$
# ’ ( ’ : )1!+ - &# ( ,<!!!
#) ( +# ) ,! ’ *! " - )! : ! " - &"! #, ! 21 ’ 7
After Polymer Growth 119° ± 5 67° ± 4
+&"&$ . ,"! /& 0 01 ( ! *1 ’ : !
’ &+ - # ( 2! 344 5 6!
7 #" - ! " - )! ! $"1&$
- . 81 ’ 0 - ’ A#+! 8 ’ : &# ( ,! * ’ 1! D F! "1& ( ,*)1! & ( 8! + ’ ! $8! A)! # ( ")1*&+) 8! 7
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Acknowledgements
0 )+") 8!
100nm After Sulfonation 119° ± 4 67° ± 3 Duration of Sulfonation Jennings & ( ’ 8 )!" - &"!#,! ) ( 2# ( ) )1) 8!# ( !&! ,# : #$&1! 7 & . <!! H!G) . !+ ’ ( +$ ! ,# ’ ( !" - ! ,!*
A)! # ( ") 21&") 8! &"! &! ,# ( 2$)! # ( ")1*&+)! /A ’ " - ! F"@! & ( 8! ?"@6! " ’ ! + ’ ( ,"1 ! +
# ( "1#2 ! # ( 2!* ’ 1!* ! 1" - )1!," ! 8 . <!!
1min Polymer Growth
B ’ ! )9") ( 8!& ( 8! )90& ( 8! ’ ! 1! )** ’ 1",!" ’ !8&")J! 7 )! , ) )G!" ’ !8 ) ; )$ ’
Contact angle increases after polymer growth because 106
1,000,000 Craig Smith & VUSRP " ’ !01) 0&1# ( 2!0 ’ 1 ’ ! ,!* ! )$!+)$$!)$)+"1 ’ 8 ) ,!& ( 8!# ( ; ) ,"#2&")!" - )!* ’ $$ ’ 7 # (
fluorine dominates the surface. Water Advancing !$ # ’ ( ’ : )1!+ - &# ( !8 ) ( ,#" . J! ’ 12& ( #%&"# ’ ( J!& ( 8! : ’ 8 )! ’ *!, ! 1*&+
Objective of Research Contact angle did not drop after sulfonation. Infrared
Polymer is still present Contact Angle Dr. Kane Jennings !$ 0 ’ 1)! ; ’ $ ! : )! ’ ++ ! 0#) 8!A . !# ’ ( ’ : )1!
!$ 0 ’ 1)!,#%)!& ( 8!0 ’ 1 ’ ! ,!$& . )1!" - #+G ( ) , ,!
105
100,000
after 6h sulfonation 0h 120° Carlos Escobar !$ +&"&$ . ,"!$ ’ &8# ( 2J!,"&1"# ( 2! 7 #" - !&" ’ : #+!, ! A : ’ ( ’ $& . )1,!
Spectroscopy (IR) is required to determine successful
Jennings Labgroup
B - )! ! , )! ’ *! ( & ( ’ 0 ’ 1 ’ ! ,! 2 ’ $8! )$)+"1 ’ 8 ) ,! ) ( &A$) ,! &! , ! 1*&+)"8#1)+")
1h 119°
Impedance (Ω·cm2)
Determine: sulfonation.
cm2
+&"&$ . ,"!& ( 8!# ’ ( ’ : )1!& ( 8!#,!L ! #")!&** ’ 18&A$)J!2# ; ) ( !" - &"!" - ) , )! )$)+"1
104
10,000
4h 115° A)&G)1! + - ) : #,"1 . ! &*")1! 0 ! 1+ - &,# ( 2! 2 ’ $8>,#$ ; )1! &$$ ’ . ! ,"1 ! +" ! 1) ,! " - &"
&1)&<O! ! P ( ! + ’ ( "1&,"J! ( ) 7 ! +&1A ’ ( ! : &")1#&$,! 7 #" - ! ! $"1&" - #2 - ! , ! 1
1 6h 118°
Grow polymer (pNBF6) within Duration of Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) 103
1,000
References
+ ’ ( 8#"# ’ ( ,! &,! 7 )$$! &,! , 0 )+#&$#%) 8! & ( 8! + ’ ,"$ . ! 8 ) 0 ’ ,#"# ’ ( ! , . ,") : ,<Q
Initiator 31° + ’ : : )1+#&$$ . ! & ; &#$&A$)! 0 ’ 1 ’ ! ,! +&1A ’ ( ! )$)+"1 ’ 8 ) ,! /+&1A ’ ( ! 0&0 )1
the nanoporous gold leaf (NPGL) Growing the 102 0h
without excess growth.
-4-
60
100
Polymer 50 sulfonate peak 1h Longer time 1. Growth and Structure of Surface-Initiated Poly(n-alkylnorbornene) Films
Absorbance
40 4h - Brad J.Berron, Evan P.Graybill and G.Kane Jennings, 2007
30 10110
5h
Between 4-5h is the
2. Sulfonation of Surface-Initiated Polynorbornene Films
2 20 optimum sulfonation time
Sulfonate the polymer (pNBF6) to 10
Initiator More Hydrophilic - Brad J.Berron, P.Andrew Payne and G.Kane Jennings, 2008
Duration of 0 1
allow proton conduction without
1
0
0.1 1 101
10 102
100 103
1,000 104
10,000 3. Surface-Initiated Polymerization of 5-(Perfluoro-n-alkyl) norbornenes from Gold Substrate
Sulfonation - Christopher J.Faulkner, Remington E.Fischerand G.Kane Jennings, 2009
destroying the polymer itself. 1600 1400 1200 1000 Frequency (Hz) Resistance ↓
Wavenumber (cm-1) 4. Polymerization of 5-(Perfluoro-n-alkyl) norbornenes within Nanoporous Gold Leaf Electrodes
- Christopher J.Faulkner, Alex Trzeciak and G.Kane Jennings, 2009