Portuguese Exploration and War by Shane Tremblay
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Brief overview of Early Modern Europe followed by a time-line of Exploration and War conducted by the Portuguese in the 15th to 18th Century.
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The portuguese
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Portugal
The Kingdom of Portugal started as a county in 868 located in Porto. It became an independent kingdom in 1179 when recognized by the Pope. Portugal experienced great economic growth between the 15th-16th centuries through maritime expeditions and territorial conquests in America, Africa, and East Asia. The economy was originally based on trade and crafts while artistic styles like Gothic and Romanesque art flourished through international cultural exchanges.
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The document summarizes how trade influenced European exploration beginning in the 15th century. It describes how Portugal, led by Prince Henry, began exploring down the coast of Africa, hoping to find a route to Asia and its valuable spices. Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco da Gama later rounded the Cape of Good Hope and reached India, opening lucrative trade routes. Other European powers like Spain, the Netherlands, and England soon established their own trading companies and empires in Asia, competing for control over the spice trade and colonizing many parts of Africa, India, and Southeast Asia.
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Europeans were motivated to explore eastward routes as they had developed a taste for eastern goods like spices and silk but were reliant on Italian merchants who transported these goods at high prices. Portugal began exploring down the coast of Africa to find a sea route to avoid Italian middlemen. The Treaty of Tordesillas divided exploration and colonization rights between Spain and Portugal. The Dutch also entered exploration to trade directly for eastern goods and not rely on Italian merchants.
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Europeans had limited exploration before 1400s but interest grew due to a desire to spread Christianity, gain wealth from trade, and new sailing technologies. Motivations included God, glory, and gold where Europeans wanted to convert non-Christians, gain prestige from discoveries, and access valuable trade goods like spices that previously passed through Italian and Muslim merchants. Technological advances like the caravel ship design, astrolabe, and magnetic compass enabled long voyages and navigation needed to pursue these goals of exploration.
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The document provides a series of questions to guide activities exploring major historical developments from the early Middle Ages to the modern era. Some of the key topics and events covered include:
1) The initial rapid expansion of Islam across North Africa and into Spain and Portugal by the end of the 7th century.
2) The powerful Caliphate of Cordoba which dominated Spain from the 10th-11th centuries, reaching its peak under Abd al-Rahman III and Al-Mansur.
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Portugal was a major European power during the 15th and 16th centuries, with an extensive trading network throughout Europe. In 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered Brazil for Portugal while exploring trade routes. After King Henry's death in 1580, Spain invaded and ruled Portugal until 1640, uniting the Spanish and Portuguese Empires under a single monarchy during this period of shared rule.
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The Kingdom of Portugal started as a county in 868 located in Porto. It became an independent kingdom in 1179 when recognized by the Pope. Portugal experienced great economic growth between the 15th-16th centuries through maritime expeditions and territorial conquests in America, Africa, and East Asia. The economy was originally based on trade and crafts while artistic styles like Gothic and Romanesque art flourished through international cultural exchanges.
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Europeans were motivated to explore eastward routes as they had developed a taste for eastern goods like spices and silk but were reliant on Italian merchants who transported these goods at high prices. Portugal began exploring down the coast of Africa to find a sea route to avoid Italian middlemen. The Treaty of Tordesillas divided exploration and colonization rights between Spain and Portugal. The Dutch also entered exploration to trade directly for eastern goods and not rely on Italian merchants.
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The document provides a series of questions to guide activities exploring major historical developments from the early Middle Ages to the modern era. Some of the key topics and events covered include:
1) The initial rapid expansion of Islam across North Africa and into Spain and Portugal by the end of the 7th century.
2) The powerful Caliphate of Cordoba which dominated Spain from the 10th-11th centuries, reaching its peak under Abd al-Rahman III and Al-Mansur.
3) The subsequent division of Islamic Iberia into competing Taifa kingdoms and the Reconquista by Christian forces starting in the 11th century.
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During the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal established a large colonial trading empire beginning with the conquest of Ceuta in 1415. Key figures like Vasco de Gama and Prince Henry the Navigator helped expand Portuguese trade and exploration, reaching India and rounding the Cape of Good Hope. In 1500, Portugal claimed Brazil for King Manuel I. Sugarcane farming and the African slave trade then grew significantly in colonial Brazil as sugar became the most important crop.
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The document summarizes the expansion of Christian kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula between the 11th and 12th centuries as the Taifa kingdoms fragmented. Castile conquered territories south of the Duero River under Ferdinand I and his son Alfonso VI captured Toledo. Portugal gained independence from Castile in 1139 under its first king Afonso I. Aragon also expanded as King Alfonso I conquered Zaragoza. The new territories were conquered militarily by the Christian armies and then granted by the kings to vassals like nobles and monks, with free peasants receiving settlement letters granting them freedoms and tax exemptions.
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The Portuguese empire began in 1415 with the conquest of Ceuta in Northern Africa. Under the support of Prince Henry the Navigator, Portugal explored the coast of Africa and discovered islands like the Azores. In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope, opening the sea route to India. Portugal established trading posts and conquered territories like Goa, establishing its dominance in Asia. However, conflicts with other European powers led to the decline of the Portuguese empire in the 17th century as it lost most of its Asian and South American colonies. By the 19th century, Brazil gained independence, marking the end of Portugal's global empire.
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1) Key events and figures of the Protestant Reformation such as Martin Luther and John Calvin challenging the Catholic Church in the early 1500s.
2) Motivations for European powers like Spain and Portugal to seek new trade routes, including seeking wealth and resources as Ottoman power grew.
3) Indigenous groups' vulnerabilities to European expansion in Central/South America, including the Inca empire's complicated succession and the Aztec confederation's depleted population from sacrifices.
4) Initial contacts between Europeans and indigenous groups, where the Spanish and Portuguese often used advanced weapons and alliances
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The document provides an overview of the Reformation period in Europe and discusses factors that contributed to European expansion. It covers:
1) Key events and figures of the Protestant Reformation such as Martin Luther and John Calvin challenging the Catholic Church in the early 1500s.
2) The Catholic Counter-Reformation to respond to Protestant movements.
3) Reasons why European powers like Spain and Portugal turned outward including seeking wealth, resources, power, and spreading Christianity.
4) Trade networks before the age of exploration were dominated by Italian city-states like Venice importing goods from Asia.
The age of exploration
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2) The Spanish Empire was at its height under Habsburg rule in the 16th-17th centuries, possessing territories across Europe, the Americas, and Asia. However, conflicts like the Anglo-Spanish War weakened its dominance.
3) The period from the 15th to 17th centuries saw Spain's cultural Golden Age amid the rise and fall of its empire, with famous artists, composers, writers emerging during this time of exploration and colonization.
Portuguese empire part 1slideshow
The document summarizes the history of the Portuguese Empire from its origins in the 15th century to its decline in the 19th century. It details Portugal's early exploration along the coast of Africa which led to the establishment of trading posts and colonies. This allowed Portugal to rise as a world power due to its control of the spice and slave trades. However, over time it began losing wealth and territories to other European powers. The Portuguese Empire was officially founded in 1914 but was already in decline and it lost its last colony of Brazil in 1822.
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1) In 1525, King Charles I achieved victory at the Battle of Pavia, surprising many Italians and Germans and increasing concerns about his growing power.
2) Portugal required large occupation forces to maintain control, while Spain was still recovering from bankruptcy in 1576. The assassination of Dutch resistance leader William the Silent in 1584 was hoped to end the war but did not.
3) The Spanish Golden Age was a period of flourishing in arts and literature coinciding with the rise and decline of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty between 1492 and 1659. The influential painter Diego Velázquez cultivated relationships with King Philip IV and
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The Portuguese Empire was the first global empire in history, spanning from the 15th to the early 20th century. It began with the conquest of Ceuta in North Africa in 1415, establishing Portugal's long-lived overseas presence. The empire grew significantly in the 15th and 16th centuries during the Age of Discovery through Portugal's navigation developments, establishing trading posts and colonies in Africa, Asia, and Brazil. However, over the following centuries Portugal's spice and slave trades were overtaken by other European powers and its empire declined, though it remained the longest-lasting European colonial empire.
The portuguese empire
The Portuguese Empire was the first global empire in history, spanning from the 15th to the early 20th century. It began with the conquest of Ceuta in North Africa in 1415, establishing Portugal's long-lived overseas presence. The empire grew significantly in the 15th and 16th centuries during the Age of Discovery through Portugal's navigation developments, establishing trading posts and colonies in Africa, Asia, and Brazil. However, over the following centuries Portugal's spice and slave trades were overtaken by other European powers and its empire declined militarily.
American Colonial empires
The Portuguese and Spanish Empires were two of the largest and most influential colonial empires in history. The Portuguese Empire spanned from 1514 to 1999 and included territories in Europe, Africa, Asia, and South America. It was the first global empire and longest-lived European colonial empire. Similarly, the Spanish Empire from the late 15th century to the early 19th century included Spanish territories and colonies in Europe, the Americas, Asia, and Africa. Both empires rose as a result of the Reconquista of Iberian lands from Muslim rule and explorations led by figures like Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal and sponsored voyages like that of Christopher Columbus for Spain.
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The Portuguese Empire originated from settlements along the Douro River in northern Portugal. Portugal developed naval technologies that enabled exploration and colonization beginning in the 15th century. At its peak, Portugal ruled territories in South America, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. However, it gradually lost wealth and territories to other European powers. Portugal's last colony, Brazil, gained independence in 1822. Portugal focused on rebuilding after disasters like earthquakes and the Napoleonic Wars. It later joined NATO and the EU.
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The Portuguese Empire began in 1415 with the conquering of Ceuta in North Africa under Prince Henry the Navigator. Key figures included Pedro Álvares Cabral, who discovered and claimed Brazil for Portugal, and Vasco de Gama, the first to sail directly from Europe to India. By the late 15th century, Portugal had established colonies and forts throughout Africa, India, and Southeast Asia, becoming the first global empire and pioneering globalization through its extensive colonial trading network. However, its power declined in the late 16th century after the crowns of Spain and Portugal were united under King Philip II of Spain, bringing new colonial rivals like the Dutch and English.
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The document summarizes the expansion of Christian kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula between the 11th and 12th centuries as the Taifa kingdoms fragmented. Castile conquered territories south of the Duero River under Ferdinand I and his son Alfonso VI captured Toledo. Portugal gained independence from Castile in 1139 under its first king Afonso I. Aragon also expanded as King Alfonso I conquered Zaragoza. The new territories were conquered militarily by the Christian armies and then granted by the kings to vassals like nobles and monks, with free peasants receiving settlement letters granting them freedoms and tax exemptions.
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The document summarizes the expansion of Christian kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula between the 11th and 12th centuries as the Taifa kingdoms fragmented. Castile conquered territories south of the Duero River under Ferdinand I and his son Alfonso VI, who took Toledo. Portugal gained independence from Castile in 1139 under its first king Afonso I. Aragon's king Alfonso I conquered Zaragoza. The Almoravids and later Almohads entered Iberia to stop the Christian advance. Newly conquered lands were given to nobles, knights, monasteries and free peasants through settlement charters that granted freedoms and tax exemptions.
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The Portuguese Empire was the first global empire in history, spreading throughout territories now comprising 49 sovereign states between 1400 and 1800. Portuguese sailors began exploring, entering the Indian Ocean using new navigation technologies. They accidentally landed in South America initially seeking gold. Exploration along the African coast and establishing forts and factories in Asia drove expansion. Trade of spices from the "Spice Islands" also contributed to growth. However, the Portuguese colonies faced attacks from rivals like the Dutch, English, and French. Portugal gradually lost wealth and territory, becoming a junior partner to Spain. Significant losses to the Dutch ended Portugal's Indian Ocean trade monopoly, reducing its empire to African coastal colonies.
The portuguese empire
The Portuguese Empire was the first global empire in history. It began in 1415 when Portugal departed on an expedition to seize the city of Ceuta in North Africa, marking the beginning of the Portuguese Empire. Over subsequent decades, Portugal expanded its empire through exploration led by Prince Henry the Navigator, establishing colonies in the Azores, Cape Verde, and along the West African coast. At its height, the Portuguese Empire spanned territories across Europe, Africa, Asia, and South America, including Brazil, which became Portugal's most lucrative and important colony. However, Portugal gradually lost much of its wealth and global influence over subsequent centuries.
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The Portuguese empire began in 1415 with the conquest of Ceuta in Northern Africa. Under the support of Prince Henry the Navigator, Portugal explored the coast of Africa and discovered islands like the Azores. In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope, opening the sea route to India. Portugal established trading posts and conquered territories like Goa, establishing its dominance in Asia. However, conflicts with other European powers led to the decline of the Portuguese empire in the 17th century as it lost most of its Asian and South American colonies. By the 19th century, Brazil gained independence, marking the end of Portugal's global empire.
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1) Key events and figures of the Protestant Reformation such as Martin Luther and John Calvin challenging the Catholic Church in the early 1500s.
2) Motivations for European powers like Spain and Portugal to seek new trade routes, including seeking wealth and resources as Ottoman power grew.
3) Indigenous groups' vulnerabilities to European expansion in Central/South America, including the Inca empire's complicated succession and the Aztec confederation's depleted population from sacrifices.
4) Initial contacts between Europeans and indigenous groups, where the Spanish and Portuguese often used advanced weapons and alliances
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The document provides an overview of the Reformation period in Europe and discusses factors that contributed to European expansion. It covers:
1) Key events and figures of the Protestant Reformation such as Martin Luther and John Calvin challenging the Catholic Church in the early 1500s.
2) The Catholic Counter-Reformation to respond to Protestant movements.
3) Reasons why European powers like Spain and Portugal turned outward including seeking wealth, resources, power, and spreading Christianity.
4) Trade networks before the age of exploration were dominated by Italian city-states like Venice importing goods from Asia.
The age of exploration
The age of exploration from the 15th to 17th centuries was an important period where European powers greatly expanded their knowledge of the world through extensive exploration and colonization. Key events included early Portuguese expeditions along the coast of Africa and later voyages across the Atlantic and Indian Oceans led by major figures like Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, and Vasco da Gama. These explorers mapped unknown regions, sought trade routes to India and the East Indies, and established European colonies in newly discovered lands.
Dutch1
The Dutch Republic gained independence from Spanish rule in 1581 and established a colonial empire between the 17th-20th centuries by following other European powers. The Dutch East India Company was founded in the early 1600s to control Dutch trading interests in Southeast Asia, establishing colonies and becoming a powerful state-within-a-state by 1700, until it went bankrupt in 1800 and its territories were absorbed by the Dutch government.
Spain
1) Spain was one of the first modern empires founded in 1492 with the union of the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon. It held power over much of the colonial world for three centuries.
2) The Spanish Empire was at its height under Habsburg rule in the 16th-17th centuries, possessing territories across Europe, the Americas, and Asia. However, conflicts like the Anglo-Spanish War weakened its dominance.
3) The period from the 15th to 17th centuries saw Spain's cultural Golden Age amid the rise and fall of its empire, with famous artists, composers, writers emerging during this time of exploration and colonization.
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The document summarizes the history of the Portuguese Empire from its origins in the 15th century to its decline in the 19th century. It details Portugal's early exploration along the coast of Africa which led to the establishment of trading posts and colonies. This allowed Portugal to rise as a world power due to its control of the spice and slave trades. However, over time it began losing wealth and territories to other European powers. The Portuguese Empire was officially founded in 1914 but was already in decline and it lost its last colony of Brazil in 1822.
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Ponce de Leon was the first Spanish explorer to set foot on mainland North America in 1513 when he sailed to Florida. He was searching for the Fountain of Youth but made most of his money capturing natives for slavery. Fernando Cortez conquered the Aztec Empire and its capital Tenochtitlan in Mexico, while Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incan Empire from Ecuador to Chile. Meanwhile, the Dutch led by William of Orange declared independence from Spain in 1579 through guerilla warfare against trapped Spanish forces. They established trading posts like Fort Orange in present-day Albany.
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The Spanish Empire document discusses several key periods and events:
1) In 1525, King Charles I achieved victory at the Battle of Pavia, surprising many Italians and Germans and increasing concerns about his growing power.
2) Portugal required large occupation forces to maintain control, while Spain was still recovering from bankruptcy in 1576. The assassination of Dutch resistance leader William the Silent in 1584 was hoped to end the war but did not.
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The Portuguese Empire was founded in 1415 with the conquest of Ceuta on the North African coast. Portugal then led European exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries, establishing trade routes to India around the Cape of Good Hope. Key figures like Vasco de Gama and Prince Henry the Navigator expanded Portugal's colonial holdings and maritime trade. In the 16th century, Portugal's empire came under the control of Spain but continued exploiting new colonies, including establishing sugarcane farms and importing African slaves to colonial Brazil.
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Portugal led early exploration along the coast of Africa searching for a route to India, while Spain explored according to the Treaty of Tordesillas dividing exploration. The Protestant Reformation weakened the Catholic Church's authority and led to religious conflicts dominating European politics and the Thirty Years War. Spain was a leader in global exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries and developed new styles of art, music and wine production during this era of expansion.
Portugal empire 1
The Portuguese Empire spanned from 1400-1800 and consisted of colonies in South America, Africa, Asia, and Australasia. The empire began with the conquest of Ceuta in 1415 but gradually collapsed due to competition from other European powers like the Netherlands, England, and France in the spice and slave trades. Key events in the decline included devastating military losses in 1578 and 1588 as well as an earthquake in 1755 that killed millions in Portugal and Brazil. By 1822, Brazil gained independence as Portugal's largest colony, weakening the empire further.
NP 2 HIST 140
The document discusses the history of Portugal and its empire from the 11th century to the 19th century. It describes how Portugal gained independence from Galicia in the 11th century and established its territories. It then discusses Portugal's rise as a global power in the 15th and 16th centuries through exploration and establishing the first global empire. However, in later centuries Portugal lost much of its wealth and territories as other European powers took over its trade networks and colonies. By the 19th century, Portugal's empire was in decline as it lost its largest colony of Brazil in 1822.
Ning posting 2 HIST 140
The document discusses the history of Portugal and its empire from the 11th century to the 19th century. It describes how Portugal gained independence from Galicia in the 11th century and established its territories. It then discusses how Portugal became a major European power in the 15th-16th centuries through its exploration and global trade networks. However, it gradually lost much of its wealth and overseas territories to other European powers over the 17th-18th centuries, weakening its status and global influence.
Early modern eruope france
Early Modern Europe saw a period of recovery and growth following the Middle Ages. The 15th century population began increasing dramatically which continued into the 16th century. As the population rose, towns grew into large cities and the economy flourished with improved transportation and trade. France also saw its population and territory expand during this time period, though it endured many wars between the 15th and 16th centuries. French art was heavily influenced by the Italian Renaissance and Mannerist styles which depicted elongated, graceful figures and incorporated Baroque tendencies of dynamism and movement.
Early Modern Europe - France
Early Modern Europe saw a period of recovery and growth following the Middle Ages. The 15th century population began increasing dramatically which continued into the 16th century. As the population rose, towns grew into large cities and the economy flourished with improved transportation and trade. France also saw its population and territory expand during this time period, though it endured many wars between the 15th and 16th centuries. French art was heavily influenced by the Italian Renaissance and Mannerist styles which emphasized elongated, graceful figures and dynamic movement. Art production was largely controlled by the Royal Academy and funded by nobles seeking accurate representations.
Portugal empire 1
The Portuguese Empire began in 1415 with the conquest of Ceuta and expanded globally during the Age of Discovery, establishing colonies in South America, Africa, Asia, and Australasia. However, the empire began to collapse in the late 1500s due to military losses and competition from other European powers for trade. Major setbacks included the 1578 Battle of Alcacer Quibir and Spain's failed invasion of England in 1588. The 1755 Lisbon earthquake also significantly weakened Portugal. Finally, Brazil gained independence in 1822, marking the loss of Portugal's largest colony and triggering mass emigration of Portuguese.
The portuguese empire
The Portuguese Empire was one of the longest-lived colonial empires, spanning from the 15th century to the late 19th century. Portugal explored coastal regions of Africa and established the first global trade routes to India and Brazil during this period. Key events included Vasco da Gama's voyage linking Portugal and India in 1497 and Pedro Álvares Cabral's accidental discovery of Brazil in 1500 while attempting to reach India. Portugal's power later declined as other European nations took over more of the spice and slave trades.
The Portuguese Empire
The Portuguese Empire was one of the longest-lived colonial empires, spanning from the 15th century to the 20th century. Portugal explored coastal regions of Africa and established the first global trade routes to India and Brazil during this period. Key events included Vasco da Gama reaching India in 1498 and the Portuguese discovery of Brazil in 1500. At its peak, Portugal's colonial possessions included territories in Africa, South America, Asia, and Oceania. However, the empire declined after Spain united with Portugal in 1581, drawing Portugal into Spain's conflicts with other European powers.
The portuguese empire
The Portuguese Empire was the first global empire in history. It began in 1415 when Portugal departed on an expedition to seize the wealthy trading center of Ceuta in North Africa under King John I, marking the beginning of the Portuguese Empire. Over subsequent decades and centuries, Portugal expanded its empire through exploration led by figures like Prince Henry the Navigator, establishing colonies in places like Brazil, Africa, and Asia and becoming the first maritime empire. However, by the late 19th century Portugal began losing much of its wealth and power, and its African colonies gained independence in 1975, marking the decline of the Portuguese Empire.
Exploration
1) Beginning in the early 1400s, European nations led by Portugal began exploring beyond their borders, driven by desires for wealth, spreading Christianity, and new technologies like the caravel ship.
2) Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal played a key role in sponsoring Portuguese exploration down the west coast of Africa. Portuguese sailors like da Gama and Cabral reached India and Brazil, expanding Portugal's trading empire.
3) Spain joined the exploration, with Columbus reaching the Caribbean in 1492 while seeking a western route to Asia. This led to European colonization of the Americas and tensions with Portugal over territory that were resolved by the Treaty of Tordesillas.
Exploration
1) Beginning in the early 1400s, European powers like Portugal began exploring beyond their borders, driven by desires for wealth, spreading Christianity, and new technologies like the caravel ship.
2) Portugal took the lead in overseas exploration under the support of Prince Henry the Navigator, establishing trading posts along the coast of Africa.
3) By the late 1400s, other European powers like Spain grew envious of Portugal's success and sought their own routes to Asia, leading to Spanish financing of Christopher Columbus' voyage in 1492 that opened the way for European colonization of the Americas.
The Portuguese Empire
The Portuguese Empire was the first global empire in history, spanning over six centuries. It began in 1415 with the conquest of Ceuta in North Africa and expanded through exploration and trade along the coast of Africa. By the end of the 15th century, Portugal had reached India and Brazil, establishing the first global trade network. The empire declined in the 16th-17th centuries due to conflicts, but Portugal maintained control of Brazil, its most lucrative colony, until the early 19th century.
Exploration
1) Beginning in the early 1400s, European powers like Portugal began exploring beyond their borders, driven by desires for wealth, spreading Christianity, and new technologies like the caravel ship.
2) Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal played a key role in sponsoring Portuguese exploration down the west coast of Africa. Portuguese sailors like da Gama and Cabral reached India and Brazil.
3) Spain joined the exploration, with Columbus reaching the Caribbean in 1492 while seeking a western route to Asia, opening the way for European colonization of the Americas.
4) Portugal and Spain divided newly explored territories through the Treaty of Tordesillas, with Portugal building a trading empire in Asia and the East Indies during
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