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The Dutch Republic gained independence from Spanish rule in 1581 and established a colonial empire between the 17th-20th centuries by following other European powers. The Dutch East India Company was founded in the early 1600s to control Dutch trading interests in Southeast Asia, establishing colonies and becoming a powerful state-within-a-state by 1700, until it went bankrupt in 1800 and its territories were absorbed by the Dutch government.
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Spanish empire
The Spanish empire originated with the marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469, uniting Spain. Their daughter married into the powerful Hapsburg family of Europe, beginning Hapsburg rule over Spain from the 16th-17th century. During this period, Spain became the most powerful nation in Europe through its vast overseas colonies supplying wealth and establishing Catholic dominance. However, wars and economic troubles weakened Spain, leading to the Bourbon succession after the War of Spanish Succession in the early 1700s.
Dutch Empire 1
The Dutch Empire was a wealthy and ambitious empire in the early 17th century despite having a small population of only 1.5 million people. The Dutch dominated northern and western European trade routes as well as fishing and whaling. Amsterdam was a major center for shipping, banking, insurance, and manufacturing in northern Europe. The Dutch also stole the Portuguese sugar trade from American plantations and the slave trade from West Africa to the Americas, capturing key trading posts and dominating sugar production in Brazil. However, by the mid-1600s the Dutch faced attacks from former allies like the English and French as their power grew.
The Portuguese Empire
During the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal established a large colonial trading empire beginning with the conquest of Ceuta in 1415. Key figures like Vasco de Gama and Prince Henry the Navigator helped expand Portuguese trade and exploration, reaching India and rounding the Cape of Good Hope. In 1500, Portugal claimed Brazil for King Manuel I. Sugarcane farming and the African slave trade then grew significantly in colonial Brazil as sugar became the most important crop.
The portuguese empire
The Portuguese Empire was the first global empire in history, spanning almost six centuries from the 15th century. Portugal's name derives from the Roman name Portus Cale, and the region was inhabited by various groups over time before being conquered by Rome. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal was a leading European power due to its exploration and colonization of territories around the world, establishing the Portuguese Empire. However, Spain invaded and took control of Portugal in 1580, integrating it into the Spanish Empire until 1640. The Portuguese Empire declined thereafter, losing territories to other European powers, but maintained control of Brazil and parts of Africa and Asia.
Dutch
During the early 17th century, the small Netherlands emerged as an economic and military power due to its role as the nexus of northern European commerce. The great port city of Amsterdam became the preeminent center for shipping, banking, manufacturing and trade, not just in the Netherlands but all of northern Europe. Through religious toleration, naval power, colonial trade and manufacturing, the Dutch amassed great wealth and had the highest standard of living in Europe.
The Portuguese empire
The Portuguese empire began in 1415 with the conquest of Ceuta in Northern Africa. Under the support of Prince Henry the Navigator, Portugal explored the coast of Africa and discovered islands like the Azores. In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope, opening the sea route to India. Portugal established trading posts and conquered territories like Goa, establishing its dominance in Asia. However, conflicts with other European powers led to the decline of the Portuguese empire in the 17th century as it lost most of its Asian and South American colonies. By the 19th century, Brazil gained independence, marking the end of Portugal's global empire.
The Portuguese Empire
The Portuguese Empire originated from settlements along the Douro River in northern Portugal. Portugal developed naval technologies that enabled exploration and colonization beginning in the 15th century. At its peak, Portugal ruled territories in South America, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. However, it gradually lost wealth and territories to other European powers. Portugal's last colony, Brazil, gained independence in 1822. Portugal focused on rebuilding after disasters like earthquakes and the Napoleonic Wars. It later joined NATO and the EU.
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The Spanish empire originated with the marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469, uniting Spain. Their daughter married into the powerful Hapsburg family of Europe, beginning Hapsburg rule over Spain from the 16th-17th century. During this period, Spain became the most powerful nation in Europe through its vast overseas colonies supplying wealth and establishing Catholic dominance. However, wars and economic troubles weakened Spain, leading to the Bourbon succession after the War of Spanish Succession in the early 1700s.
Dutch Empire 1
The Dutch Empire was a wealthy and ambitious empire in the early 17th century despite having a small population of only 1.5 million people. The Dutch dominated northern and western European trade routes as well as fishing and whaling. Amsterdam was a major center for shipping, banking, insurance, and manufacturing in northern Europe. The Dutch also stole the Portuguese sugar trade from American plantations and the slave trade from West Africa to the Americas, capturing key trading posts and dominating sugar production in Brazil. However, by the mid-1600s the Dutch faced attacks from former allies like the English and French as their power grew.
The Portuguese Empire
During the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal established a large colonial trading empire beginning with the conquest of Ceuta in 1415. Key figures like Vasco de Gama and Prince Henry the Navigator helped expand Portuguese trade and exploration, reaching India and rounding the Cape of Good Hope. In 1500, Portugal claimed Brazil for King Manuel I. Sugarcane farming and the African slave trade then grew significantly in colonial Brazil as sugar became the most important crop.
The portuguese empire
The Portuguese Empire was the first global empire in history, spanning almost six centuries from the 15th century. Portugal's name derives from the Roman name Portus Cale, and the region was inhabited by various groups over time before being conquered by Rome. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal was a leading European power due to its exploration and colonization of territories around the world, establishing the Portuguese Empire. However, Spain invaded and took control of Portugal in 1580, integrating it into the Spanish Empire until 1640. The Portuguese Empire declined thereafter, losing territories to other European powers, but maintained control of Brazil and parts of Africa and Asia.
Dutch
During the early 17th century, the small Netherlands emerged as an economic and military power due to its role as the nexus of northern European commerce. The great port city of Amsterdam became the preeminent center for shipping, banking, manufacturing and trade, not just in the Netherlands but all of northern Europe. Through religious toleration, naval power, colonial trade and manufacturing, the Dutch amassed great wealth and had the highest standard of living in Europe.
The Portuguese empire
The Portuguese empire began in 1415 with the conquest of Ceuta in Northern Africa. Under the support of Prince Henry the Navigator, Portugal explored the coast of Africa and discovered islands like the Azores. In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope, opening the sea route to India. Portugal established trading posts and conquered territories like Goa, establishing its dominance in Asia. However, conflicts with other European powers led to the decline of the Portuguese empire in the 17th century as it lost most of its Asian and South American colonies. By the 19th century, Brazil gained independence, marking the end of Portugal's global empire.
The Portuguese Empire
The Portuguese Empire originated from settlements along the Douro River in northern Portugal. Portugal developed naval technologies that enabled exploration and colonization beginning in the 15th century. At its peak, Portugal ruled territories in South America, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. However, it gradually lost wealth and territories to other European powers. Portugal's last colony, Brazil, gained independence in 1822. Portugal focused on rebuilding after disasters like earthquakes and the Napoleonic Wars. It later joined NATO and the EU.
Dutch Empire
The Dutch Empire consisted of overseas territories controlled by the Netherlands from the 17th to 20th centuries. During this time, the Dutch established colonies by exploring new territories with other European powers and dominating global commerce in the 17th century. However, the Netherlands lost its colonial possessions and global power status to Britain during the Revolutionary Wars, with its last colonies in the Dutch Indies and Suriname gaining independence after World War II ended European imperialism.
Military
Portugal established a global empire between the 15th and 16th centuries through maritime exploration, gaining control of parts of Africa, Asia, and South America. This made Portugal a major world power economically, politically, and militarily. However, as other European powers like the Dutch, English, and French engaged in spice and slave trading, Portugal's economy declined. It no longer had the resources to defend its overseas military interests. Portugal then experienced a period of military decline and became a dynastic union with Spain from 1580 to 1640, though it maintained nominal control over itself.
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The Dutch
The Dutch had a global empire in the 17th century centered around trade and colonies. They established tolerant republican governance that attracted immigrants. As skilled fishermen, whalers, and traders, the Dutch developed very efficient sea routes and became enormously wealthy and successful in commerce, refining sugar for European consumption. Their colony of New Amsterdam, founded in 1625 on Manhattan, grew to be the largest town and finest seaport in their North American colonies, serving as the government headquarters and hub of the fur trade up the Hudson River and farming in the lower valley.
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The Portuguese Empire was the first global empire in history. It began in 1415 when Portugal departed on an expedition to seize the city of Ceuta in North Africa, marking the beginning of the Portuguese Empire. Over subsequent decades, Portugal expanded its empire through exploration led by Prince Henry the Navigator, establishing colonies in the Azores, Cape Verde, and along the West African coast. At its height, the Portuguese Empire spanned territories across Europe, Africa, Asia, and South America, including Brazil, which became Portugal's most lucrative and important colony. However, Portugal gradually lost much of its wealth and global influence over subsequent centuries.
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2) Philip II became king of Portugal in 1580 after the death of King Sebastian I left the throne disputed.
3) Philip II ruled over a vast global Spanish Empire but faced ongoing conflicts including wars against Protestants, Muslims, England, and France throughout his reign from 1556 to 1598.
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The Portuguese Empire was founded in 1415 with the conquest of Ceuta on the North African coast. Portugal then led European exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries, establishing trade routes to India around the Cape of Good Hope. Key figures like Vasco de Gama and Prince Henry the Navigator expanded Portugal's colonial holdings and maritime trade. In the 16th century, Portugal's empire came under the control of Spain but continued exploiting new colonies, including establishing sugarcane farms and importing African slaves to colonial Brazil.
Portugal
The Kingdom of Portugal started as a county in 868 located in Porto. It became an independent kingdom in 1179 when recognized by the Pope. Portugal experienced great economic growth between the 15th-16th centuries through maritime expeditions and territorial conquests in America, Africa, and East Asia. The economy was originally based on trade and crafts while artistic styles like Gothic and Romanesque art flourished through international cultural exchanges.
Dutch Nation
The seven northern provinces of the Netherlands (Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, Overijssel, Friesland and Groningen) rebelled against Spanish rule in the 16th century led by William of Orange. After the Spanish persecution of Dutch Protestants, William led the revolt starting in 1568. A key event was the Siege of Leiden in 1573-1574, where the rebels were rescued after the dikes were opened to allow Dutch fleets to sail over flood waters. In 1581, the northern provinces declared their independence from Spain.
Colonial Portugal
Portugal had one of the longest-lasting colonial empires between 1500 and 1999, establishing a global network of outposts connecting Lisbon to Nagasaki by 1571. However, Portugal's small population caused it to gradually lose control over its overseas trade and factories, beginning its imperial decline. A substantial blow was losing its most profitable colony of Brazil in 1822. While Portugal retained its African territories until 1947, its economy had been centered on raw materials harvested from its colonies in Asia, Africa and South America since the 15th century.
Display 2, 11th 12th
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Display #2
The document summarizes the expansion of Christian kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula between the 11th and 12th centuries as the Taifa kingdoms fragmented. Castile conquered territories south of the Duero River under Ferdinand I and his son Alfonso VI captured Toledo. Portugal gained independence from Castile in 1139 under its first king Afonso I. Aragon also expanded as King Alfonso I conquered Zaragoza. The new territories were conquered militarily by the Christian armies and then granted by the kings to vassals like nobles and monks, with free peasants receiving settlement letters granting them freedoms and tax exemptions.
The spanish empire theme 3 part 2
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2) The powerful Caliphate of Cordoba which dominated Spain from the 10th-11th centuries, reaching its peak under Abd al-Rahman III and Al-Mansur.
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From 711 to 1492, control of the Iberian Peninsula changed hands between Muslims and Christians several times. Muslims first entered the peninsula in 711 and defeated the Christians, forcing them into the northern regions where they established kingdoms like Asturias and Aragon. Over time, the Christian kingdoms grew stronger and began retaking lands from the Muslims, culminating in the conquest of Granada in 1492 by the Catholic Monarchs, bringing the entire peninsula under Christian control once more. The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella united Castile and Aragon, and Aragon expanded its territories across the Mediterranean.
17th century part 1
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The document summarizes how trade influenced European exploration beginning in the 15th century. It describes how Portugal, led by Prince Henry, began exploring down the coast of Africa, hoping to find a route to Asia and its valuable spices. Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco da Gama later rounded the Cape of Good Hope and reached India, opening lucrative trade routes. Other European powers like Spain, the Netherlands, and England soon established their own trading companies and empires in Asia, competing for control over the spice trade and colonizing many parts of Africa, India, and Southeast Asia.
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The Portuguese Empire was the first global empire in history, spanning over six centuries. It began in 1415 with the conquest of Ceuta in North Africa and expanded through exploration and trade along the coast of Africa. By the end of the 15th century, Portugal had reached India and Brazil, establishing the first global trade network. The empire declined in the 16th-17th centuries due to conflicts, but Portugal maintained control of Brazil, its most lucrative colony, until the early 19th century.
Dutch
The document summarizes the history of the Dutch Republic and the Dutch East India Company (VOC). It describes how the Eighty Years' War led to Dutch independence from Spain and marked the beginning of the Dutch Golden Age period in the 17th century. During this time, the VOC was established and became the first multinational corporation and megacorporation, holding colonial possessions and monopolies across Asia and becoming enormously profitable for almost 200 years until its bankruptcy in the late 18th century.
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Dutch Empire
The Dutch Empire consisted of overseas territories controlled by the Netherlands from the 17th to 20th centuries. During this time, the Dutch established colonies by exploring new territories with other European powers and dominating global commerce in the 17th century. However, the Netherlands lost its colonial possessions and global power status to Britain during the Revolutionary Wars, with its last colonies in the Dutch Indies and Suriname gaining independence after World War II ended European imperialism.
Military
Portugal established a global empire between the 15th and 16th centuries through maritime exploration, gaining control of parts of Africa, Asia, and South America. This made Portugal a major world power economically, politically, and militarily. However, as other European powers like the Dutch, English, and French engaged in spice and slave trading, Portugal's economy declined. It no longer had the resources to defend its overseas military interests. Portugal then experienced a period of military decline and became a dynastic union with Spain from 1580 to 1640, though it maintained nominal control over itself.
The Golden Age Of Spain
The Golden Age of Spain saw the country become extremely wealthy through silver mining in Mexico in the 1500s, with Spain controlling vast colonial territories across the world by the late 1500s. However, maintaining large armies and conflicts in Europe drained Spain's resources, forcing King Phillip to declare bankruptcy in the 1570s and sign a peace treaty with France in 1598 recognizing their king.
The Dutch
The Dutch had a global empire in the 17th century centered around trade and colonies. They established tolerant republican governance that attracted immigrants. As skilled fishermen, whalers, and traders, the Dutch developed very efficient sea routes and became enormously wealthy and successful in commerce, refining sugar for European consumption. Their colony of New Amsterdam, founded in 1625 on Manhattan, grew to be the largest town and finest seaport in their North American colonies, serving as the government headquarters and hub of the fur trade up the Hudson River and farming in the lower valley.
The portuguese empire
The Portuguese Empire was the first global empire in history. It began in 1415 when Portugal departed on an expedition to seize the city of Ceuta in North Africa, marking the beginning of the Portuguese Empire. Over subsequent decades, Portugal expanded its empire through exploration led by Prince Henry the Navigator, establishing colonies in the Azores, Cape Verde, and along the West African coast. At its height, the Portuguese Empire spanned territories across Europe, Africa, Asia, and South America, including Brazil, which became Portugal's most lucrative and important colony. However, Portugal gradually lost much of its wealth and global influence over subsequent centuries.
Philip ii
1) King Charles V abdicated parts of his empire to his son Philip II in 1554-1556, including Spain and the Netherlands but not the German Empire, which passed to Ferdinand.
2) Philip II became king of Portugal in 1580 after the death of King Sebastian I left the throne disputed.
3) Philip II ruled over a vast global Spanish Empire but faced ongoing conflicts including wars against Protestants, Muslims, England, and France throughout his reign from 1556 to 1598.
Portuguese slides
The Portuguese Empire was founded in 1415 with the conquest of Ceuta on the North African coast. Portugal then led European exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries, establishing trade routes to India around the Cape of Good Hope. Key figures like Vasco de Gama and Prince Henry the Navigator expanded Portugal's colonial holdings and maritime trade. In the 16th century, Portugal's empire came under the control of Spain but continued exploiting new colonies, including establishing sugarcane farms and importing African slaves to colonial Brazil.
Portugal
The Kingdom of Portugal started as a county in 868 located in Porto. It became an independent kingdom in 1179 when recognized by the Pope. Portugal experienced great economic growth between the 15th-16th centuries through maritime expeditions and territorial conquests in America, Africa, and East Asia. The economy was originally based on trade and crafts while artistic styles like Gothic and Romanesque art flourished through international cultural exchanges.
Dutch Nation
The seven northern provinces of the Netherlands (Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, Overijssel, Friesland and Groningen) rebelled against Spanish rule in the 16th century led by William of Orange. After the Spanish persecution of Dutch Protestants, William led the revolt starting in 1568. A key event was the Siege of Leiden in 1573-1574, where the rebels were rescued after the dikes were opened to allow Dutch fleets to sail over flood waters. In 1581, the northern provinces declared their independence from Spain.
Colonial Portugal
Portugal had one of the longest-lasting colonial empires between 1500 and 1999, establishing a global network of outposts connecting Lisbon to Nagasaki by 1571. However, Portugal's small population caused it to gradually lose control over its overseas trade and factories, beginning its imperial decline. A substantial blow was losing its most profitable colony of Brazil in 1822. While Portugal retained its African territories until 1947, its economy had been centered on raw materials harvested from its colonies in Asia, Africa and South America since the 15th century.
Display 2, 11th 12th
The document summarizes the expansion of Christian kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula between the 11th and 12th centuries as the Taifa kingdoms fragmented. Castile conquered territories south of the Duero River under Ferdinand I and his son Alfonso VI, who took Toledo. Portugal gained independence from Castile in 1139 under its first king Afonso I. Aragon's king Alfonso I conquered Zaragoza. The Almoravids and later Almohads entered Iberia to stop the Christian advance. Newly conquered lands were given to nobles, knights, monasteries and free peasants through settlement charters that granted freedoms and tax exemptions.
Display #2
The document summarizes the expansion of Christian kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula between the 11th and 12th centuries as the Taifa kingdoms fragmented. Castile conquered territories south of the Duero River under Ferdinand I and his son Alfonso VI captured Toledo. Portugal gained independence from Castile in 1139 under its first king Afonso I. Aragon also expanded as King Alfonso I conquered Zaragoza. The new territories were conquered militarily by the Christian armies and then granted by the kings to vassals like nobles and monks, with free peasants receiving settlement letters granting them freedoms and tax exemptions.
The spanish empire theme 3 part 2
Spain established a vast colonial empire during the 16th and 17th centuries, holding power in the Americas and Western Pacific. However, continual wars in Europe drained Spain's resources and led to a gradual decline over the 17th century. The Spanish East Indies, consisting of the Philippines, Guam, and other islands, were ruled directly from Madrid after Mexican independence and some were later sold or occupied by other powers. The Manila galleons operated for over 250 years, transporting goods between Manila and Acapulco via the Pacific Ocean in a trade that was important to the Spanish colonies.
3. The Bourbon Dynasty
The document discusses the Bourbon Dynasty in Spain following the death of Carlos II in 1700. Felipe V, a grandson of Louis XIV of France, ascended the Spanish throne, causing concern among other European powers about a potential France-Spain alliance. This led to the War of the Spanish Succession between Felipe V and the Habsburg Archduke Karl, backed by opposing European countries. The war lasted from 1702-1714 and devastated Spain, especially Catalonia. Felipe V emerged victorious and was confirmed as King of Spain by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713.
(16.2) absolutism france under louis xiv
(1) Louis XIV became an absolute monarch of France and strengthened the central government and royal control over the nobility, clergy, and commoners. (2) He built the grand palace of Versailles as a symbol of his wealth and power and required nobles to live there. (3) Under Louis XIV's rule, France had a strong economy through mercantilist policies, a large army, and flourishing arts, making it the most powerful state in Europe.
Atlas of history activities year2
The document provides a series of questions to guide activities exploring major historical developments from the early Middle Ages to the modern era. Some of the key topics and events covered include:
1) The initial rapid expansion of Islam across North Africa and into Spain and Portugal by the end of the 7th century.
2) The powerful Caliphate of Cordoba which dominated Spain from the 10th-11th centuries, reaching its peak under Abd al-Rahman III and Al-Mansur.
3) The subsequent division of Islamic Iberia into competing Taifa kingdoms and the Reconquista by Christian forces starting in the 11th century.
4) Major medieval powers like the
The war of the spanish sucession
The War of the Spanish Succession was fought from 1701-1714 over who would succeed the throne of Spain after King Carlos II died without an heir. France supported Carlos II's choice of Philip of Anjou to unite Spain and France under one crown, occupying parts of the Spanish Netherlands and Italy. However, England, Austria, the Netherlands, and Prussia opposed this union and backed Charles, the son of the Holy Roman Emperor, to separate the thrones. Ultimately, Philip was confirmed as King of Spain but had to renounce claims to France, and the Spanish Empire was divided between Philip and Charles.
Cristian kingdoms
From 711 to 1492, control of the Iberian Peninsula changed hands between Muslims and Christians several times. Muslims first entered the peninsula in 711 and defeated the Christians, forcing them into the northern regions where they established kingdoms like Asturias and Aragon. Over time, the Christian kingdoms grew stronger and began retaking lands from the Muslims, culminating in the conquest of Granada in 1492 by the Catholic Monarchs, bringing the entire peninsula under Christian control once more. The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella united Castile and Aragon, and Aragon expanded its territories across the Mediterranean.
17th century part 1
During the 16th century, Spain was the most powerful country in the world, but the 17th century saw its decline for several reasons: Spain spent vast amounts of money and resources participating in the Thirty Years' War and other conflicts, losing territories like Portugal in the process. The kings spent lavishly on wars but neglected infrastructure and the populace, impoverishing the country further, while pirates also attacked Spanish ships, preventing gold and silver from America from reaching Spain. The kings were disinterested in ruling as well, leaving government in the hands of validos, or favorite ministers.
19.1 europeans explore the east (1st period)
The document summarizes how trade influenced European exploration beginning in the 15th century. It describes how Portugal, led by Prince Henry, began exploring down the coast of Africa, hoping to find a route to Asia and its valuable spices. Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco da Gama later rounded the Cape of Good Hope and reached India, opening lucrative trade routes. Other European powers like Spain, the Netherlands, and England soon established their own trading companies and empires in Asia, competing for control over the spice trade and colonizing many parts of Africa, India, and Southeast Asia.
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The document summarizes the history of the Dutch Republic and the Dutch East India Company (VOC). It describes how the Eighty Years' War led to Dutch independence from Spain and marked the beginning of the Dutch Golden Age period in the 17th century. During this time, the VOC was established and became the first multinational corporation and megacorporation, holding colonial possessions and monopolies across Asia and becoming enormously profitable for almost 200 years until its bankruptcy in the late 18th century.
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The Spanish Empire was one of the largest empires in world history. At its peak during the 16th century under the Habsburgs, Spain controlled vast territories in Europe and the Americas. However, the empire declined over subsequent centuries due to costly wars and Spain's loss of European dominance. By the early 19th century, most of Spain's American colonies had gained independence following the Napoleonic occupation of Spain.
Theme 3- spain and portugal
The document provides an overview of the history of the Portuguese and Spanish Empires from their origins to their decline. It discusses how Portugal rose to become a global power during the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries as they explored the coasts of Africa, Asia, and Brazil. Spain likewise grew powerful under the Habsburg dynasty in the 16th century, controlling territories in Europe and colonies in the Americas, though both empires began declining by the 17th century as they lost territories to other European powers like Britain and the Netherlands.
Spanish 18th Century
Resumen del siglo XVIII español para la asignatura de Ciencias sociales (4º de ESO). Las diapositivas están en inglés por ser material destinado a la sección bilingüe del I.E.S. Fray Pedro de Urbina
Theme 3 part 1 portuguese empire
The document summarizes the history of Portuguese exploration and colonization from 1434 to 1822. It details Portugal's exploration of Africa and Asia which led to the discovery and colonization of Brazil in 1500. Portugal established trading posts and colonies around the world over the following centuries, though it faced conflicts with other European powers like Spain, England, France, and the Netherlands that sought to gain control of Portuguese territories and trade routes. Brazil eventually gained independence from Portugal in 1822 after serving as an important colony that Portugal relied on economically.
The Rise of Singapore as a British Trading settlement (notes)
The document summarizes the establishment of the British trading settlement of Singapore between 1800-1824 by the East India Company. It details how Stamford Raffles negotiated a treaty in 1819 with the Sultan of Johor and Temenggong of Singapore to set up a British trading port on the island, taking advantage of political instability in the Johor-Riau Sultanate and a lack of Dutch presence. The early years of Singapore saw challenges in establishing the settlement overcome through efforts to encourage migration, implement city planning, establish security forces and sign a new treaty in 1824 relinquishing native rights over Singapore in exchange for annual payments.
Dutch
The Dutch Empire consisted of overseas territories controlled by the Netherlands from the 17th to 20th centuries. During this time, the Dutch established colonial holdings by exploring new territories alongside Spain and Portugal. At its peak in the 17th century, known as the Dutch Golden Age, the Netherlands dominated global commerce using its powerful navy and colonial possessions. However, the country lost its empire and colonies to Britain during the Revolutionary Wars, with its last holdings in the Dutch East Indies and Suriname gaining independence after World War II.
Theme3 spain and portugal
The document provides background on the histories of Portugal, Spain, and their colonial empires. It discusses how Portugal and Spain rose to become global colonial powers between the 15th-16th centuries through exploration and conquest. It also profiles individuals from Portuguese and Spanish colonies in America, including indigenous leaders, settlers, and those of mixed heritage.
Portuguese
The Portuguese Empire began in the early 15th century and rose to power through overseas exploration and colonization. Key events included the conquest of Ceuta in 1415, which marked the beginning of the Portuguese Empire, and colonization of Madeira Island in 1420. The Portuguese established trading posts in India and Southeast Asia to control the spice trade, but gradually lost prominence to other European powers like England. By the late 17th century, Portugal's empire was in decline after ceding trading posts to England and losing territories to the Dutch, though it retained some colonies in India, Brazil, and Africa.
Portugal
- Portugal began as a small kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula in the Middle Ages and grew to become a major world power through its global exploration and colonization efforts between the 15th and 16th centuries.
- Portugal established trading posts and colonies on every continent, building a vast overseas empire and dominating the spice trade, though it gradually lost territories to other European powers.
- Key events in Portugal's rise included capturing Ceuta in 1415, starting the Age of Discovery; the Treaty of Tordesillas dividing newly discovered lands between Portugal and Spain in 1494; and establishing colonies and forts in Asia, Africa and Brazil.
The portuguese empire
The Portuguese Empire was one of the longest-lived colonial empires, spanning from the 15th century to the late 19th century. Portugal explored coastal regions of Africa and established the first global trade routes to India and Brazil during this period. Key events included Vasco da Gama's voyage linking Portugal and India in 1497 and Pedro Álvares Cabral's accidental discovery of Brazil in 1500 while attempting to reach India. Portugal's power later declined as other European nations took over more of the spice and slave trades.
The Portuguese Empire
The Portuguese Empire was one of the longest-lived colonial empires, spanning from the 15th century to the 20th century. Portugal explored coastal regions of Africa and established the first global trade routes to India and Brazil during this period. Key events included Vasco da Gama reaching India in 1498 and the Portuguese discovery of Brazil in 1500. At its peak, Portugal's colonial possessions included territories in Africa, South America, Asia, and Oceania. However, the empire declined after Spain united with Portugal in 1581, drawing Portugal into Spain's conflicts with other European powers.
The Portuguese Empire
The document summarizes key events in the history of Portuguese exploration and the establishment of the Portuguese Empire between the 15th and 18th centuries. It details important voyages and discoveries on the west coast of Africa leading to colonization of the Azores islands. It also discusses Portuguese exploration of Asia and India and the establishment of trade posts and monopolization of trade routes. The document outlines Portugal's wars with Spain over independence in the 17th century and French and Spanish attempts to force Portugal to join alliances in the 18th century. It provides details on Portuguese colonization of Brazil and the production of sugar, tobacco, and mining of gold and diamonds in the Brazilian colonies.
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The Rise of Singapore as a British Trading settlement (notes)
The Rise of Singapore as a British Trading settlement (notes)
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English3
Oliver Cromwell was Lord Protector of England in the 1650s after a long civil war that ended with King Charles I imprisoned and beheaded in 1649. Cromwell was a military leader who lived as a farmer until inheriting wealth. As protector, Cromwell was responsible for the deaths and deportations of over 50,000 people, including at the Sack of Drogheda, which he justified as revenge for massacres against Protestants in Ireland in 1641.
English2
England, France, and the Netherlands established their own colonies and trade networks in the Americas and Asia after seeing the wealth generated by the Spanish and Portuguese empires during the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries. Britain then went on to enjoy a century of effectively unchallenged dominance as it expanded its imperial holdings across the globe. During this time, England was transitioning to a mercantile form of capitalism where the merchant class combined land, labor, and capital to generate profits for further investments and production.
French3
Thomas Paine was a radical political writer during the late 18th century known for his works "Rights of Man" and "Common Sense", in which he argued that all men have equal political rights and that government's power comes from the people. While Paine believed the American Revolution could create a superior system and supported America's independence, his writings had little impact on the French Revolution despite him spending over ten years in France.
Portuguese2
The Portuguese Empire established sugarcane farms as their most successful export in Brazil in the mid-16th century, relying on African slaves who faced cruel treatment to work the farms. For 300 years of Portuguese colonial rule over Brazil, the economy was based on extracting brazil wood, producing sugar, and mining gold in the 18th century, utilizing slave labor from Africa. After independence, Brazil maintained Portuguese influence as the largest country in the region with a shared language and culture.
Portuguese
The document discusses the Portuguese Empire in Brazil and the gold rush that occurred in the hills of Goias. Portuguese settlers established slave camps to mine for gold after its discovery. The Caiapo people resisted the settlers by undermining their mining work and attacking travelers. Governor Luis da Cunha worked to make peace with the native tribes so the government could focus on mining as much gold as possible.
French2
The French Empire consisted of New France in Canada, which was ideal for the fur trade rather than agriculture. In 1627, New France had a small population of only 85 colonists who depended on good relations with native peoples to survive through fur trading. While France was a strong kingdom in Europe at the time, England was able to overtake it through building a larger professional navy funded by higher taxation, though the English people were among the lightest taxed, giving England an advantage over France in naval battles.
French1
The French established control over Louisiana in 1682 when La Salle named the Gulf of Mexico region after King Louis XIV. Upon returning to France, La Salle got lost and was later assassinated by the people in his colony. The French connected their territories of Canada and Louisiana using river networks, trading posts, and alliances with Indian tribes to facilitate trade between the regions.
English1
Powhatan ruled over 12,000 native people in Virginia in 1607, but faced resistance from the English colonists who sought to transform the landscape to resemble England. Opechancanough, who was over 90 years old, led attacks against the colonists to preserve his people's survival and self-respect until he was shot in the back by an English soldier. The natives seasonally burned forests for hunting but the colonists' changes were more damaging to the land.
Spain2
1. Francisco Pizarro, Diego de Almagro, Hernando de Luque led the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire in the early 1530s.
2. Pizarro defeated the Inca army led by Emperor Atahualpa at the Battle of Cajamarca in 1532, allowing the Spanish to take control of the Inca Empire.
3. After the conquest, Pizarro and Almagro initially worked together to found new cities and consolidate Spanish rule, though they later had a falling out.
Spain1
Christopher Columbus (c. 1451 - 1506) was an Italian explorer who made four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that led to the widespread European awareness of the American continents. His voyages were funded by Queen Isabella I of Castile and initiated the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Columbus spent his early career apprenticing and working as a business agent in Genoa and Portugal. He died in Valladolid, Spain at age 55 still convinced that his journeys had been along the east coast of Asia, though he had actually reached the Americas.
Spain4
The Spanish Empire faced economic and political challenges in the late 16th century. King Philip II implemented financial reforms to address mounting debts and stabilize currency. He centralized power in the monarchy while reducing the power and independence of local governments in Spain and its colonies.
Spain
The Spanish Empire originated from three powers - Aragon, Burgundy and Portugal. Spain conquered the Canary Islands in the late 15th century through bloody wars. In the 16th-17th centuries, known as the Golden Age, the marriage of Catholic Monarchs united Spain's empire in America, Mediterranean holdings, and territories in Europe under Habsburg rule. This vast empire was controlled from Seville, not inland Madrid. The 18th century brought prosperity as trade increased within the empire, especially after Bourbon reforms, allowing Spain to maintain dominance in the Americas until the 19th century.
Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell was born in 1599 in Huntingdon, England to a wealthy family. He attended Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge but left after his father's death. Cromwell married and returned to farming his land in Huntingdon, where he gained a reputation for championing the poor. He began his political career in the Long Parliament and rose to become a soldier and statesman, leading Parliamentary forces during the English Civil War. As Lord Protector, he ruled the Commonwealth of England until his death in 1658.
The World In 1492
The document provides an overview of the state of the world in 1492, prior to Columbus' voyage. It describes the political structures and leaders in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, South Asia, China, Japan, Mesoamerica, and South America. It notes that four major civilizations - Europe, the Middle East, India, and China - had developed elaborate bureaucracies, cities, technology, and writing. However, Western Europe was beginning to make better use of contacts between societies to develop aggressive commerce and expansionist religion compared to other parts of Eurasia. The Portuguese royal family first started moving to break Europe out of isolation in the early 1400s.
The European Voyages and How the world Changes
This document discusses the global spread and popularity of goods considered drugs that were ingested, smoked or consumed for their psychoactive properties. It notes that in the 17th century, exotic plants like coffee, tea, cocoa, tobacco and sugar from distant lands became widely popular among European and Asian consumers. These products originated in places like the Americas, Asia, and Africa and their adoption connected global trade networks and introduced new tastes to many societies around the world.
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How To Change A Name On American Airlines Ticket.pptx
You can easily change/correct a name on your flight ticket under the American Airlines name change policy. The airline provides multiple online and offline modes to place a name change request. To learn more about how to change a name on American Airlines ticket, you can directly approach the airline’s customer support. Moreover, you can connect with a flight expert at +1-866-738-0741 for quick assistance.
定制(cardiff学位证书)英国卡迪夫大学毕业证本科学历原版一模一样
原版定制【微信:bwp0011】《(cardiff学位证书)英国卡迪夫大学毕业证本科学历》【微信:bwp0011】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
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一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信bwp0011】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信bwp0011】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
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UST毕业证offer【微信95270640】☀《圣托马斯大学毕业证购买》GoogleQ微信95270640《UST毕业证模板办理》加拿大文凭、本科、硕士、研究生学历都可以做,二、业务范围：
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7完成交易删除客户资料
高精端提供以下服务：
一：圣托马斯大学圣托马斯大学硕士学位证成绩单全套材料从防伪到印刷水印底纹到钢印烫金
二：真实使馆认证（留学人员回国证明）使馆存档
三：真实教育部认证教育部存档教育部留服网站可查
四：留信认证留学生信息网站可查
五：与学校颁发的相关证件1:1纸质尺寸制定（定期向各大院校毕业生购买最新版本毕,业证成绩单保证您拿到的是鲁昂大学内部最新版本毕业证成绩单微信95270640）
A.为什么留学生需要操作留信认证?
留信认证全称全国留学生信息服务网认证,隶属于北京中科院。①留信认证门槛条件更低,费用更美丽,并且包过,完单周期短,效率高②留信认证虽然不能去国企,但是一般的公司都没有问题,因为国内很多公司连基本的留学生学历认证都不了解。这对于留学生来说,这就比自己光拿一个证书更有说服力,因为留学学历可以在留信网站上进行查询!
B.为什么我们提供的毕业证成绩单具有使用价值？
查询留服认证是国内鉴别留学生海外学历的唯一途径但认证只是个体行为不是所有留学生都操作所以没有办理认证的留学生的学历在国内也是查询不到的他们也仅仅只有一张文凭。所以这时候我们提供的和学校颁发的一模一样的毕业证成绩单就有了使用价值。乌龟和王八贼头贼脑的倒也逗人喜爱日上三竿时山娃总爱窜进自家瓜棚里跟小伙伴们坐着聊天聊着聊着便忍不住往瓜田里逡巡一番抱起一只硕大的西瓜用石刀劈开抑或用拳头砸开每人抱起一大块就啃啃得满嘴满脸猴屁股般的红艳大家一个劲地指着对方吃吃地笑瓜裂得古怪奇形怪状却丝毫不影响瓜味甜丝丝的满嘴生津遍地都是瓜横七竖八的活像掷满了一地的大石块摘走二三只爷爷是断然发现不了的即便发现爷爷也不恼反而教山娃辨认孰熟孰嫩孰甜孰淡水
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Dutch1
- 1. Dutch Empire