This Presentation is on the Book by Hans J. Morgenthau, known as Politics Among Nations. This Presentation tells about a Chapter wise review and Summary of every chapter. This book talks about the Elements of Power for a Country.

1. PRESENTED TO: MADAM MARIAM TAHIR
PRESENTED BY: NUML STUDENTS
UROOJ ILYAS
MARYAM QURESHI
SUMMIYA REHMAN

2.  Hans Joachim Morgenthau was one of the
major twentieth-century figures in the study
of international relations. Morgenthau's
works belong to the tradition of realism in
international relations theory, and he is
usually considered among the most
influential realists of the post-World War II
period. Morgenthau made landmark
contributions to international relations
theory and the study of international law.

3.  Hans J. Morgenthau was born on 17 February 1904 in Germany, in Jewish family.
 Educated at the Universities of Berlin, Frankfort, and Munich. He received his Doctorate in
1929 with thesis entitled “International Jurisdiction”, and continue Post-doctorate at university
of Geneva, Switzerland.
 A year before Hitler came to power, Professor Morgenthau went to teach at the University of
Geneva; and also he taught in university of Madrid in 1937.
 At the end of 1937, he emigrated to united states of America.
 In USA, his teaching career started from Brooklyn college and he was appointed on different
post and at different universities from time to time.
 His first publication is “politics among nation”(1948) and among his many publications are In
Defense of the National Interest (1951), The Purpose of American Politics (1960), Politics in the
Twentieth Century (1962), A New Foreign Policy for the United States (1969), and Science:
Servant or Master? (1972).
 On October 8, 1979, Morgenthau was one of the passengers on board Swissair Flight 316, which
crashed while trying to land at Athens-Ellinikon International Airport. The flight had been
destined for Bombay and Peking.
 Morgenthau died on July 19, 1980, shortly after being admitted to Lenox Hill Hospital in New
York with a perforated ulcer. He is buried in the Chabad section of Montefiore Cemetery.

5.  Theory and Practice of International Politics;
 Two dominant school of thoughts: Realism and Liberalism
 SIX PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL REALISM:
 Political realism believes that politics, like society in general, is governed by objective laws that have
their roots in human nature.
 Political realism to find its way through the landscape of international politics is the concept of
interest defined in terms of power.
 Realism assumes that its key concept of interest defined as power is an objective category which is
universally valid.
 Political realism is aware of the moral significance of political action but morality cannot guide
actions.
 Political realism refuses to identify the moral aspirations of a particular nation with the moral
principles that govern the universe. It refuses to accept that the national interests and policies of
any particular nation reflect universally applied moral principles.
 The difference between political realism and other schools of thought is real, and it is profound.
However much of the theory of political realism may have been misunderstood and misinterpreted,
there is no gain saying its distinctive intellectual and moral attitude to matters political.

6.  International politics as an academic discipline is distinct from recent history and
current events, international law, and political reform.
 It recognize and comprehend the forces that shape international political relations and
institutions, as well as the ways in which those forces interact with one another and
with international political relations and institutions.
 The foreign policy of the nations changes with national interests and situation that
benefits the nation in a specific time frame. Policy is made based on wisdom rather than
emotion. E.g. In 1512, Henry VIII of England made an alliance with the Hapsburgs
against France. In 1515, he made an alliance with France against the Hapsburgs. In
1522 and 1542, he joined the Hapsburgs against France. In 1756, Great Britain allied
itself with Prussia against the Hapsburgs and France. In 1793, Great Britain, Prussia,
and the Hapsburgs were allied against Napoleon. In 1914, Great Britain joined with
France and Russia against Austria and Germany, and in 1939 with France and Poland
against Germany.

7.  Part one constitutes of chapter 1 and 2.
 Part one talks about six principles of Hans J Morgenthau and that how
international politics emerged and how national interest of a nation is
important and decisions of a nation depends on national interest and
how it influence the international politics.

8.  Political Power: When we speak of power, we mean man's control over the minds and
actions of other men. Political power is a psychological relation between those who
exercise it and those over whom it is exercised. It may be exerted through orders,
threats, the authority or charisma of a man or of an office, or a combination of any of
these.
 International politics, like all politics, is a struggle for power. Not every action that a
nation performs with respect to another nation is of a political nature and not all nations
are at all times to the same extent involved in international politics. The degree of their
involvement may run all the way from the maximum at present attained by the United
States and the Soviet Union, through the minimum involvement of such countries as
Switzerland. Luxembourg, or Venezuela.
 Political Power and its Four Distinctions:
between power and influence,(e.g.: Secretary of state vs President or PM of the state)
between power and force,
between usable and unusable power, (e.g.: threat as nuclear power)
between legitimate and illegitimate power.(e.g.: The power of the police officer who
searches me by virtue of a search warrant is qualitatively different from the power of a
robber who performs the same action by virtue of his holding a gun).

9.  THE SCIENCE OF PEACE: CONTEMPORARY UTOPIANISM: the science of peace
was developed as a separate branch of scientific knowledge in 19 century. It was at
this age of reasons to replaced the obsolete methods of power politics, secret diplomacy,
and war by new scientific approach.
 It was after WWI that reasons begin to develop as independent agency and it started
to influence public opinion. At that time liberal foreign policy was trying their best to
find the causes and reasons of war and how to stop it. The reasons find at that time
were feudalism, taxation, secret treaties signed between nations and colonization etc..
 How we can stop being victim of war, by “New England Reformer", Emerson:
“One apostle (reformer) thought all men should go to farming; and another, that
no man should buy or sell; that the use of money was the cardinal(prime) evil: another,
that the mischief was in our diet, that we eat and drink damnation. “

10.  The concept of status quo is derived from status quo ante hellum and it means to sign
a peace treaty to end the war or to the usual clauses in peace treaties which provide
for the evacuation of territory by enemy troops and its restoration to the prewar
sovereignty. The particular moment in history which serves as point of reference for a
policy of the status quo is frequently the end of a war, when the distribution of power
has been codified in a treaty of peace.
 History shows that nations involved in international and domestic politics are involved
in or recovering from organized violence in the form of war.
 There are three basics types of political policy I.e. a political policy seeks either to keep
power, to increase power or to demonstrate power.
 The main purpose of the League of Nations to maintain peace by preserving the status
quo.

11.  We defined imperialism as a policy that aims at the overthrow of the status quo, at a reversal of
the power relations between two or more nations. s imperialism becomes identified with the
maintenance, defense, and stabilization of an empire already in existence rather than with the
dynamic process of acquiring one
 ECONOMIC THEORIES OF IMPERIALISM:
 The Marxist, Liberal, and "Devil" Theories of Imperialism:
according to the Marxist theory, a tendency to enslave even larger no capitalist and, ultimately,
even capitalist areas in order to transform them into markets for their surplus products and to
give their surplus capital opportunities for investment.
According to Lenin. "Imperialism is capitalism in that phase of its development in which the
domination of monopolies and finance-capital has established itself; in which the export of
capital has acquired very great importance; in which the division of the world among the big
international trusts has begun; in which the partition of all the territory of the earth amongst
the great capitalist powers has been completed.
The devil theory, It identified certain groups that obviously profited from war, such as
manufacturers of war materiel (the socalled munitions makers), international bankers ("Wall
Street"), and the like. Since they profited from war, they must be interested in having war. Thus
the war profiteers transform themselves into the "war mongers," the "devils" who plan wars in
order to enrich themselves

12.  Inducement to imperialism:
 Victorious War: when a nation engaged in war with another nation, it is very likely a
nation which expect victory will purse a policy that seeks a permanent change of
power relations with the defeated enemy. And a policy that aims at a peace settlement
of this kind is called imperialism in this situation.
 Weak states: situation that favors imperialistic policies is the existence of weak states
or of politically empty spaces, that are attractive and accessible to a strong state. This
is the situation out of which colonial imperialism grew.
 Goals of Imperialism:
World empire: an urge towards expansion which has no limits( Arabs, Alexander the
great, Napoleon, Hitler)
Continental empire: an expansion which is limited in a continent
Local preponderance: local expansion
• Methods of imperialism:
Military imperialism: one of oldest form of imperialism.
Economic imperialism: after conquering, economic power gain is one of the agenda of
imperialism( dollar diplomacy as introductory step by giving loans)
Cultural imperialism: it controls the minds of people as an instrument for changing
the power relation between two nations.

13.  The policy of prestige has rarely been recognized in modern political literature for
what it is: the basic manifestations of the struggle for power on the international
scene. The policy of prestige is one of the instrumentalities through which the policies
of the status quo and of imperialism try to achieve their ends
 For instance, At the end of the eighteenth century, it was still the custom at the court
of Constantinople that ambassadors and members of their suites who presented
themselves to the Sultan were grabbed by the arms by court officials and their heads
bent down. to symbolize the inferiority in power of the countries they represented.
 The policy of prestige as the policy of demonstrating the power a nation has or thinks
it has, or wants other nations to believe it has, finds a particularly fruitful field in the
choice of a locality for international meetings. When many antagonistic claims
compete with each other and cannot be reconciled through compromise, the meeting-
place is frequently chosen in a country that does not participate in the competition for
prestige. For this reason, The Hague in the Netherlands and Geneva in Switzerland
have been favored meeting-places for international conferences

14.  DISPLAY OF MILITARY FORCE: y, the policy of prestige uses military
demonstrations as means to achieve its purpose. Since military strength is the
obvious measure of a nation's power, its demonstration serves to impress the
others with that nation's power. Pak army display power of arms every 23 march.
 TWO OBJECTIVES OF THE POLICY OF PRESTIGE: The policy of prestige has
two possible ultimate objectives: prestige for its own sake, or much more
frequently, prestige in support of a policy of the status quo or of imperialism
 One-man governments — that is, absolute monarchies or dictatorships — tend to
identify the personal glory of the ruler with the political interests of the nation.
 The function the policy of prestige fulfills for the policies of the status quo and of
imperialism grows out of the very nature of international politics. The foreign
policy of a nation is always the result of an estimate of the power relations as they
exist among different nations at a certain moment of history and as they are likely
to develop in the immediate and distant future. The foreign policy of the United
States, for instance, is based upon an evaluation of the power of the United States
in relation to, let us say, the power of Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and
Argentina, and of the probable future development of the power of these different
nations.

15.  It is a characteristic aspect of all politics, domestic as well as
international, that frequently its basic manifestations do not appear
as what they actually are — manifestations of a struggle for power.
Rather, the element of power as the immediate goal of the policy
pursued is explained and justified in ethical, legal, or biological
terms. The actor on the political scene cannot help "playing an act"
by concealing the true nature of his political actions behind the
mask of a political ideology. The immediate goal of political action is
power, and political power is power over the minds and actions of
men. Yet those who have been chosen as the prospective object of the
power of others are themselves intent upon gaining power over
others.

16.  Part two constitutes of chapter 3,4,5,6 and 7.
 Part two talks about the national power of a nation and struggle for
power by nations. It gives view about concept of status quo, involved
in international and domestic politics. And how imperialism have its
importance in the roots of nations, and how significance prestige of
nation play in international politics.

17.  By power we mean the power of man over the minds and actions of other men, a
phenomenon to be found whenever human beings live in social contact with one
another. E.g. The power or the foreign policy of the United States is obviously not
the power or the foreign policy of all the individuals who belong to the nation
called the United States of America. The fact that the United States emerged from
the Second World War as the most powerful nation on earth has not affected the
power of the great mass of individual Americans. It has, however, affected the
power of all those individuals who administer the foreign affairs of the United
States and, more particularly, speak for and represent the United States on the
international scene. For a nation pursues foreign policies as a legal organization
called a state, whose agents act as the representatives of the nation in
international affairs.

18.  ROOTS OF MODERN NATIONALISM: The aftermath of the Second World War has
brought into being a genuine retrogression from nationalism in the form of a
movement toward the unification of Western Europe. This movement has thus far to
its credit several concrete achievements in terms of working supranational
organizations, including the European Coal and Steel Community, the Common
Market (European Economic Community), and the development of a European
Community. Two experiences have given birth to the movement toward European
unification: the destructiveness of the Second World War and the political, military,
and economic decline of Europe in its aftermath. The supporters of this movement
cannot help concluding from these experiences that, in Western Europe at least, the
nation state is an obsolescent principle of political organization which, far from
assuring the security and power of its members, condemns them to impotence and
ultimate extinction either by each other or by their more powerful neighbors. Only the
future will show whether this acute sense of insecurity, not only of the individuals but
also of the national societies to which they belong, will lead to political creativity in
the form of the political, military, and economic unification of Europe, or to political
impotence in the form of a retreat into "neutralism" — that is, the renunciation of an
active foreign policy altogether — or to political desperation in the form of a more
intense identification with the individual nations.

19.  GEOGRAPHY: The most stable factor upon which the power of a nation depends is
obviously geography. This territorial extension is a permanent source of great strength
which has thus far frustrated all attempts at military conquest from the outside. This
enormous land mass dwarfed the territory conquered by foreign invaders in
comparison with what still remained to be conquered.
 NATURAL RESOURCES:
 Food: To start with the most elemental of these resources, food: a country that is self-
sufficient, or nearly self- sufficient, has a great advantage over a nation that is not
and must be able to import the foodstuffs it does not grow, or else starve. It is for this
reason that the power and. in times of war.
 Raw material: The influence the control of raw materials can exert upon national
power and the shifts in the distribution of power.
 The power of oil: oil as a source of energy has become more and more important for
industry and war.

20.  INDUSTRIAL CAPACITY: if a nation has a number of resources and raw material
and does not have industrial sector to utilize it and make refined product then
their raw material is of no use.
 MILITARY PREPAREDNESS: Military preparedness requires a military
establishment capable of supporting the foreign policies pursued. Such ability
derives from a number of factors of which the most significant, from the point of
view of our discussion, are technological innovations, leadership, and the quantity
and quality of the armed forces.
 POPULATION: a size of population of a nation. Size of population is the factor on
which national power rests.
 NATIONAL MORALE:, in the context of national power, refers to ‘the degree of
determination with which a nation supports the foreign policy of its government
in peace and war.

21.  Part three constitutes of chapter 8,9 and 10
 In this part, Han.J.Morgenthau also highlighted the concept of national power. He
discussed the nature of national power and its components, which include
geography, population, and natural resources, industrial capacity, military
preparation, such as technology, leadership, and the quality and quantity of
armies.

22. It is the task of those responsible for the foreign policy of a
nation and of those who mold public opinion with regard to
international affairs to evaluate correctly the bearing of
these factors upon the power of their own nation and of
other nations as well, and this task must be performed for
both the present and the future.

23. Other words, the concept of power is always a relative one.
When we say that the United States is at present one of
the two most powerful nations on earth, what we are
actually saying is that if we compare the power of the
United States with the power of all other nations, as they
exist at present, we find that the United States is more
powerful than all others save one.t. At the conclusion of
the First World War, France was the most powerful nation
on earth from a military point of view.

24. The aspiration for power on the part of several nations,
each trying either to maintain or overthrow the status
quo, leads of necessity to a configuration that is called the
balance of power
Whenever the equilibrium is disturbed either by an
outside force or by a change in one or the other elements
composing the system, the system shows a tendency to re-
establish either the original or a new equilibrium. Thus
equilibrium exists in the human body.

25. DIVIDE AND RULE
The other method of balancing the power of several
nations consists in adding to the strength of the weaker
nation.
This method can be carried out by two different means:
Either В can increase its power sufficiently to offset, if not
surpass, the power of A, and vice versa; or В can pool its
power with the power of all the other nations that pursue
identical policies with regard to A, in which case A will
pool its power with all the nations pursuing identical
policies with respect to B.

26. Local, Regional balance of power Local balance of power
seeks to checkmate only one power or state. Regional
balance of power aims to maintaining balance in a
particular geographical or political region. The United
States, for example, is an actor in all the regional balances
of power within the world.

27. The balance of power theory maintains that when one
state or alliance increases its power or applies it more
aggressively; threatened states will increase their own
power in response, often by forming a counter-balancing
coalition. Balance of Power is a central concept in
neorealist theory.

28. Yet the period in which that foreign policy flourished was
the golden age of the balance of power in theory as well as
in practice. It was during that period that most of the
literature on the balance of power was published and that
the princes of Europe looked to the balance of power as the
supreme principle to guide their conduct in foreign affair.

29.  District program Connects all the countries that are powerful with
dominating and dependent and system.
 In 16th century balance of power was in the hands of France
 In the latter part of the seventeenth century a separate balance of
power developed in Northern Europe out of the challenge with which
the rise of Swedish power confronted the nations adjacent to the
Baltic Sea. The transformation of Prussia into a first-rate power in
the eighteenth century brought about a particular German balance
of power, the other scale of which had Austria as its main weight.
This autonomous system, “a little Europe within the great,” was
dissolved only in 1866.

30.  STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE BALANCE OF POWER5
 In recent times the relations between the dominant balance of power
and the local systems have shown an ever increasing tendency to
change to the detriment of the autonomy of the local systems. The
reasons for this development lie in the structural changes that the
dominant balance of power has undergone since the First World War
and that became manifest in the Second. We have already indicated
the gradual expansion of the dominant balance – of – power system
from Western and Central Europe to the rest of the continent, and
from there to other continents, until finally the First World War saw
all the nations of the earth actively participating in a world – wide
balance of power.

31. Discussion of international morality must guard against
the two extremes of either overrating the influence of
ethics upon international politics or underestimating it by
denying that statesmen and diplomats are moved by
anything but considerations of material power.

32. “On the Right of Killing Enemies in a Public War and on
Other Violence against the Person,” Hugo Grotius presents
an impressive catalogue of acts of violence committed in
ancient history against enemy persons without
discrimination. Grotius himself, writing in the third
decade of the seventeenth century, still regarded most of
them as justified in law and ethics, provided the war was
waged for a just cause.

33. Part eight: The Problem of Peace: Peace through Limitations
Chapter: 18. Disarmament
Chapter: 19. Security
Chapter: 20. International Government
Chapter: 21. International Government:: The United Nation
Part Nine: The Problem of Peace: Peace through Transformation
Chapter: 22. The World State
Chapter: 23. The World Community
Part TEN:. The Problem of Peace: Peace through Accomodation
Chapter: 24 Diplomacy
Chapter: 25. The future of Diplomacy

34. Disarmament is the reduction or elimination of certain
or all armaments for the purpose of ending the
armament race.
Some basic distinction must be kept in mind
Disarmament: complete reduction of armaments. Arms
Control: is concerned with regulating the armaments
race for purpose of creating a measure of military
stability. General disarmament: a kind of disarmament
in which all the Nations concerned participate. Local
Disarmament: a kind of disarmament in which only a
limited number of nations are involved Quantitative
Disarmament: overall reduction of armaments of most

35. or all types. Qualitative Disarmament: it envisages the
reduction of only certain special types of armaments
such as aggressive weapons.
Arms Control in the Nuclear Age:: Arms Control is
concerned with regulating the armaments race for the
purpose of creating a measure of military stability.
Three different ways of regulating nuclear arms race.
 The states can limit the production of nuclear weapons
and delivery vehicles by unilateral actions. (e.g. US ,
USSR)
 Nations can control their armaments by the tacit
agreement. (US , USSR did from 1958 to 1961)
 Nations can control their armaments by formal
agreement.

36. Security: It is been observed that the solution for the
problem of disarmament doesn't lie within disarmament
itself But, they found it in security. It has been argued
that what is needed is To make Nations actually secure
from attacks by some new device and thus to give them a
feeling of security. At the End of First World War, the
politically active Nations legally committed to two such
Devices:
Collective Security: In a working system of collective
Security, the problem of security is no longer the concern
of the individual Nation, to be taken care of by
armaments and other elements of National power.

37. In Collective Security, Security becomes the concern of all
nations which will take care collectively of the security of
each of them as though their own security were at stake.
Example:: The Korean war
An International Police Force: The idea of an international
police force goes a step beyond collective Security in that
the application of collective force against an actual or
prospective lawbreakers no longer lies within the control of
the individual Nation. The international police would
operate under the command of an International agency,
which would decide when and how to employ it.

38. International Government owes it's Existence to the
recognition that peace and order are the products , not
of a specific device meeting a particular problem ،but of
the common bond that unites an integrated society
under a common authority and a common conception of
justice.
The HOLY ALLIANCE:
The International government of the Holy Alliances
was government by great powers. The foremost aim of
the Holy Alliances was to maintain order and peace in
the society The other fact is the determination of the
policies of all nations by their national interest

39. The Holy ALLIANCE then was a short lived experiment
that contributed nothing to the maintenance of
international peace. As an International Government
imposing it’s rules upon it’s sphere of domination, it was
successful for hardly more than a half decade
THE LEAGUE Of NATION::With the end of World War
One ,a new epoch began in the history of international
government. The League of Nation showed in its function
a great deal of similarity with the Holy Alliance.
Was a real organization with a legal personality, agents
and agencies of its own. Political agencies were:: the
Assembly, the Council and the permanent Secretariat.

40. composed of representatives of all member states. Council:
consists of permanent and nonpermanent members, each
state had one vote.
The International Government of the league of nations, at
least in the sphere of high policies, was a government of the
great powers with the advice and consent of all member
nations.
3 weaknesses of the League : Constitutional weakness ,
Structural weaknesses, Political Weaknesses. Failure of
League : It prevented no major war and it was ineffective in
maintaining international order. The influence of great
powers on the units of League

41. In its constitutional organization the UN resembles the
League of nations. It has three political agencies. the
GENERAL ASSEMBLY composed of all member of UN. the
SECURITY COUNCIL as political executive of UN (five
permanent members). The SECRETARIAT.
The United Nation According to the Charter The UN
Charter outlines the rights and duties of the Member States
and establishes the United Nations organs and procedures.
The purposes of the United Nations, as set forth in the
Charter are:
to maintain international peace and security
to develop friendly relations among nations

42. to cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural
and humanitarian problems and in promoting respect for
human rights and fundamental freedoms
Undefined principles of Justice
Five political purposes of actions 1)Maintenance of
international peace and security. 2)Collective Security.
3)Prohibition of use of force against the territorial integrity
4)Maintenance of justice and respect for the obligations
arising from treaties and other source of national law.
5)National Self-determination
The United Nations was paralyzed by the face-off between the
SC members (US, Russia, China). Major powers will never
willingly surrender any privilege or advantage.

43. Part NINE
The Problem of Peace: Peace through
Transformation
Chapter 22 : World State.
Chapter 23: World Community.

44. Peace and order among nations would be secure only within
a world State comprising all the nations of the earth. In
order to save the world from self destruction is not
limitation of the exercise of national sovereignty through
international obligations and institutions but the
transference of the sovereignties of individual nations to a
world authority. The transformation of existing
international society of sovereign nations into a
supranational community of individuals .
Condition of Domestic peace::The presence of three
conditions makes peace possible within nations And there
absence on international scene evokes the danger of war.
Suprasectional Loyalties: National societies are composed
of multiplicity of social groups. Different members of the
society play different roles at the same time.

45. Above all this they are also members of same national
society. Loyalty to the Nation is a paramount
commitment of all citizens.
Expectations of Justice:: In National societies the
problem of justice is posed on two levels One is the level
of general principles( common good of society Is defined)
shared by society as whole The other is the level of
specific claims advanced by particular groups.
Overwhelming power::Third factor of preserving peace
in society The overwhelming power manifests itself in
two different ways In the form of material force as a
monopoly of organized violence In the form of
irresistible social pressure.

46. The Role of State:: The states contribution to domestic
peace is indispensable, but it is not in itself sufficient.
Without the states contribution there could be no domestic
peace States functions for the maintenance of domestic
peace are threefold
State provide the legal continuity of the national society.
 States provide most of the institutionalized agencies and
processes of social change.
 State provides the agencies for the enforcement of its
laws.
Examples of world State: Switzerland has been able to
unite twenty two sovereign states.

47. The world community is a community of moral judgements
and political actions, not of intellectual endowment and
esthetic appreciation.
THE CULTURAL APPROACH: UNESCO The purpose of
the organization is to contribute to peace and security by
promoting collaboration among the Nations through
education, science and culture in order to further universal
respect for justice, for the rule of law and for the human
rights and fundamental freedoms which are affirmed for the
people of the world without distinction of the gender, race
language or religion by the charter of UN.

48. Three purposes of UNESCO
Cultural Development and Peace, Cultural Unity and
Peace, International Understanding and Peace
The FUNCTIONAL APPROACH:
The specialized agencies of UN have pointed a way. they are
autonomous organizations offering their existence to
particular agreements among a number of states whose
identity differ from agency to Edinson. They have their own
constitutions their own budgets, their own policymaking
and administrative bodies, and each agency has a
membership of its own

49. E.g. International Labor Organization, Food and
Agriculture Organization, International bank for
Reconstruction and Development, IMF , UNESCO,
World Health Organization The Specialized
agencies of the UN serving peoples all over the
world regardless of national boundaries.

50. Part : TEN
The Problem of Peace: Peace through
Transformation
Chapter 24 : Diplomacy
Chapter 25: The Future of Diplomacy

51. Diplomacy is the art and science of maintaining
peaceful relationships between nations, groups, or
individuals
FOUR TASKS OF DIPLOMACY
1) Diplomacy must determines its objectives in the
light of power actually and potentially available for
the pursuit of these objectives. 2) Diplomacy must
assess the objectives of other Nations. 3) Diplomacy
must determine to what extent these different
objectives are compatible with each other. 4)
Diplomacy must employ the means suited to the

52. its objectives.
These four tasks of Diplomacy are the basic elements of
which foreign policy consists everywhere and at all time.
INSTRUMENTS OF DIPLOMACY
The organized instruments of Diplomacy are two::
Foreign Office in the capitals of the respective nations
The diplomatic representatives sent by foreign offices to
the capitals of foreign nations The foreign Office is the
policy forming agency Foreign office is the brains of
foreign policy, the diplomatic representatives are it's
eyes, ear and mouth, it's fingerprints.

53. The DIPLOMAT fulfills three basic functions for his
government Symbolic Representation Legal
Representation Political Representation
THE DECLINE OF DIPLOMACY::In the end of Second
world war Diplomacy has lost its vitality. Few factors
account for that decline
 Development of Communication
 Depreciation of Diplomacy
 Diplomacy by Parliamentary Procedures

54. The best that can be hoped for is a system of diplomacy
that will strive at all times to settle disputes.
How Can Diplomacy Be Revived?
The revival of Diplomacy requires the elimination of the
factors which caused the declination of Diplomacy
especially the depreciation of Diplomacy. If nations who
are sovereign, who are supreme within their territories
want to preserve peace and order in their relations, they
must try to persuade, negotiate and exert pressure upon
each other.
Diplomacy is just the element of National power.

55. THE PROMISE OF DIPLOMACY: ITS NINE RULES
Four Fundamental Rules:
1) This is the first of the rule that Diplomacy can neglect
only at the risk of war.
2) The objectives of Foreign policy must be defined in
terms of national interest and must be supported with
adequate power.
3) Diplomacy must look at the Political scene from the
point of view of other nations.
4) Nations must be willing to compromise on all issues
that are not vital to them.

56. Five Prerequisites of Compromise:
1) Give up the Shadow of Worthless Rights for the substance
of real advantage.
2) Never put yourself in a position from which you cannot
Retreat without losing face.
3) Never allow a weak Ally to make decisions for you.
4) The Armed Forces are the instrument of foreign policy, Not
it’s Masters.
5) The Government is the leader of Public Opinion, Not it’s
slave

57. Problem of Peace:: Peace Through limitation,
Transformation & Accommodation discusses three
potential approaches to this, peace through limitation
(disarmament, security agreements) but asserts that
they will not be able to remove the underlying
insecurity felt by states. Second is peace through
transformation (into a world state), but he asserts that
a prerequisite of a world state is an international
community with agreement on the meaning of justice.
The only way to build this is through the third means,
peace through accommodation. In this, he argues that
diplomacy must be used to slowly build an
international society through deft political calculations
of power.

58. In a nutshell, I want to say that if someone wants a complete
understanding of all the topics related to political realism,
Diplomacy, balance of power, foreign policy, national interest,
national power, policy of prestige then he or she should must
read this book. It is very good book for understanding the
basis of International relations and politics. The six
principles of political realism is Morgenthous remarkable
achievements. In his book, he is also concerned with peace
and discussed the problems of peace. He was of the view that
peace can restored in this world by following of strategy of
disarmament, collective security, by making alliances like
league of nation and international government like United