Bulgaria has a parliamentary republic system of government. The prime minister is the head of government and leads a multi-party system. Executive power is held by the government while both the government and parliament hold legislative power. Since 1989 Bulgaria has transitioned from a single-party communist system to a more balanced multi-party democracy, currently led by Boyko Borisov's center-right GERB party.
Information note by the co-rapporteurs on their fact-finding visit to Tbilisi and Batumi (11-14 October 2011)1. Co-rapporteurs: Mr Kastriot ISLAMI, Albania, Socialist group, and Mr Michael Aastrup JENSEN, Denmark, Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
This document provides information on the government and politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It details that Bosnia and Herzegovina has a parliamentary democracy established by the Dayton Accords, with power shared between a central government and the two main entities, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska. It also describes the roles of the tripartite Presidency, Council of Ministers, Parliamentary Assembly and Office of the High Representative established by the peace agreement.
This document provides information about the political party Harmony Centre in Latvia. It discusses that Harmony Centre is a political alliance founded in 2005 comprising the Social Democratic Party "Harmony" and the Socialist Party of Latvia. The alliance is chaired by Nils Ušakovs and represents the interests of Latvia's Russian-speaking population. It has been the second largest opposition party in Latvia's parliament and the second most voted party in Latvia's European Parliament elections.
Election observation is a priority for the Congress of the Council of Europe. It helps to ensure the integrity of elections and build voter confidence at grassroots level.
Malta is a small island country in the Mediterranean Sea south of Sicily. It has a parliamentary democratic republic government with the President as head of state and the Prime Minister as head of government. Executive power is vested in the President and exercised through the Prime Minister and cabinet. Legislative power lies with the unicameral House of Representatives. Politics have been dominated by the center-right Nationalist Party and center-left Labour Party since independence. The current President is George Abela and the current Prime Minister is Joseph Muscat of the Labour Party.
The Centre of Policy and Legal Reform continued implementing ongoing projects from previous years in most areas of activity. A key focus in 2018 was developing the Public Law and Administration Network to involve experts from major Ukrainian cities in reform processes. The State Bureau of Investigations began operating, achieving a long-term goal of the Centre. However, many areas saw decreasing reform potential from authorities as politicians began focusing on the 2019 elections. The Centre initiated an Electoral Council to promote meaningful election campaigns focused on social issues rather than populism. 2019 will be challenging due to the elections but the Centre remains committed to supporting European reforms in Ukraine.
The document provides information on the geography, religion, and political system of Lithuania. It describes Lithuania as a parliamentary republic located in Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea between Poland and Latvia. The majority religion is Roman Catholicism, though some Lithuanian pagan traditions remain. The political system has three branches of government - an executive branch led by the President and Prime Minister, a unicameral legislative branch called the Seimas, and an independent judicial branch. It also profiles the current President Dalia Grybauskaitė and Prime Minister Algirdas Butkevičius, as well as some of Lithuania's major political parties.
The Election Commission of India is a permanent constitutional body that oversees elections in the world's largest democracy. It has sole authority to conduct free and fair elections according to constitutional provisions and electoral laws. The Commission consists of the Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners, who are appointed by the President for six-year terms. It oversees a massive election machinery involving millions of personnel to manage elections across diverse regions of India.
Information note by the co-rapporteurs on their fact-finding visit to Tbilisi and Batumi (11-14 October 2011)1. Co-rapporteurs: Mr Kastriot ISLAMI, Albania, Socialist group, and Mr Michael Aastrup JENSEN, Denmark, Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
This document provides information on the government and politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It details that Bosnia and Herzegovina has a parliamentary democracy established by the Dayton Accords, with power shared between a central government and the two main entities, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska. It also describes the roles of the tripartite Presidency, Council of Ministers, Parliamentary Assembly and Office of the High Representative established by the peace agreement.
This document provides information about the political party Harmony Centre in Latvia. It discusses that Harmony Centre is a political alliance founded in 2005 comprising the Social Democratic Party "Harmony" and the Socialist Party of Latvia. The alliance is chaired by Nils Ušakovs and represents the interests of Latvia's Russian-speaking population. It has been the second largest opposition party in Latvia's parliament and the second most voted party in Latvia's European Parliament elections.
Election observation is a priority for the Congress of the Council of Europe. It helps to ensure the integrity of elections and build voter confidence at grassroots level.
Malta is a small island country in the Mediterranean Sea south of Sicily. It has a parliamentary democratic republic government with the President as head of state and the Prime Minister as head of government. Executive power is vested in the President and exercised through the Prime Minister and cabinet. Legislative power lies with the unicameral House of Representatives. Politics have been dominated by the center-right Nationalist Party and center-left Labour Party since independence. The current President is George Abela and the current Prime Minister is Joseph Muscat of the Labour Party.
The Centre of Policy and Legal Reform continued implementing ongoing projects from previous years in most areas of activity. A key focus in 2018 was developing the Public Law and Administration Network to involve experts from major Ukrainian cities in reform processes. The State Bureau of Investigations began operating, achieving a long-term goal of the Centre. However, many areas saw decreasing reform potential from authorities as politicians began focusing on the 2019 elections. The Centre initiated an Electoral Council to promote meaningful election campaigns focused on social issues rather than populism. 2019 will be challenging due to the elections but the Centre remains committed to supporting European reforms in Ukraine.
The document provides information on the geography, religion, and political system of Lithuania. It describes Lithuania as a parliamentary republic located in Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea between Poland and Latvia. The majority religion is Roman Catholicism, though some Lithuanian pagan traditions remain. The political system has three branches of government - an executive branch led by the President and Prime Minister, a unicameral legislative branch called the Seimas, and an independent judicial branch. It also profiles the current President Dalia Grybauskaitė and Prime Minister Algirdas Butkevičius, as well as some of Lithuania's major political parties.
The Election Commission of India is a permanent constitutional body that oversees elections in the world's largest democracy. It has sole authority to conduct free and fair elections according to constitutional provisions and electoral laws. The Commission consists of the Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners, who are appointed by the President for six-year terms. It oversees a massive election machinery involving millions of personnel to manage elections across diverse regions of India.
According to the results of monitoring in April-August 2018, the human rights platform «Uspishna Varta» recorded 99 violations of political rights and freedoms. From these, 62 cases (63%) were related to the violation of the right to freedom of speech and opinion.
28% of all recorded violations of political rights and freedoms involved right-wing radical organizations, primarily C14, “National Druzhina”, “Bratstvo”, “Right Sector”, etc. In general, the collective actions of law enforcement agencies (SBU, the Prosecutor General’s office, the State Border Service, and the National Police) led to the violation of political rights and freedoms in 26% of recorded cases.
41% of the recorded cases (40) violated the rights of journalists – both Ukrainian and foreign; in addition, the rights of some media companies were also violated (15 cases, 16%). Among the categories of persons whose rights are violated it is also necessary to mention political parties and/ or individual politicians (mainly the left-wing ideological agenda), as well as public activists (13% and 10% of the recorded facts, respectively).
The document summarizes the key political institutions in Hungary's political system. It describes the roles and processes of the government, parliament, president, constitutional court, and ombudsmen. The government is led by a prime minister who is nominated by the party that wins the most votes. The prime minister selects ministers and runs the country. The parliament makes laws, controls the government, and can replace the prime minister with a vote of no confidence. The president has a largely ceremonial role. The constitutional court and ombudsmen protect citizens' rights and ensure laws comply with the constitution.
The document provides an overview of Finland's political system. Key points include:
- Finland has a parliamentary representative democratic republic system with a multi-party system. The president is head of state and conducts foreign policy while the prime minister is head of government.
- Legislative power lies with parliament. The judiciary is independent of the other branches.
- Major political parties include the National Coalition Party, Social Democratic Party, Centre Party, and True Finns party.
- The president nominates the prime minister and government, but executive power lies with the cabinet led by the prime minister.
Liechtenstein is a constitutional monarchy where the Prince and democratically elected parliament share power. It has a two-party system dominated by the conservative Progressive Citizens' Party and the liberal-conservative Patriotic Union. The Prince serves as head of state and has extensive political powers, while the cabinet exercises executive power and the parliament legislative power. Citizens also have strong direct democratic rights through referendums.
Raporti Mbi Shqiperine ... Raport Su AlbaniaAleks Sandro
The document summarizes political and civil liberties in Albania according to a 2009 report by Freedom House. It describes Albania as a parliamentary democracy with two dominant political parties. However, elections are only partly free due to issues like fraud. Corruption is widespread. While freedoms of expression, religion, and association are generally respected, the media faces intimidation and pressure from powerful political and business interests. The judiciary is inefficient and subject to political influence.
Hungary has a parliamentary democracy where the government is responsible to the parliament. The political system uses a mixed electoral system with both proportional representation and single-seat constituencies. Voters cast two votes, one for a candidate in their district and one for a political party. At least 5% of the national vote is required for a party to gain seats. The parliament has 386 members elected through this process.
The document provides an overview of Austria's political system and government. It discusses that Austria is a federal parliamentary republic with a Federal Chancellor as head of government and Federal President as head of state. Executive power is held by both local and federal governments. The two dominant political parties are the conservative Austrian People's Party and the center-left Social Democratic Party of Austria. It also summarizes the roles and backgrounds of the current Federal President, Chancellor, and President of the National Council.
The document provides information about the European Parliament. It outlines the Parliament's responsibilities which include passing European laws, providing democratic supervision over other EU institutions, and exercising power over the EU budget. The Parliament has 736 members from 27 EU countries who are directly elected every five years. It holds meetings in Brussels, Belgium and Strasbourg, France and has administrative offices in Luxembourg.
The European Parliament represents citizens of the European Union and is made up of 751 members elected from the 28 EU member states. It has legislative, supervisory, and budgetary responsibilities, including passing EU laws with the Council, questioning EU institutions, and establishing the EU budget with the Council. Members are grouped by political interests into seven European political groups rather than by nationality.
The political system of Belarus functions as a presidential republic with a rubber stamp parliament dominated by President Alexander Lukashenko, who has held power since 1994. Legislative power is shared between the upper Council of the Republic and lower House of Representatives, which meet twice yearly for sessions lasting up to 80 and 90 days respectively. Key opposition parties include the Communist Party of Belarus and the Liberal Democratic Party, though Lukashenko's bloc holds the majority in the National Assembly.
Etihad Airways is the national airline of the United Arab Emirates. The document provides links to three YouTube videos related to Etihad Airways: a promotional video for Etihad Airways, a video showcasing Etihad Airways' new business class seats, and a video touring the Etihad Airways lounge at Abu Dhabi International Airport.
The document summarizes the history of Paris from its beginnings as a settlement of Celtic Gauls called the Parisii over 2000 years ago to its current status as a global center of culture and tourism. It describes how Paris was conquered by the Romans and renamed Lutetia before being taken over by the Franks and their King Clovis I. Key events included the founding of Notre Dame Cathedral and the University of Paris in the Middle Ages, the French Revolution in the late 18th century, and Baron Haussmann's modernization project in the 19th century. Major construction projects like the Eiffel Tower and expansion of the metro system transformed Paris into a world-class capital. Paris suffered damage in World War II but
Finnair is Finland's flag carrier airline and biggest airline. It is headquartered in Vantaa, Finland and its main hub is Helsinki-Vantaa Airport. Finnair and its subsidiaries dominate air travel within Finland and to global destinations. The Government of Finland owns 55.8% of Finnair. It has two cargo subsidiaries and is a member of the Oneworld airline alliance. Finnair operates flights to destinations in Asia, North America, and Europe from its Helsinki hub.
The Beatles were a highly influential rock band formed in Liverpool, England in 1960. Originally consisting of John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Stuart Sutcliffe and Pete Best, they became one of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed acts in the history of popular music. Between 1963-1970, they released 12 studio albums including Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band and Abbey Road, and had many hit singles such as "Hey Jude" and "Come Together." Following their breakup in 1970, they pursued solo careers but remain one of the best-selling artists of all time.
Estonia is a northern European country that borders the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland. Its capital and largest city is Tallinn. The official language is Estonian, though Russian is also spoken. Estonia has a parliamentary republic government and is a member of the EU, Eurozone, NATO, and OECD. The unicameral parliament is the Riigikogu. Major political parties include the Reform Party, Centre Party, Pro Patria and Res Publica Union, and Social Democratic Party. The president is Toomas Hendrik Ilves and the prime minister is Andrus Ansip. Less than one-third of Estonians belong to a religion, most being Lutheran or Russian Orthodox.
Martin Van Buren had a long political career, serving as governor of New York, secretary of state, vice president, and president from 1837-1841. As president, he took office during a financial crisis known as the Panic of 1837. He established an independent treasury system and avoided war with Canada over a border dispute. Van Buren opposed the admission of Texas to the Union as a slave state, which increased sectional tensions. Though he lost reelection in 1840, Van Buren remained active in Democratic politics later in his life.
Delta Air Lines is a major US airline headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. It operates an extensive domestic and international network serving all continents except Antarctica. Delta's main hub is Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, which is the world's busiest airport. Delta is a founding member of the SkyTeam airline alliance and has a loyalty program called SkyMiles.
The document summarizes the political system and government of the Republic of Macedonia. It describes the country's parliamentary republic system, with an elected President as head of state and Prime Minister as head of government. It provides details on the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government, as well as the major political parties and current office holders. Key figures discussed include President Gjorge Ivanov and Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski.
Portugal has a parliamentary democratic republic government with an executive branch led by a Prime Minister and Council of Ministers. Legislative power is shared between the government and the unicameral Assembly of the Republic. The two main political parties are the center-right Social Democratic Party currently in power, and the center-left Socialist Party which is now the opposition. Pedro Passos Coelho of the Social Democratic Party has been Prime Minister since 2011.
The document discusses several key institutions of the European Union (EU). It describes the European Commission as the executive and initiating body of the EU that has 27 members and oversees policy implementation. It also describes the roles of the Council of the European Union, European Parliament, European Court of Justice, European Court of Auditors, European Central Bank, and European Bank for Reconstruction and Development within the EU system.
How Government Works in Ukraine (14.08.2018)radaprogram
Ukraine has a unicameral parliament called the Verkhovna Rada, which has 450 members. The Rada exercises legislative power and oversees the Cabinet of Ministers and other government bodies. Bills can be proposed by members of parliament, the cabinet, or the president, and must pass three readings in parliament before being signed into law. Major political factions in the current Rada include Petro Poroshenko Bloc, People's Front, Opposition Bloc, and non-affiliated members. The Rada is also divided into committees that handle specific policy areas.
How Government Works in Ukraine (14.02.2018)radaprogram
Ukraine has a unicameral parliament called the Verkhovna Rada which is made up of 450 members of parliament. The Rada performs legislative, representative, and oversight functions. There are currently six factions and two groups within the Rada. A coalition must have over 226 members. The largest factions are Petro Poroshenko Bloc with 135 members and People's Front with 81 members. There are 27 committees that review legislation before it reaches the full Rada for consideration. The legislative process involves bills going through three readings before being sent to the president.
According to the results of monitoring in April-August 2018, the human rights platform «Uspishna Varta» recorded 99 violations of political rights and freedoms. From these, 62 cases (63%) were related to the violation of the right to freedom of speech and opinion.
28% of all recorded violations of political rights and freedoms involved right-wing radical organizations, primarily C14, “National Druzhina”, “Bratstvo”, “Right Sector”, etc. In general, the collective actions of law enforcement agencies (SBU, the Prosecutor General’s office, the State Border Service, and the National Police) led to the violation of political rights and freedoms in 26% of recorded cases.
41% of the recorded cases (40) violated the rights of journalists – both Ukrainian and foreign; in addition, the rights of some media companies were also violated (15 cases, 16%). Among the categories of persons whose rights are violated it is also necessary to mention political parties and/ or individual politicians (mainly the left-wing ideological agenda), as well as public activists (13% and 10% of the recorded facts, respectively).
The document summarizes the key political institutions in Hungary's political system. It describes the roles and processes of the government, parliament, president, constitutional court, and ombudsmen. The government is led by a prime minister who is nominated by the party that wins the most votes. The prime minister selects ministers and runs the country. The parliament makes laws, controls the government, and can replace the prime minister with a vote of no confidence. The president has a largely ceremonial role. The constitutional court and ombudsmen protect citizens' rights and ensure laws comply with the constitution.
The document provides an overview of Finland's political system. Key points include:
- Finland has a parliamentary representative democratic republic system with a multi-party system. The president is head of state and conducts foreign policy while the prime minister is head of government.
- Legislative power lies with parliament. The judiciary is independent of the other branches.
- Major political parties include the National Coalition Party, Social Democratic Party, Centre Party, and True Finns party.
- The president nominates the prime minister and government, but executive power lies with the cabinet led by the prime minister.
Liechtenstein is a constitutional monarchy where the Prince and democratically elected parliament share power. It has a two-party system dominated by the conservative Progressive Citizens' Party and the liberal-conservative Patriotic Union. The Prince serves as head of state and has extensive political powers, while the cabinet exercises executive power and the parliament legislative power. Citizens also have strong direct democratic rights through referendums.
Raporti Mbi Shqiperine ... Raport Su AlbaniaAleks Sandro
The document summarizes political and civil liberties in Albania according to a 2009 report by Freedom House. It describes Albania as a parliamentary democracy with two dominant political parties. However, elections are only partly free due to issues like fraud. Corruption is widespread. While freedoms of expression, religion, and association are generally respected, the media faces intimidation and pressure from powerful political and business interests. The judiciary is inefficient and subject to political influence.
Hungary has a parliamentary democracy where the government is responsible to the parliament. The political system uses a mixed electoral system with both proportional representation and single-seat constituencies. Voters cast two votes, one for a candidate in their district and one for a political party. At least 5% of the national vote is required for a party to gain seats. The parliament has 386 members elected through this process.
The document provides an overview of Austria's political system and government. It discusses that Austria is a federal parliamentary republic with a Federal Chancellor as head of government and Federal President as head of state. Executive power is held by both local and federal governments. The two dominant political parties are the conservative Austrian People's Party and the center-left Social Democratic Party of Austria. It also summarizes the roles and backgrounds of the current Federal President, Chancellor, and President of the National Council.
The document provides information about the European Parliament. It outlines the Parliament's responsibilities which include passing European laws, providing democratic supervision over other EU institutions, and exercising power over the EU budget. The Parliament has 736 members from 27 EU countries who are directly elected every five years. It holds meetings in Brussels, Belgium and Strasbourg, France and has administrative offices in Luxembourg.
The European Parliament represents citizens of the European Union and is made up of 751 members elected from the 28 EU member states. It has legislative, supervisory, and budgetary responsibilities, including passing EU laws with the Council, questioning EU institutions, and establishing the EU budget with the Council. Members are grouped by political interests into seven European political groups rather than by nationality.
The political system of Belarus functions as a presidential republic with a rubber stamp parliament dominated by President Alexander Lukashenko, who has held power since 1994. Legislative power is shared between the upper Council of the Republic and lower House of Representatives, which meet twice yearly for sessions lasting up to 80 and 90 days respectively. Key opposition parties include the Communist Party of Belarus and the Liberal Democratic Party, though Lukashenko's bloc holds the majority in the National Assembly.
Etihad Airways is the national airline of the United Arab Emirates. The document provides links to three YouTube videos related to Etihad Airways: a promotional video for Etihad Airways, a video showcasing Etihad Airways' new business class seats, and a video touring the Etihad Airways lounge at Abu Dhabi International Airport.
The document summarizes the history of Paris from its beginnings as a settlement of Celtic Gauls called the Parisii over 2000 years ago to its current status as a global center of culture and tourism. It describes how Paris was conquered by the Romans and renamed Lutetia before being taken over by the Franks and their King Clovis I. Key events included the founding of Notre Dame Cathedral and the University of Paris in the Middle Ages, the French Revolution in the late 18th century, and Baron Haussmann's modernization project in the 19th century. Major construction projects like the Eiffel Tower and expansion of the metro system transformed Paris into a world-class capital. Paris suffered damage in World War II but
Finnair is Finland's flag carrier airline and biggest airline. It is headquartered in Vantaa, Finland and its main hub is Helsinki-Vantaa Airport. Finnair and its subsidiaries dominate air travel within Finland and to global destinations. The Government of Finland owns 55.8% of Finnair. It has two cargo subsidiaries and is a member of the Oneworld airline alliance. Finnair operates flights to destinations in Asia, North America, and Europe from its Helsinki hub.
The Beatles were a highly influential rock band formed in Liverpool, England in 1960. Originally consisting of John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Stuart Sutcliffe and Pete Best, they became one of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed acts in the history of popular music. Between 1963-1970, they released 12 studio albums including Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band and Abbey Road, and had many hit singles such as "Hey Jude" and "Come Together." Following their breakup in 1970, they pursued solo careers but remain one of the best-selling artists of all time.
Estonia is a northern European country that borders the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland. Its capital and largest city is Tallinn. The official language is Estonian, though Russian is also spoken. Estonia has a parliamentary republic government and is a member of the EU, Eurozone, NATO, and OECD. The unicameral parliament is the Riigikogu. Major political parties include the Reform Party, Centre Party, Pro Patria and Res Publica Union, and Social Democratic Party. The president is Toomas Hendrik Ilves and the prime minister is Andrus Ansip. Less than one-third of Estonians belong to a religion, most being Lutheran or Russian Orthodox.
Martin Van Buren had a long political career, serving as governor of New York, secretary of state, vice president, and president from 1837-1841. As president, he took office during a financial crisis known as the Panic of 1837. He established an independent treasury system and avoided war with Canada over a border dispute. Van Buren opposed the admission of Texas to the Union as a slave state, which increased sectional tensions. Though he lost reelection in 1840, Van Buren remained active in Democratic politics later in his life.
Delta Air Lines is a major US airline headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. It operates an extensive domestic and international network serving all continents except Antarctica. Delta's main hub is Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, which is the world's busiest airport. Delta is a founding member of the SkyTeam airline alliance and has a loyalty program called SkyMiles.
The document summarizes the political system and government of the Republic of Macedonia. It describes the country's parliamentary republic system, with an elected President as head of state and Prime Minister as head of government. It provides details on the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government, as well as the major political parties and current office holders. Key figures discussed include President Gjorge Ivanov and Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski.
Portugal has a parliamentary democratic republic government with an executive branch led by a Prime Minister and Council of Ministers. Legislative power is shared between the government and the unicameral Assembly of the Republic. The two main political parties are the center-right Social Democratic Party currently in power, and the center-left Socialist Party which is now the opposition. Pedro Passos Coelho of the Social Democratic Party has been Prime Minister since 2011.
The document discusses several key institutions of the European Union (EU). It describes the European Commission as the executive and initiating body of the EU that has 27 members and oversees policy implementation. It also describes the roles of the Council of the European Union, European Parliament, European Court of Justice, European Court of Auditors, European Central Bank, and European Bank for Reconstruction and Development within the EU system.
How Government Works in Ukraine (14.08.2018)radaprogram
Ukraine has a unicameral parliament called the Verkhovna Rada, which has 450 members. The Rada exercises legislative power and oversees the Cabinet of Ministers and other government bodies. Bills can be proposed by members of parliament, the cabinet, or the president, and must pass three readings in parliament before being signed into law. Major political factions in the current Rada include Petro Poroshenko Bloc, People's Front, Opposition Bloc, and non-affiliated members. The Rada is also divided into committees that handle specific policy areas.
How Government Works in Ukraine (14.02.2018)radaprogram
Ukraine has a unicameral parliament called the Verkhovna Rada which is made up of 450 members of parliament. The Rada performs legislative, representative, and oversight functions. There are currently six factions and two groups within the Rada. A coalition must have over 226 members. The largest factions are Petro Poroshenko Bloc with 135 members and People's Front with 81 members. There are 27 committees that review legislation before it reaches the full Rada for consideration. The legislative process involves bills going through three readings before being sent to the president.
The document summarizes key aspects of government structure and process in Ukraine as of February 2018. It outlines that Ukraine has a unicameral parliament called the Verkhovna Rada, which has 450 members. It also describes the main branches of government - the legislative, executive, and judicial. The document then provides details on the composition and factions within parliament, the legislative process, and leadership positions.
Ukraine has a unicameral parliament called the Verkhovna Rada which has 450 members. The Rada exercises legislative power and oversees the Cabinet of Ministers and other branches of government. Members of parliament form factions and groups based on their political views. Currently the largest factions are from the Petro Poroshenko Bloc and People's Front parties. In 2014, a coalition called "European Ukraine" was formed but it has lost members over time and its current membership is unclear. The Opposition Bloc is considered the main opposition party while some smaller groups take opposition or non-coalition stances.
The document summarizes key aspects of government structure and process in Ukraine as of November 30, 2016. It outlines that Ukraine has a unicameral parliament called the Verkhovna Rada, with 450 members elected for 5-year terms. It also describes the main branches of government - executive, legislative, judicial - and notes the Verkhovna Rada is composed of 6 factions and 2 groups as of that date. Additionally, it provides details on the legislative process in Ukraine and the various committees that operate within the Rada.
Probation and Probation Services in the EU accession countries, Chapter II, Probation in Bulgaria, author Daniel Stoyanov.
The Chapter describes the probation activities and the stage of Probation developments up to 2002. The book is the first from the series of CEP Probation in Europe.
Tajikistan has a presidential republic political system dominated by President Emomalii Rahmon and his party, the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan. Rahmon has been president since 1994 and wields significant power, having eliminated political opponents. Legislative power is shared between the executive branch and the Supreme Assembly, which is also dominated by Rahmon's party. Local government has representative and executive branches. While elections occur, they are not considered free and fair by observers due to state interference.
Poland has a democratic system of government with separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The legislature consists of the lower Sejm chamber with 460 members elected for 4-year terms, and the upper Senate chamber with 100 members also elected for 4-year terms. The president serves as head of state for 5-year terms and has veto power over legislation. The prime minister is the head of government and leads the Council of Ministers. National elections for president and parliament are held every 4-5 years and are universal, direct, secret, equal and either proportional or majority-based. The ruling parties are Civic Platform and the Peasants Party in coalition since 2011.
Croatia has a parliamentary democratic republic system of government. The President serves as head of state and is elected to a 5-year term, while the Prime Minister leads the government as head of the executive branch. Legislative power lies with the unicameral Sabor parliament. The judiciary is independent and Croatia has a three-tiered court system headed by the Supreme Court. The current President and Prime Minister are Ivo Josipović and Zoran Milanović, respectively.
Bulgaria has several key democratic institutions: the National Assembly (legislature), Council of Ministers (executive branch), Constitutional Court, and President (head of state). The National Assembly exercises legislative power and oversight of the government. The Council of Ministers directs domestic and foreign policy. The Constitutional Court is a new institution that provides binding interpretations of the Constitution and acts as a check on the other branches of power. The President is both head of state and has certain functions and powers defined by the Constitution.
Montenegro has a parliamentary democratic republic system of government. The Prime Minister is the head of government and leads a multi-party coalition. Executive power lies with the government while legislative power is shared between the government and the Parliament. The judiciary is independent. Key figures include President Filip Vujanović and Prime Minister Milo Đukanović, who leads the governing Democratic Party of Socialists. The country has a multi-party system without any single dominant party, requiring coalition governments. The Parliament passes laws and approves treaties and budgets. The legal system is based on separation of powers. Montenegro declared independence from Serbia in 2006.
Bulgaria is a parliamentary republic with a multi-party system. The president is the head of state elected to a five-year term, while the prime minister is the head of government. The unicameral National Assembly consists of 240 members elected to four-year terms who pass laws and elect the prime minister. Local governments are led by township councils elected to four-year terms. Major political parties include GERB, the Bulgarian Socialist Party, and the Movement for Rights and Freedoms.
The European Commission acts as the executive branch of the European Union. It is composed of one commissioner from each member state, and it proposes and enforces legislation. The Commission represents the EU internationally in areas like trade negotiations. It is headquartered in Brussels with offices in Luxembourg and representations across the EU. The European Parliament represents EU citizens and is directly elected every five years. Along with the Council, it approves EU legislation and budgets. The Council represents EU governments and is composed of ministers from each member state. It defines EU foreign policy, security policy, and coordinates economic policies.
How Does the Bulgarian Political System WorkForeigner BG
Bulgaria has a parliamentary republic system with separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The unicameral National Assembly consists of 240 deputies elected to four-year terms. The president is elected to a five-year term with one chance for reelection and serves as head of state and commander-in-chief. The Council of Ministers enacts policies in accordance with the constitution and laws. The judiciary protects citizens' rights through a system of regional, district, appellate, and supreme courts. Bulgaria is divided into 28 provinces governed by mayors and municipal councils elected to four-year terms, and has 17 representatives in the European Parliament.
The Czech Republic has a two-chamber parliamentary system consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The Chamber of Deputies has 200 members elected every 4 years and is responsible for proposing and approving laws. The Senate has 81 members with one third elected every 2 years for 6 year terms. It can delay but not veto laws passed by the Chamber. The government is led by a prime minister and is responsible for implementing laws and policies. It consists of 16 ministries overseeing areas like foreign affairs, defense, and education.
The document provides an overview of the government and politics of Romania. It discusses Romania's semi-presidential system and notes that executive power is exercised by the government while legislative power is shared between the government and the two chambers of parliament. It also summarizes the role of the president, prime minister, and various governmental bodies like the parliament, constitutional court, and local governments.
The document summarizes Romania's system of government. Romania has a semi-presidential, representative democratic republic. The Prime Minister is the head of government while the President is the head of state. Legislative power is shared between the government and the two-chamber parliament. The judiciary is independent. Elections are held to select the President for a maximum of two 5-year terms and members of the Chamber of Deputies and Senate for 4-year terms. Political power is divided among several parties due to the multiparty system.
The history, economy, and culture of JENA, a university city in east-central Germany and one of the most important cities in the federal state of Thuringia.
Mexico has a long history with numerous indigenous civilizations. It gained independence from Spain in the early 19th century and is now a federal presidential republic. Mexico has experienced economic challenges in recent decades due to the global financial crisis and drug violence. It has a population of over 125 million people and its largest ethnic group is Mestizo.
The major events of the RUSSIAN REVOLUTION, a series of two revolutions in RUSSIA in 1917. The first revolution in March (O.S. February) deposed TSAR NICHOLAS II. The second revolution in November (O.S. October) toppled the Provisional Government and handed power to the Bolsheviks, giving way to the rise of the SOVIET UNION (U.S.S.R.), the world's first communist state.
The history of trade unions, from the dawn of the labor movement in Great Britain, mainland Europe, and the United States in the 19th century to the successes and challenges in the 20th and 21st centuries.
A presentation about socialism, a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
Eindhoven is a city in the southern Netherlands located along the Dommel River. It has a population of over 229,000, making it the fifth largest city in the Netherlands. Eindhoven emerged in the early 20th century as a major business center due to the founding of Philips electronics company in 1891. While Philips relocated its headquarters, Eindhoven remains an important technology center. Eindhoven also has factories for DAF trucks and is a rail and canal transportation hub connected to nearby Eindhoven Airport. The city has several institutions of higher education including Eindhoven University of Technology and museums such as the Van Abbemuseum.
Denmark is a Scandinavian country located in Northern Europe. It has a total area of 43,094 square km and a population of over 5.6 million people. Denmark joined NATO in 1949 and the European Union in 1973, but has opted out of adopting the euro currency or participating in the EU's defense cooperation. The country has a highly developed economy and ranks highly in quality of life, education, healthcare, civil liberties and human development.
Armenia has a long history of domination by foreign empires and was the first country to adopt Christianity. It declared independence in 1918 but was invaded by Soviet Russia in 1920. Armenia has ongoing territorial disputes with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh. The country has a population of over 3 million people, most of whom are ethnic Armenian. Armenia has a unitary parliamentary republic government and became independent from the Soviet Union in 1991.
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A brief history of the formerly Hungarian city Cluj-Napoca (German: Klausenburg; Hungarian: Kolozsvár; Medieval Latin: Castrum Clus, Claudiopolis; Yiddish: קלויזנבורג, Kloiznburg), a Romanian city since 1920. Historic sites are also included in this presentation.
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Iceland was originally settled by Norse and Celtic immigrants in the 9th-10th centuries AD. It established the world's oldest existing legislative assembly, the Althingi, in 930 AD. Iceland gained independence from Norway and Denmark in the early 20th century. The island's economy depends highly on industries like fishing and tourism. Iceland has a unitary parliamentary republic government and is known for its natural beauty, literacy rate, and Nordic social policies.
2. Bulgaria’s political system: Introduction
Bulgarian politics function in a structure of a parliamentary representative democratic
republic, in which the PM is head of government and of a multi-party system.
The government exercises executive power.
Both the government and the National Assembly hold legislative power.
The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
Since the fall of communism in 1989, following over forty years of a single-party system,
Bulgaria has an unbalanced party system; it has been ruled by the Bulgarian Socialist
Party (successor of the Bulgarian Communist Party), the first opposition – the Union of
Democratic Forces and numerous personalistic parties, which appeared for a brief
period of time in the past decade, of which govern Simeon II’s NDSV party and PM
Boyko Borisov’s GERB party.
In 2006, the United States Library of Congress Federal Research Division reported that
Bulgaria has mostly good freedom of speech and human rights records; in 2011, Freedom
House listed it as “free” and gave it scores of 2 for both political rights and civil liberties.
3. Bulgaria’s political system: Key office holders
Office, holder and political party Since
Prime Minister: Boyko Borisov (Citizens for 27 July 2009
European Development)
Deputy Prime Minister (1): Tsvetan Tsvetanov 27 July 2009
(Citizens for European Development)
Deputy Prime Minister (2): Simeon Djankov
(Citizens for European Development) 27 July 2009
President: Rosen Plevneliev (formerly Citizens
for European Development) 22 January 2012
Vice President: Margarita Popova (formerly 22 January 2012
(Citizens for European Development)
Chairperson of the National Assembly: 14 July 2009
Tsetska Tsacheva (Citizens for European
Development)
4. Bulgaria’s political system: Government
Capital (and largest city): Sofia
Official languages: Bulgarian
Official script: Cyrillic
Government: Unitary parliamentary
republic
President: Rosen Plevneliev
Prime Minister: Boyko Borisov
Legislature: National Assembly
5. Bulgaria’s political system: Executive branch
The President of Bulgaria is elected directly to a five-year term; he may be re-elected once.
The president serves as both head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
His or her responsibilities are to plan elections and referendums, represent Bulgaria overseas,
conclude global treaties, and lead the Consultative Council for National Security.
He or she can return legislation to the National Assembly for additional discussion (a sort of
veto), but the legislation can be passed again with an absolute majority vote.
The executive branch’s key organ is the Council of Ministers, typically made by the biggest
party in Parliament, if there is one, or by the biggest party in Parliament alongside coalition
partners.
Headed by the PM, its duty is to conduct state policy, run the state budget, and uphold law
and order.
If the National Assembly successfully passes a vote of no confidence against the Council or
the PM, the Council needs to resign.
Bulgaria’s current government is ruled by the right of centre Citizens for European
Development of Bulgaria.
6. Bulgaria’s political system: Legislative branch
Bulgaria’s unicameral parliament, the
National Assembly (Народно събрание,
Narodno sabranie), is composed of 240
delegates, elected to four-year terms
through popular vote.
These votes are for party or coalition lists
of nominees for all 28 governmental
divisions.
In order to gain representation in
parliament, a party needs to meet a
minimum 4% of the vote.
Parliament is liable for ratification of laws,
approval of the budget, planning of
presidential elections, selection and
discharge of the PM and other ministers,
declaring war, deploying soldiers beyond
Bulgaria’s borders, and approval of
worldwide treaties and agreements.
7. Bulgaria’s political system: Judicial branch
Bulgaria’s judicial system comprises local, locality and appeal courts, together with a Supreme Court of
Cassation.
Additionally, there is a Supreme Administrative Court and a structure of military courts.
The Presidents of the Supreme Court of Cassation and the Supreme Administrative Court and the
Prosecutor General are elected through a qualified two-thirds majority from every associate of the
Supreme Judicial Council and are nominated by the President of the Republic.
The Supreme Judicial Council is responsible for both the self-administration and the Judiciary’s organisation.
A qualified two-thirds majority of the Supreme Judicial Council’s membership elects the Presidents of the
Supreme Court of Cassation and the Supreme Administrative Court, together with the Prosecutor General,
from among its associates; the President of the Republic nominates those elected.
The Supreme Judicial Council has control over the self-administration and the Judiciary’s organization.
The Constitutional Court of Bulgaria guides the review of the constitutionality of laws and statues
presented to it, as well as the fulfillment of those laws with worldwide treaties that the Government has
signed.
Parliament elects the 12 affiliates of the Constitutional Court through a two-thirds majority; the members
serve nine-year terms.
8. Bulgaria’s political system: List of political parties
(parliamentary representation)
Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria
(Граждани за европейско развитие на България,
Grazhdani za evropeysko razvitie na Balgariya)
Coalition for Bulgaria (Коалиция за България, Koalitsiya
za Bulgaria)
Bulgarian Socialist Party (Българска социалистическа
партия, Balgarska Socialisticheska Partiya)
Party of Bulgarian Social Democrats (партия
Български социалдемократи, Partiya Balgarski
Sotsialdemokrati)
Agrarian Union “Aleksandar Stamboliyski” (Земеделски
съюз, Zemedelski Sayuz "Aleksandar Stamboliyski“)
Movement for Social Humanism (Dvizhenie za
Sotsialen Humanizam)
Movement for Rights and Freedoms (Движение за права и
свободи, Dvizhenie za Prava i Svobodi)
Attack (Ataka)
Blue Coalition (Политическа партия Атака, Politicheska partiya Ataka,
Sinyata Koalitsia)
Union of Democratic Forces (Съюз на демократичните
сили, Sayuz na demokratichnite sili)
Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria (Демократи за силна
България, Demokrati za silna Bulgaria)
United Agrarians (Обединени земеделци, Obedineni Zemedelski)
Order, Law and Justice (Ред, законност и справедливост, Red,
zakonnost i spravedlivost)
9. Bulgaria’s political system: List of political parties
(representation outside parliament)
Agrarian People’s Union
Bulgarian Agrarian People’s Union
Bulgarian Left
Bulgarian New Democracy
Civil Union “Roma”
Democratic Party
George’s Day Movement
Green Party of Bulgaria
IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement
Lider
Movement for an Equal Public Model
National Movement for Stability and Progress
New Time
New Zora
Political Movement Social Democrats
The Greens
Union of Free Democrats
10. Bulgaria’s political system: List of political parties
(dissolved parties)
Bulgarian Communist Party
Bulgarian Agrarian People’s Union “Nikola Petkov”
Bulgarian Agrarian People’s Union – United
Bulgarian Business Bloc
Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers Party (Broad Socialists)
Euroleft
Fatherland Front
United Democratic Forces
11. Administrative divisions
The Republic of Bulgaria’s land is split
into regions and municipalities.
Bulgaria has a total of 28 regions; all
are led by a provincial governor
named by the government.
There are additionally 263
municipalities.
12. International relations
ACCT ILO
Australia Group IMF
BSEC IMO
CE Interpol
CEI IOC
CERN IOM
EAPC ISO
EBRD ITU
ECE ITUC
EU NAM
FAO NATO
G-9 NSG
IAEA OAS (observer)
IBRD OPCW
ICAO OSCE
ICCt PCA
ICRM PFP
IFC SECI
IFRCS UN
IHO (pending affiliate) UNCTAD
14. Rosen Plevneliev
Born on 14 May 1964 in Gotse Delchev.
4th and current President of Bulgaria since 22 January
2012.
Served as Minister of Regional Development and Public
Works from July 2009-September 2011 in PM Boyko
Borisov’s cabinet.
Was elected President in the run-off round of the 2011
Bulgarian presidential election in October.
Is a descendant of Bulgarian immigrants from the south of
Macedonia who resettled from the present-day village of
Petrousa in the municipality of Petrotsaini in Drama
regional unit in Greek Macedonia, in 1913.
The family name Plevneliev refers to the village’s Bulgarian
name Плевня (Plevnya, barn).
Attended Blagoevgrad Mathematical and Natural Sciences
High School, graduating in 1982.
Graduated from the Higher Mechanical-Electrotechnical
Institute in Sofia, in 1989; became a fellow
Microprocessing Technology’s Institute, in Pravets, the
same year.
Is married to Yuliyana Plevnelieva; they have three sons:
Filip, Asen and Pavel.
15. Boyko Borisov
Born on 13 June 1959 in Bankya.
PM of Bulgaria since 27 July 2009; became PM after his party, GERB, won the
2009 parliamentary election.
Served as Mayor of Sofia from 10 November 2005 until his nomination as
PM.
Was born to Ministry of Internal Affairs official Metodi Borisov and
elementary school instructor Veneta Borisova.
Took various positions in the Ministry of Internal Affairs as a firefighter and
subsequently as a professor at Sofia’s Police Academy, between 1982-1990.
Participated, as an affiliate of the National Security Office, in the defense of
crops and haylofts during the name-changing movement against the Turkish
minority in the 1980s; left the Ministry in 1990.
Established a private safety corporation, Ipon-1, in 1991; later protected
personalities such as Todor Zhivkov and Simeon II.
Has been actively involved in karate challenges since 1978 and served as the
Bulgarian national team’s coach and referee of worldwide contests; currently
holds a 7th dan black belt in karate and is the Bulgarian Karate Foundation’s
chairman.
Has additionally been a coach for the Bulgarian national karate squad for
several years.
Is not currently married, but lives with his domestic partner Tsvetelina
Borislavova, chairwoman of the Economic and Investment Bank.
Has one daughter, Veneta, from his previous marriage to the physician Selta
Borisova; also has one sister, Krasimira Ivanova.
His great-grandfather was killed following the 1944 Bulgarian coup d'état.
16. Tsvetan Tsvetanov
Born on 8 April 1965. in Sofia.
Ex-Ministry of the Interior official.
An-ex security representative Sofia mayor, he was the leader of Citizens for
European Development of Bulgaria (GERB) until 2009.
On 8 July 2009, after the 2009 parliamentary election won by his party, he
was named future Minister of the Interior by de facto party leader Boyko
Borisov.
Graduated from the National Sports Academy and holds a post-graduate
degree in law from the University of National and World Economy.
His schooling also comprises action against international terrorism and
avoidance of unlawful automobile trafficking courses at the Policía Nacional’s
head office in Madrid, Spain, a managing course at the International Law
Enforcement Academy in Roswell, New Mexico and a basic course at ILEA
in Budapest, Hungary, plus law enforcement courses at the American FBI
and Department of Homeland Security.
Was operative aid to Boyko Borisov, Chief Secretary of the Ministry of the
Interior, and administrator of the ministry’s management department from
2001-2005.
Served as a Ministry of the Interior official from between 1987 and 2005,
when he quit the ministry along with Borisov, accused of having ties to
organized crime while in this post.
Has been the chairman of GERB since 2006.
Was declared as a runner for the 2011 presidential election.
GERB maintains high approval ratings, apart from electoral delusion, but his
image was ruined by skeptical explanations of how he bought six apartments
in Sofia after he entered politics in 2006.
Is married to Desislava; they have three daughters: Gergana, Vasilena and
Sophia.
17. Simeon Djankov
Born on 13 July 1970 in Lovech.
Deputy PM and Minister of Finance of Bulgaria in PM
Boyko Borisov’s government.
Before his cabinet nomination, he was a Chief
economist of the finance and private section vice-
presidency of the World Bank.
Made local trade agreements in North Africa,
enterprise restructuring and privatization in
transition economies, corporate power in East Asia
and regulatory changes worldwide in his fourteen
years at the World Bank.
Was one of the World Development Report 2002’s
key writers; also was an associate editor of the
Journal of Comparative Economics between 2004
and 2009.
Currently serves as the Chairman of the Board of
the European Bank for Reconstruction and
Development EBRD.
Is also an affiliate of the Knowledge and Advisory
Council at the World Bank.
18. Margarita Popova
Born on 15 May 1956 in Velingrad.
Current VP of Bulgaria since 22 January 2012,
having been elected on 30 October 2011 in the
Bulgarian presidential election.
Was previously Minister of Justice in PM Boyko
Borisov’s cabinet, between 27 July 2009-29
November 2011.
Graduated from the University of Sofia, with a
degree in Bulgarian philology, in 1980 and
subsequently with a degree in law from that
university, in 1989.
Was named prosecutor in Pirdop in 1990; was
also a local prosecutor in Ruse in 1991, and
administrative head and local prosecutor in the
Sofia district between 1996-2006.
Worked as a professor in the National Police
Academy from 2001-2004 and National Institute
of Justice from 2005-2009.
19. Tsetska Tsacheva
Born on 24 May 1958 in the village of Dragana in Ugarchin
Municipality in Lovech Province.
Current chairwoman of the National Assembly of Bulgaria, making
her the first woman to ever chair the National Assembly of Bulgaria
since it was founded in 1878.
Completed the Pleven High School of Mathematics in 1976 and
graduated in law from Sofia University.
Was a member of the Bulgarian Communist Party until the
democratic transition in 1989, but left that party after the People’s
Republic of Bulgaria fell.
An affiliate of the Pleven Bar Association, she worked as a lawyer and
was later a top legal consultant to the Pleven Municipality for seven
and a half years until 2007, when she joined the Pleven Municipal
Council as GERB party associate.
Was GERB’s nominee for Mayor of Pleven in 2007, but only came in
third because Union of the Democratic Forces nominee Nayden
Zelenogorski already secured his third term in the first round;
Tsacheva’s other main challenger was Bulgarian Socialist Party’s Vasil
Antonov.
Led GERB’s voting list in Pleven Province in the 2009 Bulgarian
parliamentary election; was also the party’s proportional runner for
that electorate, and won the proportional elections in Pleven
Province with 54,880 votes (36.92%).
Was chosen as GERB’s runner for Chairwoman of Bulgaria’s
National Assembly following her party’s crucial electoral victory; was
unanimously elected to that position with 227 out of 240 total votes
and no votes against.
Is married to the designer Rumen Dangovski; they have one son, also
named Rumen, who is a high school student in Sofia.
20. Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria
Centre-right political party with conservative and populist ideology.
Founded 3 December 2006; has been Bulgaria’s governing party since
2009.
Is led by current PM, former Sofia Mayor and ex-member of the National
Movement Simeon II. Boyko Borisov.
Its foundation was preceded by the development of a non-profit
organization with the Bulgarian acronym GERB – Citizens for European
Development of Bulgaria, earlier that same year.
While the party’s name is not said to be an acronym, it is nevertheless
spelled in all capital letters.
Came in second place in early January and February 2007 public polls on
party endorsement with almost 14%, behind only the Bulgarian Socialist
Party, which had 25%.
Its stated precedences are dealing with crime and corruption, maintaining
family values and accomplishing energy independence.
Won the5 July 2009 Bulgarian parliamentary election; according to the
parallel vote counting, it acquired 39.7% of the popular vote.
Won the 2009 European Parliament election in Bulgaria with 24.36% of
the vote; elected five MEPs, joining the European People’s Party-
European Democrats Group in the EP (in the EPP sector).
Applied officially to join the EPP on 6 June 2007; joined the EPP on 7
February 2008.
Declared its runners for President and VP of Bulgaria- Rosen Plevneliev
and Margarita Popova, respectively, on 4 September 2011; both won the
election and were elected to their respective positions.
21. Bulgarian Socialist Party
Centre-left, social-democratic and Third
Way political party; known as the
Centenarian (Столетницата, Stoletnitsata).
Founded 1894 (historical) and 3 April 1990
(current name).
Successor of the Bulgarian Communist
Party.
Member of Party of European Socialists
and Socialist International.
Currently headed by Sergei Stanishev.
With 210,000 members in 2009, it is the
biggest party in Bulgaria; also the party for
which most Bulgarians voted in Bulgaria’s
electoral history.